List of papal elections

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The first papal election following In Nomine Domini (1059) took place in San Pietro in Vincoli ("Saint Peter in Chains") rather than Old St. Peter's Basilica due to intense secular opposition to the new papal selection process. Roma-sanpietroin vincoli01.jpg
The first papal election following In Nomine Domini (1059) took place in San Pietro in Vincoli ("Saint Peter in Chains") rather than Old St. Peter's Basilica due to intense secular opposition to the new papal selection process.

There have been 110 papal elections that have produced popes currently recognized by the Catholic Church as legitimate. There was no fixed process for papal succession before 1059 and popes were often selected with substantial secular involvement, if not outright appointment. Since the promulgation of In nomine Domini (1059), however, suffrage has been limited to the College of Cardinals. [1]

Catholic Church Christian church led by the Bishop of Rome

The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with approximately 1.3 billion baptised Catholics worldwide as of 2017. As the world's "oldest continuously functioning international institution", it has played a prominent role in the history and development of Western civilisation. The church is headed by the Bishop of Rome, known as the Pope. Its central administration, the Holy See, is in the Vatican City, an enclave within the city of Rome in Italy.

Papal selection before 1059

There was no fixed process for papal selection before 1059. Popes, the bishops of Rome and the leaders of the Catholic Church, were often appointed by their predecessors or secular rulers. While the process was often characterized by some capacity of election, an election with the meaningful participation of the laity was the exception to the rule, especially as the popes' claims to temporal power solidified into the Papal States. The practice of papal appointment during this period would later give rise to the jus exclusivae, a veto right exercised by Catholic monarchies into the twentieth century.

Pope leader of the Catholic Church

The pope, also known as the supreme pontiff, is the Bishop of Rome and ex officio leader of the worldwide Catholic Church. Since 1929, the pope has also been head of state of Vatican City, a city-state enclaved within Rome, Italy. The current pope is Francis, who was elected on 13 March 2013, succeeding Benedict XVI.

Contents

Papal elections since 1276 have taken the form of papal conclaves, which are elections that follow a set of rules and procedures developed in Ubi periculum (1274) and later papal bulls; observance of the conclave varied until 1294, but all papal elections since have followed relatively similar conclave procedures.

Papal conclave Papal election

A papal conclave is a meeting of the College of Cardinals convened to elect a Bishop of Rome, also known as the pope. The pope is considered by Roman Catholics to be the apostolic successor of Saint Peter and earthly head of the Roman Catholic Church.

Ubi periculum is a papal bull promulgated by Pope Gregory X during the Second Council of Lyon on 7 July 1274 that established the papal conclave format as the method for selecting a pope, specifically the confinement and isolation of the cardinals in conditions designed to speed them to reach a broad consensus. Its title, as is traditional for such documents, is taken from the opening words of the original Latin text, Ubi periculum maius intenditur, 'Where greater danger lies'. Its adoption was supported by the hundreds of bishops at that council over the objections of the cardinals. The regulations were formulated in response to the tactics used against the cardinals by the magistrates of Viterbo during in the protracted papal election of 1268–1271, which took almost three years to elect Gregory X. In requiring that the cardinals meet in isolation, Gregory was not innovating but implementing a practice that the cardinals had either adopted on their own initiative or had forced upon them by civil authorities. After later popes suspended the rules of Ubi periculum and several were elected in traditional elections rather than conclaves, Pope Boniface VIII incorporated Ubi periculum into canon law in 1298.

Papal bull type of letters patent or charter issued by a Pope of the Catholic Church

A papal bull is a type of public decree, letters patent, or charter issued by a pope of the Roman Catholic Church. It is named after the leaden seal (bulla) that was traditionally appended to the end in order to authenticate it.

Although the cardinals have historically gathered at a handful of other locations within Rome and beyond, only five elections since 1455 have been held outside the Apostolic Palace. [2] Twenty-eight papal elections have been held outside Rome, in: Terracina (1088), Cluny (1119), Velletri (1181), Verona (1185), Ferrara (October 1187), Pisa (December 1187), Perugia (1216, 1264–1265, 1285, 1292–1294, 1304–1305), Anagni (1243), Naples (1254, 1294), Viterbo (1261, 1268–1271, July 1276, August–September 1276, 1277, 1281–1282), Arezzo (January 1276), Carpentras/Lyon (1314–1316), Avignon (1334, 1342, 1352, 1362, 1370), Konstanz (1417) and Venice (1799–1800). Three elections moved between locations while in progress: the elections of 1268–71, 1292–94, and 1314–16.

Apostolic Palace official residence of the Pope in Vatican City

The Apostolic Palace is the official residence of the pope, the head of the Catholic Church, located in Vatican City. It is also known as the Papal Palace, the Palace of the Vatican and the Vatican Palace. The Vatican itself refers to the building as the Palace of Sixtus V, in honor of Pope Sixtus V, who built most of the present form of the palace.

Terracina Comune in Lazio, Italy

Terracina is a city and comune of the province of Latina -, Italy, 76 kilometres southeast of Rome by rail and 56 kilometres (35 mi) by the Via Appia by car.

Cluny Commune in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, France

Cluny is a commune in the eastern French department of Saône-et-Loire, in the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté. It is 20 km (12 mi) northwest of Mâcon.

Papal elections

Contents
1059–1100  · 1100–1200  · 1200–1300  · 1300–1400  · 1400–1500  · 1500–1600  · 1600–1700  · 1700–1800  · 1800–1900  · 1900–2000  · 2000–present
Elections that elected papal claimants currently regarded by the Catholic Church as antipopes are italicized.
SS. Pietro e Cesareo in Terracina, the site of the first papal election outside Rome TerracinaDuomo.jpg
SS. Pietro e Cesareo in Terracina, the site of the first papal election outside Rome
The 1119 papal election took place in Cluny Abbey as a result of the expulsion of Pope Gelasius II from Rome by Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor following the Investiture Controversy. Dehio 212 Cluny.jpg
The 1119 papal election took place in Cluny Abbey as a result of the expulsion of Pope Gelasius II from Rome by Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor following the Investiture Controversy.
Senator Matteo Rosso Orsini confined the cardinals to the Septizodium during the 1241 election. Septiconium Luci Septimi Severi.jpg
Senator Matteo Rosso Orsini confined the cardinals to the Septizodium during the 1241 election.
The Magistrates of Viterbo removed the roof of the Palazzo dei Papi di Viterbo during the 1268-71 election and removed two cardinal electors from the Palace during the 1280-81 election. Viterbo, palazzo e loggia dei papi, 02.jpg
The Magistrates of Viterbo removed the roof of the Palazzo dei Papi di Viterbo during the 1268–71 election and removed two cardinal electors from the Palace during the 1280–81 election.
The Palais des Papes, the site of most papal conclaves during the Avignon Papacy Avignon, Palais des Papes by JM Rosier.jpg
The Palais des Papes, the site of most papal conclaves during the Avignon Papacy
The Konstanz Minster, the site of the Council of Constance, the last papal election outside Italy MPano 07.jpg
The Konstanz Minster, the site of the Council of Constance, the last papal election outside Italy
The 1492 conclave was the first held in the Sistine Chapel of the Apostolic Palace, the site of all conclaves since 1878. Chapelle sixtine2.jpg
The 1492 conclave was the first held in the Sistine Chapel of the Apostolic Palace, the site of all conclaves since 1878.
All but five papal conclaves since 1455 have been held in the Apostolic Palace. Watykan Plac sw Piora kolumnada Berniniego.JPG
All but five papal conclaves since 1455 have been held in the Apostolic Palace.
The papal conclave, 1799-1800 was held in San Giorgio Monastery in Venice, the last papal election site outside of Rome. Vue depuis Chiesa di San Giorgio Maggiore 4.jpg
The papal conclave, 1799–1800 was held in San Giorgio Monastery in Venice, the last papal election site outside of Rome.
The Quirinal Palace was the site of the four conclaves prior to the seizure of Rome by the forces of the Italian unification. RomaPalazzoQuirinale.JPG
The Quirinal Palace was the site of the four conclaves prior to the seizure of Rome by the forces of the Italian unification.
ElectionElected PopeLocationRef(s)
Papal election, 1061 Pope Alexander II San Pietro in Vincoli (Rome) [3]
Papal election, 1073 Pope Gregory VII San Pietro in Vincoli (Rome) [4]
Papal election, 1086 Pope Victor III S. Lucia in Sepitisolio (Rome) [5]
Papal election, 1088 Pope Urban II SS. Pietro e Cesareo (Terracina) [6]
Papal election, 1099 Pope Paschal II Basilica di San Clemente (Rome) [6]
Papal election, 1118 Pope Gelasius II Benedictine monastery on Palatine Hill (Rome) [7]
Papal election, 1119 Pope Callixtus II Cluny Abbey (France) [8]
Papal election, 1124 Pope Honorius II San Pancrazio (Rome) [9]
Papal election, 1130 Pope Innocent II SS. Andrea e Gregorio in clivo scauri (Rome) [10]
Papal election, 1130 Antipope Anacletus II San Marco (Rome) [10]
Papal election, 1143 Pope Celestine II Basilica of St. John Lateran (Rome) [11]
Papal election, 1144 Pope Lucius II (Rome) [11]
Papal election, 1145 Pope Eugene III San Cesareo in Palatio (Rome) [11]
Papal election, 1153 Pope Anastasius IV (Rome) [11]
Papal election, 1154 Pope Adrian IV Old St. Peter's Basilica (Rome) [12]
Papal election, 1159 Pope Alexander III Old St. Peter's Basilica (Rome) [13]
Papal election, 1159 Antipope Victor IV Old St. Peter's Basilica (Rome) [13]
Papal election, 1181 Pope Lucius III (Rome) [14]
Papal election, 1185 Pope Urban III (Verona) [14]
Papal election, October 1187 Pope Gregory VIII (Ferrara) [15]
Papal election, December 1187 Pope Clement III (Pisa) [16]
Papal election, 1191 Pope Celestine III (Rome) [16]
Papal election, 1198 Pope Innocent III Septizodium (Rome) [16]
Papal election, 1216 Pope Honorius III Palazzo delle Canoniche (Perugia) [16]
Papal election, 1227 Pope Gregory IX Septizodium (Rome) [17]
Papal election, 1241 Pope Celestine IV Septizodium (Rome) [18]
Papal election, 1243 Pope Innocent IV (Anagni) [19]
Papal election, 1254 Pope Alexander IV (Naples) [20]
Papal election, 1261 Pope Urban IV Viterbo Cathedral [20]
Papal election, 1264–65 Pope Clement IV Palazzo delle Canoniche (Perugia) [21]
Papal election, 1268–71 Pope Gregory X Viterbo Cathedral
Palazzo dei Papi di Viterbo 		[22]
Papal conclave, January 1276 Pope Innocent V Arezzo Cathedral [23]
Papal conclave, July 1276 Pope Adrian V Basilica of St. John Lateran (Rome) [24] [25]
Papal election, September 1276 Pope John XXI Palazzo dei Papi di Viterbo [26]
Papal election, 1277 Pope Nicholas III Palazzo dei Papi di Viterbo [26]
Papal election, 1280–81 Pope Martin IV Palazzo dei Papi di Viterbo [27]
Papal election, 1285 Pope Honorius IV Palazzo delle Canoniche (Perugia) [28]
Papal election, 1287–88 Pope Nicholas IV Corte Savella , near Santa Sabina (Rome) [29]
Papal election, 1292–94 Pope Celestine V Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore (Rome)
Santa Maria sopra Minerva (Rome)
Palazzo delle Canoniche (Perugia)		 [30]
Papal conclave, 1294 Pope Boniface VIII Castel Nuovo (Naples) [31]
Papal conclave, 1303 Pope Benedict XI Basilica of St. John Lateran (Rome) [32]
Papal conclave, 1304–05 Pope Clement V Perugia Cathedral [33]
Papal conclave, 1314–16 Pope John XXII Carpentras Cathedral
Dominican house in Lyon 		[34]
Papal conclave, 1334 Pope Benedict XII Palais des Papes (Avignon) [35]
Papal conclave, 1342 Pope Clement VI Palais des Papes (Avignon) [36]
Papal conclave, 1352 Pope Innocent VI Palais des Papes (Avignon) [37]
Papal conclave, 1362 Pope Urban V Palais des Papes (Avignon) [38]
Papal conclave, 1370 Pope Gregory XI Palais des Papes (Avignon) [39]
Papal conclave, 1378 Pope Urban VI Old St. Peter's Basilica (Rome) [40]
Avignon papal conclave, 1378 Antipope Clement VII (Fondi) [40]
Papal conclave, 1389 Pope Boniface IX Apostolic Palace (Rome) [41]
Avignon papal conclave, 1394 Antipope Benedict XIII Palais des Papes (Avignon) [42]
Papal conclave, 1404 Pope Innocent VII (Rome) [43]
Papal conclave, 1406 Pope Gregory XII (Rome) [44]
Council of Pisa, 1409 Antipope Alexander V (Pisa) [45]
Pisan papal conclave, 1410 Antipope John XXIII San Petronio Basilica (Bologna) [46]
Council of Constance, 1417 Pope Martin V Konstanz Minster [47]
Avignon papal conclave, 1423 Antipope Clement VIII (Peñíscola) [48]
Papal conclave, 1431 Pope Eugene IV Santa Maria sopra Minerva (Rome) [49] [50]
Council of Florence, 1439 Antipope Felix V Basel Münster [51]
Papal conclave, 1447 Pope Nicholas V Santa Maria sopra Minerva (Rome) [50] [52]
Papal conclave, 1455 Pope Callixtus III Apostolic Palace (Rome) [50] [53]
Papal conclave, 1458 Pope Pius II Apostolic Palace (Rome) [2] [54]
Papal conclave, 1464 Pope Paul II Apostolic Palace (Rome), Capella Parva (voting) and Capella Magna (cardinals' cells) [50] [55]
Papal conclave, 1471 Pope Sixtus IV Apostolic Palace (Rome) [56]
Papal conclave, 1484 Pope Innocent VIII Apostolic Palace (Rome) [57]
Papal conclave, 1492 Pope Alexander VI Apostolic Palace (Rome), Sistine Chapel [58]
Papal conclave, September 1503 Pope Pius III Apostolic Palace (Rome) [59]
Papal conclave, October 1503 Pope Julius II Apostolic Palace (Rome) [60]
Papal conclave, 1513 Pope Leo X Apostolic Palace (Rome), Sistine Chapel [50] [61]
Papal conclave, 1521–22 Pope Adrian VI Apostolic Palace (Rome) [62]
Papal conclave, 1523 Pope Clement VII Apostolic Palace (Rome) [63]
Papal conclave, 1534 Pope Paul III Apostolic Palace (Rome), Cappella Parva [50] [64]
Papal conclave, 1549–50 Pope Julius III Apostolic Palace (Rome), Cappella Paolina [65]
Papal conclave, April 1555 Pope Marcellus II Apostolic Palace (Rome) [66]
Papal conclave, May 1555 Pope Paul IV Apostolic Palace (Rome) [67]
Papal conclave, 1559 Pope Pius IV Apostolic Palace (Rome), Cappella Paolina [50] [68]
Papal conclave, 1565–66 Pope Pius V Apostolic Palace (Rome) [69]
Papal conclave, 1572 Pope Gregory XIII Apostolic Palace (Rome) [70]
Papal conclave, 1585 Pope Sixtus V Apostolic Palace (Rome) [71]
Papal conclave, September 1590 Pope Urban VII Apostolic Palace (Rome) [72]
Papal conclave, Autumn 1590 Pope Gregory XIV Apostolic Palace (Rome) [73]
Papal conclave, 1591 Pope Innocent IX Apostolic Palace (Rome) [74]
Papal conclave, 1592 Pope Clement VIII Apostolic Palace (Rome) [75]
Papal conclave, March 1605 Pope Leo XI Apostolic Palace (Rome) [76]
Papal conclave, May 1605 Pope Paul V Apostolic Palace (Rome) [77]
Papal conclave, 1621 Pope Gregory XV Apostolic Palace (Rome) [78]
Papal conclave, 1623 Pope Urban VIII Apostolic Palace (Rome) [79]
Papal conclave, 1644 Pope Innocent X Apostolic Palace (Rome) [80]
Papal conclave, 1655 Pope Alexander VII Apostolic Palace (Rome) [81]
Papal conclave, 1667 Pope Clement IX Apostolic Palace (Rome) [82]
Papal conclave, 1669–70 Pope Clement X Apostolic Palace (Rome) [83]
Papal conclave, 1676 Pope Innocent XI Apostolic Palace (Rome) [84]
Papal conclave, 1689 Pope Alexander VIII Apostolic Palace (Rome) [85]
Papal conclave, 1691 Pope Innocent XII Apostolic Palace (Rome) [86]
Papal conclave, 1700 Pope Clement XI Apostolic Palace (Rome) [87]
Papal conclave, 1721 Pope Innocent XIII Apostolic Palace (Rome) [88]
Papal conclave, 1724 Pope Benedict XIII Apostolic Palace (Rome) [89]
Papal conclave, 1730 Pope Clement XII Apostolic Palace (Rome) [90]
Papal conclave, 1740 Pope Benedict XIV Apostolic Palace (Rome) [91]
Papal conclave, 1758 Pope Clement XIII Apostolic Palace (Rome) [92]
Papal conclave, 1769 Pope Clement XIV Apostolic Palace (Rome) [93]
Papal conclave, 1774–75 Pope Pius VI Apostolic Palace (Rome) [94]
Papal conclave, 1799–1800 Pope Pius VII San Giorgio Monastery (Venice) [95]
Papal conclave, 1823 Pope Leo XII Quirinal Palace (Rome) [96]
Papal conclave, 1829 Pope Pius VIII Quirinal Palace (Rome) [97]
Papal conclave, 1830–31 Pope Gregory XVI Quirinal Palace (Rome) [98]
Papal conclave, 1846 Pope Pius IX Quirinal Palace (Rome) [99]
Papal conclave, 1878 Pope Leo XIII Apostolic Palace (Rome), Sistine Chapel [100]
Papal conclave, 1903 Pope Pius X Apostolic Palace (Rome), Sistine Chapel [101]
Papal conclave, 1914 Pope Benedict XV Apostolic Palace (Rome), Sistine Chapel [102]
Papal conclave, 1922 Pope Pius XI Apostolic Palace (Rome), Sistine Chapel [103]
Papal conclave, 1939 Pope Pius XII Apostolic Palace (Vatican City), Sistine Chapel [104]
Papal conclave, 1958 Pope John XXIII Apostolic Palace (Vatican City), Sistine Chapel [105]
Papal conclave, 1963 Pope Paul VI Apostolic Palace (Vatican City), Sistine Chapel [106]
Papal conclave, August 1978 Pope John Paul I Apostolic Palace (Vatican City), Sistine Chapel [107]
Papal conclave, October 1978 Pope John Paul II Apostolic Palace (Vatican City), Sistine Chapel [107]
Papal conclave, 2005 Pope Benedict XVI Apostolic Palace (Vatican City), Sistine Chapel [108]
Papal conclave, 2013 Pope Francis Apostolic Palace (Vatican City), Sistine Chapel [109] [110]

Notes

  1. ↑ Johannes Baptist Sägmüller, "Cardinal" in Catholic Encyclopedia (1913).
  2. 1 2 Baumgartner, Frederic J. (2003). ""I Will Observe Absolute and Perpetual Secrecy:" The Historical Background of the Rigid Secrecy Found in Papal Elections". Catholic Historical Review. Vol. 89, Issue 2. pp. 165–181.
  3. ↑ Baumgartner, 2003, pp. 19–24.
  4. ↑ Baumgartner, 2003, pp. 24–25.
  5. ↑ Baumgartner, 2003, pp. 25–26.
  6. 1 2 Baumgartner, 2003, p. 26.
  7. ↑ Baumgartner, 2003, pp. 26–27.
  8. ↑ Baumgartner, 2003, pp. 27–28.
  9. ↑ Baumgartner, 2003, pp. 28–29.
  10. 1 2 Baumgartner, 2003, pp. 29–31.
  11. 1 2 3 4 Baumgartner, 2003, p. 31.
  12. ↑ Baumgartner, 2003, pp. 31–32.
  13. 1 2 Baumgartner, 2003, pp. 32–33.
  14. 1 2 Baumgartner, 2003, p. 33.
  15. ↑ Baumgartner, 2003, pp. 33–34.
  16. 1 2 3 4 Baumgartner, 2003, p. 34.
  17. ↑ Baumgartner, 2003, pp. 34–35.
  18. ↑ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 35.
  19. ↑ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 35–36.
  20. 1 2 Baumgartner, 2003, p. 36.
  21. ↑ Baumgartner, 2003, pp. 36–37.
  22. ↑ Baumgartner, 2003, pp. 37–39.
  23. ↑ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 40.
  24. ↑ Baumgartner, 2003, pp. 40–41.
  25. ↑ Walsh, Michael J. (2003). The Conclave. ISBN   1-58051-135-X. p. 86
  26. 1 2 Baumgartner, 2003, p. 41.
  27. ↑ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 42.
  28. ↑ Baumgartner, 2003, pp. 42–43.
  29. ↑ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 43.
  30. ↑ Baumgartner, 2003, pp. 43–45.
  31. ↑ Baumgatner, 2003, pp. 45–46.
  32. ↑ Baumgartner, 2003, pp. 47–48.
  33. ↑ Baumgartner, 2003, pp. 48–49.
  34. ↑ Baumgartner, 2003, pp. 49–50.
  35. ↑ Baumgartner, 2003, pp. 50–51.
  36. ↑ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 51.
  37. ↑ Baumgartner, 2003, pp. 52–53.
  38. ↑ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 54.
  39. ↑ Baumgartner, 2003, pp. 54–55.
  40. 1 2 Baumgartner, 2003, pp. 55–60.
  41. ↑ Baumgartner, 2003, pp. 60–61.
  42. ↑ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 61.
  43. ↑ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 62.
  44. ↑ Baumgartner, 2003, pp. 62–63.
  45. ↑ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 63.
  46. ↑ Baumgartner, 2003, pp. 63–64.
  47. ↑ Baumgatner, 2003, pp. 64–66.
  48. ↑ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 67.
  49. ↑ Baumgartner, 2003, pp. 68–69.
  50. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Chambers, DS. 1978. "Papal Conclaves and Prophetic Mystery in the Sistine Chapel". Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes, Vol. 41: pp. 322–326.
  51. ↑ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 69.
  52. ↑ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 70.
  53. ↑ Baumgartner, 2003, pp. 71–73.
  54. ↑ Baumgartner, 2003, pp. 73–77.
  55. ↑ Baumgartner, 2003, pp. 77–79.
  56. ↑ Baumgartner, 2003, pp. 79–81.
  57. ↑ Baumgartner, 2003, pp. 81–83.
  58. ↑ Baumgartner, 2003, pp. 84–85.
  59. ↑ Baumgartner, 2003, pp. 86–89.
  60. ↑ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 89.
  61. ↑ Baumgartner, 2003, pp. 91–93.
  62. ↑ Baumgartner, 2003, pp. 95–98.
  63. ↑ Baumgartner, 2003, pp. 98-101.
  64. ↑ Baumgartner, 2003, pp. 102–103.
  65. ↑ Baumgartner, 2003, pp. 104–110.
  66. ↑ Baumgartner, 2003, pp. 111–112.
  67. ↑ Baumgartner, 2003, pp. 112–113.
  68. ↑ Baumgartner, 2003, pp. 116–120.
  69. ↑ Baumgartner, 2003, pp. 121–123.
  70. ↑ Baumgartner, 2003, pp. 125–126.
  71. ↑ Baumgartner, 2003, pp. 127–130.
  72. ↑ Baumgartner, 2003, pp. 132–134.
  73. ↑ Baumgartner, 2003, pp. 134–135.
  74. ↑ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 136.
  75. ↑ Baumgartner, 2003, pp. 136–138.
  76. ↑ Baumgartner, 2003, pp. 139–142.
  77. ↑ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 142.
  78. ↑ Baumgartner, 2003, pp. 143–145.
  79. ↑ Baumgartner, 2003, pp. 147–149.
  80. ↑ Baumgartner, 2003, pp. 153–154.
  81. ↑ Baumgartner, 2003, pp. 155–157.
  82. ↑ Baumgartner, 2003, pp. 157–159.
  83. ↑ Baumgartner, 2003, pp. 159–161.
  84. ↑ Baumgartner, 2003, pp. 161–162.
  85. ↑ Baumgartner, 2003, pp. 163–164.
  86. ↑ Baumgartner, 2003, pp. 164–166.
  87. ↑ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 167.
  88. ↑ Baumgartner, 2003, pp. 168–170.
  89. ↑ Baumgartner, 2003, pp. 170–171.
  90. ↑ Baumgartner, 2003, pp. 171–173.
  91. ↑ Baumgartner, 2003, pp. 173–175.
  92. ↑ Baumgartner, 2003, pp. 175–176.
  93. ↑ Baumgartner, 2003, pp. 176–178.
  94. ↑ Baumgartner, 2003, pp. 179–180.
  95. ↑ Baumgartner, 2003, pp. 182–184.
  96. ↑ Baumgartner, 2003, pp. 186–187.
  97. ↑ Baumgartner, 2003, pp. 188–189.
  98. ↑ Baumgartner, 2003, pp. 189–190.
  99. ↑ Baumgartner, 2003, pp. 191–193.
  100. ↑ Baumgartner, 2003, pp. 195–199.
  101. ↑ Baumgartner, 2003, pp. 201–204.
  102. ↑ Baumgartner, 2003, pp. 206–208.
  103. ↑ Baumgartner, 2003, pp. 209–210.
  104. ↑ Baumgartner, 2003, pp. 212–213.
  105. ↑ Baumgartner, 2003, pp. 215–218.
  106. ↑ Baumgartner, 2003, pp. 219–222.
  107. 1 2 Baumgartner, 2003, pp. 223–227.
  108. ↑ Greeley, Andrew M. 2005. The Making of the Pope: 2005. Brown, Little. ISBN   0-316-86149-9.
  109. ↑ Lyman, Eric J. (1 March 2013). "Vatican summons cardinals for conclave". USA Today . Retrieved 3 March 2013.
  110. ↑ http://cnsblog.wordpress.com/2013/03/13/argentine-cardinal-bergoglio-elected-pope-takes-name-francis-i/

See also

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The Renaissance Papacy was a period of papal history between the Western Schism and the Protestant Reformation. From the election of Pope Martin V of the Council of Constance in 1417 to the Reformation in the 16th century, Western Christianity was largely free from schism as well as significant disputed papal claimants. There were many important divisions over the direction of the religion, but these were resolved through the then-settled procedures of the papal conclave.

Cardinal-nephew nephew or relative of a pope appointed as a cardinal by him

A cardinal-nephew was a cardinal elevated by a pope who was that cardinal's relative. The practice of creating cardinal-nephews originated in the Middle Ages, and reached its apex during the 16th and 17th centuries. The last cardinal-nephew was named in 1689 and the practice was extinguished in 1692. The word nepotism originally referred specifically to this practice, when it appeared in the English language about 1669. From the middle of the Avignon Papacy (1309–1377) until Pope Innocent XII's anti-nepotism bull, Romanum decet pontificem (1692), a pope without a cardinal-nephew was the exception to the rule. Every Renaissance pope who created cardinals appointed a relative to the College of Cardinals, and the nephew was the most common choice, although one of Alexander VI's creations was his own son.

1268–71 papal election

The papal election of 1268–71, following the death of Pope Clement IV, was the longest papal election in the history of the Catholic Church. This was due primarily to political infighting between the cardinals. The election of Teobaldo Visconti as Pope Gregory X was the first example of a papal election by "compromise", that is, by the appointment of a committee of six cardinals agreed to by the other remaining ten. The election occurred more than a year after the magistrates of Viterbo locked the cardinals in, reduced their rations to bread and water, and removed the roof of the Palazzo dei Papi di Viterbo.

Conclave capitulation

A conclave capitulation was a compact or unilateral contract drawn up by the College of Cardinals during a papal conclave to constrain the actions of the pope elected by the conclave. The legal term capitulation more frequently refers to the commitment of a sovereign state to relinquish jurisdiction within its borders over the subjects of a foreign state. Before balloting began, all cardinals present at the conclave would swear to be bound by its provisions if elected pope. Capitulations were used by the College of Cardinals to assert its collective authority and limit papal supremacy, to "make the Church an oligarchy instead of a monarchy." Similar electoral capitulations were used on occasion from the 14th to the 17th centuries in Northern and Central Europe to constrain an elected king, emperor, prince, or bishop.

1667 papal conclave

The papal conclave of 1667 was convened on the death of Pope Alexander VII and ended with the election of Giulio Rospigliosi as Pope Clement IX. The conclave was dominated by factions loyal to the cardinal nephews of Alexander VII and Urban VIII. It saw the continued existence of the Squadrone Volante, or Flying Squadron, that had emerged in the 1655 conclave. The conclave also saw Spain and France, the two largest Catholic powers at the time, both support Rospigliosi's election as pope. Ultimately, Rospigliosi's election was achieved when the French ambassador bribed Flavio Chigi, Alexander's nephew, to support Rospigliosi. Following the conclave all the parties believed they had elected the pope that they had wanted.

1621 papal conclave

The papal conclave of 1621 was convened on the death of Pope Paul V and ended with the election of Alessandro Ludovisi as Pope Gregory XV. It was the shortest conclave in the seventeenth century.

1292–94 papal election 1290s papal election

The papal election of 1292–94, was the last papal election which did not take the form of a papal conclave. After the death of Pope Nicholas IV on April 4, 1292, the eleven surviving cardinals deliberated for more than two years before electing the third of six non-cardinals to be elected pope during the Late Middle Ages: Pietro da Morrone, who took the name Pope Celestine V.

1294 papal conclave

The papal conclave of 1294 was convoked in Naples after the resignation of Pope Celestine V on 13 December 1294. Celestine V had only months earlier restored the election procedures set forth in the papal bull Ubi periculum of Pope Gregory X, which had been suspended by Pope Adrian V in July 1276. Every papal election since then has been a papal conclave. It was the first papal conclave held during the lifetime of the preceding pontiff, an event not repeated until the papal conclave of 2013 following the resignation of Pope Benedict XVI.

1623 papal conclave conclave

The papal conclave of 1623 was convened on the death of Pope Gregory XV and ended with the election of Maffeo Barberini as Pope Urban VIII. It was the first conclave to take place after the reforms that Gregory XV issued in his 1621 bull Aeterni Patris Filius.

1303 papal conclave

The papal conclave of 1303 elected Pope Benedict XI to succeed Pope Boniface VIII.

October 1503 papal conclave conclave

The papal conclave of October 1503 elected Giuliano della Rovere as Pope Julius II to succeed Pope Pius III. The conclave took place during the Italian Wars barely a month after the papal conclave, September 1503, and none of the electors had travelled far enough from Rome to miss the conclave. The number of participating cardinals was thirty-eight, the College of Cardinals having been reduced by the election of Piccolomini as Pius III, who did not elevate cardinals. At a consistory on October 11, Pope Pius had proposed to make Cardinal d'Amboise's nephew a cardinal, as part of his effort to conciliate the French, but the response from the Cardinals was not enthusiastic.

Papal travel Wikimedia list article

Papal travel outside Rome has been historically rare, and voluntary travel was non-existent for the first 500 years. Pope John Paul II (1978–2005) undertook more pastoral trips than all his predecessors combined. Pope Francis (2013-), Pope Paul VI (1963–1978) and Pope Benedict XVI (2005–2013) also travelled globally, the latter to a lesser extent due to his advanced age.

1655 papal conclave

The papal conclave of 1655 was convened on the death of Pope Innocent X and ended with the election of Fabio Chigi as Alexander VII. The conclave quickly reached a deadlock, with Giulio Cesare Sacchetti receiving 33 votes throughout the conclave, but never securing enough for his own election. Chigi was eventually elected Pope when Cardinal Mazarin, the leader of the French government, consented to his election at the request of Sacchetti.

In the course of his papacy Pope Benedict XVI issued two documents altering certain details of the procedures for electing a pope: De electione romani pontificis on 11 June 2007 and Normas nonnullas on 22 February 2013. These instructions amended the extensive set of rules and procedures issued on 22 February 1996 by his predecessor Pope John Paul II in his apostolic constitution Universi Dominici gregis.

Aeterni Patris Filius, also called Aeterni Patris, was a bull issued by Pope Gregory XV on 15 November 1621 that regulated papal conclaves. Together with the bull Decet Romanum pontificem of 1622, it formed the canonical basis for papal elections until the 20th century. The bull brought about many reforms to the papal election system, created structured rules, and sought to decrease the influence of organized factions within the College of Cardinals during the conclave as well as decrease the influence of secular monarchs on papal elections. It established general rules for the conclave process, while the later bull Decet Romanum pontificem addressed the ceremonial aspects of papal elections.

Pietro Campori

Pietro Campori was an Italian cardinal of the Catholic Church and Bishop of Cremona. He was friends with Scipione Borghese, the nephew of Pope Paul V, and was twice a candidate for election to the papacy in the conclaves of 1621 and 1623.

References

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