Ischemic hepatitis

Last updated • 2 min readFrom Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia
Ischemic hepatitis
Other namesIschemic hepatopathy , Shock liver
Histopathology of shock liver (intermediate magnification), annotated.jpg
Histopathology of shock liver, showing its hallmark [1] pathologic finding centrilobular necrosis but viable periportal hepatocytes. H&E stain. The necrotic hepatocytes have barely discernible nuclei.
Symptoms Mental confusion [2]
CausesHeart failure, Infection [3]
Diagnostic method Doppler ultrasound, Blood test [3]
TreatmentResuscitation(acute), Stabilize underlining illness(chronic) [4]

Ischemic hepatitis, also known as shock liver, is a condition defined as an acute liver injury caused by insufficient blood flow (and consequently insufficient oxygen delivery) to the liver. [5] The decreased blood flow (perfusion) to the liver is usually due to shock or low blood pressure. However, local causes involving the hepatic artery that supplies oxygen to the liver, such as a blood clot in the hepatic artery, can also cause ischemic hepatitis.[ medical citation needed ]

Contents

Signs and symptoms

People who develop ischemic hepatitis may have weakness, fatigue, mental confusion, and low urine production (oliguria). A small percentage of affected people may develop hepatic coma. Yellow discoloration of the skin (jaundice) can occur, but is rare and temporary, as is actual loss of function of the liver. [2]

Cause

Arrhythmia (ventricular fibrillation) Ventricular fibrillation.png
Arrhythmia (ventricular fibrillation)

Ischemic hepatitis can be caused by a number of reasons (that lead to low blood pressure) including: [3]

Mechanism

The mechanism of ischemic hepatitis depends on the etiopathogenetic origin, be it a cardiomyopathy, cardiac tamponade, trauma, or bleeding. [6] Usually ischemic hepatitis reveals itself after a hypotensive event with increased levels of aminotransferases. [7] Because of this, hypotension is thought to be one of the primary insults leading to ischemic hepatitis. [8]

Diagnosis

Congestive hepatopathy Congestive hepatopathy high mag.jpg
Congestive hepatopathy

Blood testing usually shows markedly high elevations of both liver transaminase enzymes, AST and ALT, which may exceed 10,000 U/L. [9] It has been found that those who suffer from ischemic hepatitis had significant cardiac disease as well. [10]

As a measure of precaution, paracetamol levels and a toxicology screening should be completed to evaluate for possible toxin-mediated injury; it is also imperative to be able to exclude the possibility of acute viral hepatitis. [11]

Ischemic hepatitis is related to another condition called congestive hepatopathy. Congestive hepatopathy includes a number of liver disorders that occur in right-sided heart failure. The medical term congestive hepatopathy is used, however, the term cardiac cirrhosis is convention. These two entities can coexist in an affected individual. [12]

Treatment

The treatment of ischemic hepatitis is as follows: [13]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hepatitis</span> Inflammation of the liver

Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver tissue. Some people or animals with hepatitis have no symptoms, whereas others develop yellow discoloration of the skin and whites of the eyes (jaundice), poor appetite, vomiting, tiredness, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. Hepatitis is acute if it resolves within six months, and chronic if it lasts longer than six months. Acute hepatitis can resolve on its own, progress to chronic hepatitis, or (rarely) result in acute liver failure. Chronic hepatitis may progress to scarring of the liver (cirrhosis), liver failure, and liver cancer.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jaundice</span> Abnormal pigmentation symptom for disease of the liver

Jaundice, also known as icterus, is a yellowish or greenish pigmentation of the skin and sclera due to high bilirubin levels. Jaundice in adults is typically a sign indicating the presence of underlying diseases involving abnormal heme metabolism, liver dysfunction, or biliary-tract obstruction. The prevalence of jaundice in adults is rare, while jaundice in babies is common, with an estimated 80% affected during their first week of life. The most commonly associated symptoms of jaundice are itchiness, pale feces, and dark urine.

Liver function tests, also referred to as a hepatic panel, are groups of blood tests that provide information about the state of a patient's liver. These tests include prothrombin time (PT/INR), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), albumin, bilirubin, and others. The liver transaminases aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase are useful biomarkers of liver injury in a patient with some degree of intact liver function.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Portal hypertension</span> Abnormally increased portal venous pressure

Portal hypertension is defined as increased portal venous pressure, with a hepatic venous pressure gradient greater than 5 mmHg. Normal portal pressure is 1-4mmHg; clinically insignificant portal hypertension is present at portal pressures 5-9mmHg; clinically significant portal hypertension is present at portal pressures greater than 10mmHg. The portal vein and its branches supply most of the blood and nutrients from the intestine to the liver.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Liver disease</span> Medical condition

Liver disease, or hepatic disease, is any of many diseases of the liver. If long-lasting it is termed chronic liver disease. Although the diseases differ in detail, liver diseases often have features in common.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fatty liver disease</span> Medical condition related to obesity

Fatty liver disease (FLD), also known as hepatic steatosis and steatotic liver disease (SLD), is a condition where excess fat builds up in the liver. Often there are no or few symptoms. Occasionally there may be tiredness or pain in the upper right side of the abdomen. Complications may include cirrhosis, liver cancer, and esophageal varices.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gastrointestinal disease</span> Medical condition

Gastrointestinal diseases refer to diseases involving the gastrointestinal tract, namely the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and rectum, and the accessory organs of digestion, the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hepatomegaly</span> Medical condition

Hepatomegaly is enlargement of the liver. It is a non-specific medical sign, having many causes, which can broadly be broken down into infection, hepatic tumours, and metabolic disorder. Often, hepatomegaly presents as an abdominal mass. Depending on the cause, it may sometimes present along with jaundice.

Thomas Walter Warnes was an English gastroenterologist.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Liver biopsy</span>

Liver biopsy is the biopsy from the liver. It is a medical test that is done to aid diagnosis of liver disease, to assess the severity of known liver disease, and to monitor the progress of treatment.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cholestasis</span> Medical condition

Cholestasis is a condition where the flow of bile from the liver to the duodenum is impaired. The two basic distinctions are:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Portal vein thrombosis</span> Disease of the liver

Portal vein thrombosis (PVT) is a vascular disease of the liver that occurs when a blood clot occurs in the hepatic portal vein, which can lead to increased pressure in the portal vein system and reduced blood supply to the liver. The mortality rate is approximately 1 in 10.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Congestive hepatopathy</span> Medical condition

Congestive hepatopathy, is liver dysfunction due to venous congestion, usually due to congestive heart failure. The gross pathological appearance of a liver affected by chronic passive congestion is "speckled" like a grated nutmeg kernel; the dark spots represent the dilated and congested hepatic venules and small hepatic veins. The paler areas are unaffected surrounding liver tissue. When severe and longstanding, hepatic congestion can lead to fibrosis; if congestion is due to right heart failure, it is called cardiac cirrhosis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lobules of liver</span> Microscopic anatomical divisions of the liver

In histology, the lobules of liver, or hepatic lobules, are small divisions of the liver defined at the microscopic scale. The hepatic lobule is a building block of the liver tissue, consisting of a portal triad, hepatocytes arranged in linear cords between a capillary network, and a central vein.

In medicine, the presence of elevated transaminases, commonly the transaminases alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST), may be an indicator of liver dysfunction. Other terms include transaminasemia, transaminitis, and elevatedliver enzymes. Normal ranges for both ALT and AST vary by gender, age, and geography and are roughly 8-40 U/L. Mild transaminesemia refers to levels up to 250 U/L. Drug-induced increases such as that found with the use of anti-tuberculosis agents such as isoniazid are limited typically to below 100 U/L for either ALT or AST. Muscle sources of the enzymes, such as intense exercise, are unrelated to liver function and can markedly increase AST and ALT. Cirrhosis of the liver or fulminant liver failure secondary to hepatitis commonly reach values for both ALT and AST in the >1000 U/L range; however, many people with liver disease have normal transaminases. Elevated transaminases that persist less than six months are termed "acute" in nature, and those values that persist for six months or more are termed "chronic" in nature.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Liver</span> Vertebrate organ involved in metabolism

The liver is a major metabolic organ only found in vertebrate animals, which performs many essential biological functions such as detoxification of the organism, and the synthesis of proteins and biochemicals necessary for digestion and growth. In humans, it is located in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen, below the diaphragm and mostly shielded by the lower right rib cage. Its other metabolic roles include carbohydrate metabolism, the production of hormones, conversion and storage of nutrients such as glucose and glycogen, and the decomposition of red blood cells.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cirrhosis</span> Chronic disease of the liver, characterized by fibrosis

Cirrhosis, also known as liver cirrhosis or hepatic cirrhosis, and end-stage liver disease, is the impaired liver function caused by the formation of scar tissue known as fibrosis due to damage caused by liver disease. Damage to the liver leads to repair of liver tissue and subsequent formation of scar tissue. Over time, scar tissue can replace normal functioning tissue, leading to the impaired liver function of cirrhosis. The disease typically develops slowly over months or years. Early symptoms may include tiredness, weakness, loss of appetite, unexplained weight loss, nausea and vomiting, and discomfort in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen. As the disease worsens, symptoms may include itchiness, swelling in the lower legs, fluid build-up in the abdomen, jaundice, bruising easily, and the development of spider-like blood vessels in the skin. The fluid build-up in the abdomen may develop into spontaneous infections. More serious complications include hepatic encephalopathy, bleeding from dilated veins in the esophagus, stomach, or intestines, and liver cancer.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Melissa Palmer</span> American hepatologist

Melissa Palmer is an American hepatologist. She is recognized for her research and treatment of hepatitis and liver disease. Palmer is the Chief Medical Officer of Gannex Pharma, a wholly owned company of Ascletis Pharma.

Hepatic artery thrombosis occurs when a blood clot forms in the artery that provides blood flow to the liver. Hepatic artery thrombosis may occur as a complication after liver transplantation, and represents the most common complication of liver transplantation. Smoking tobacco increases the risk of hepatic artery thrombosis in people who have undergone liver transplantation.

Hyperbilirubinemia is a clinical condition describing an elevation of blood bilirubin level due to the inability to properly metabolise or excrete bilirubin, a product of erythrocytes breakdown. In severe cases, it is manifested as jaundice, the yellowing of tissues like skin and the sclera when excess bilirubin deposits in them. The US records 52,500 jaundice patients annually. By definition, bilirubin concentration of greater than 3 mg/ml is considered hyperbilirubinemia, following which jaundice progressively develops and becomes apparent when plasma levels reach 20 mg/ml. Rather than a disease itself, hyperbilirubinemia is indicative of multifactorial underlying disorders that trace back to deviations from regular bilirubin metabolism. Diagnosis of hyperbilirubinemia depends on physical examination, urinalysis, serum tests, medical history and imaging to identify the cause. Genetic diseases, alcohol, pregnancy and hepatitis viruses affect the likelihood of hyperbilirubinemia. Causes of hyperbilirubinemia mainly arise from the liver. These include haemolytic anaemias, enzymatic disorders, liver damage and gallstones. Hyperbilirubinemia itself is often benign. Only in extreme cases does kernicterus, a type of brain injury, occur. Therapy for adult hyperbilirubinemia targets the underlying diseases but patients with jaundice often have poor outcomes.

References

  1. Ciobanu AO, Gherasim L (2018). "Ischemic Hepatitis - Intercorrelated Pathology". Maedica (Bucur). 13 (1): 5–11. doi:10.26574/maedica.2018.13.1.5. PMC   5972787 . PMID   29868133.
  2. 1 2 Liver: A Complete Book on Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases. Elsevier India. 2009-01-01. ISBN   9788131216743.
  3. 1 2 3 "Hepatic ischemia: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia". www.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2015-08-24.
  4. Ferri, Fred F. (2017). Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2018 E-Book: 5 Books in 1. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 726. ISBN   9780323529570 . Retrieved 2 January 2018.
  5. Dancygier, Henryk (2009-11-10). Clinical Hepatology: Principles and Practice of Hepatobiliary Diseases. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN   9783642045196.
  6. Sibal, Anupam; Gopalan, Sarath (2015-04-30). Textbook of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition. JP Medical Ltd. ISBN   9789351527404.
  7. Lang, Florian (2009-03-19). Encyclopedia of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease: With 213 Tables. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN   9783540671367.
  8. Feldman, Mark; Friedman, Lawrence S.; Brandt, Lawrence J. (2010-05-03). Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Management, Expert Consult Premium Edition - Enhanced Online Features. Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN   978-1437727678.
  9. Raurich JM, Pérez O, Llompart-Pou JA, Ibáñez J, Ayestarán I, Pérez-Bárcena J (July 2009). "Incidence and outcome of ischemic hepatitis complicating septic shock". Hepatology Research. 39 (7): 700–5. doi:10.1111/j.1872-034X.2009.00501.x. PMID   19473435. S2CID   20312771.
  10. Boyer, Thomas D.; Manns, Michael Peter; Sanyal, Arun J.; Zakim, David (2012-01-01). Zakim and Boyer's Hepatology: A Textbook of Liver Disease. Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN   978-1437708813.
  11. Plevris, John; Howden, Colin (2012-04-05). Problem-based Approach to Gastroenterology and Hepatology. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN   9781444346367.
  12. "Cardiac Cirrhosis and Congestive Hepatopathy: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology". 2018-06-28.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  13. Wilson, William C.; Grande, Christopher M.; Hoyt, David B. (2007-02-05). Trauma: Critical Care. CRC Press. ISBN   9781420016840.

Further reading