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Philosophers born in the 11th through 14th centuries (and others important in the history of philosophy), listed alphabetically:
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Year 1315 (MCCCXV) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar.
Year 1328 (MCCCXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar.
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of the 13th century.
Rishonim were the leading rabbis and poskim who lived approximately during the 11th to 15th centuries, in the era before the writing of the Shulchan Aruch and following the Geonim. Rabbinic scholars subsequent to the Shulchan Aruch are generally known as acharonim.
Latin translations of the 12th century were spurred by a major search by European scholars for new learning unavailable in western Europe at the time; their search led them to areas of southern Europe, particularly in central Spain and Sicily, which recently had come under Christian rule following their reconquest in the late 11th century. These areas had been under Muslim rule for a considerable time, and still had substantial Arabic-speaking populations to support their search. The combination of this accumulated knowledge and the substantial numbers of Arabic-speaking scholars there made these areas intellectually attractive, as well as culturally and politically accessible to Latin scholars. A typical story is that of Gerard of Cremona, who is said to have made his way to Toledo, well after its reconquest by Christians in 1085, because he:
arrived at a knowledge of each part of [philosophy] according to the study of the Latins, nevertheless, because of his love for the Almagest, which he did not find at all amongst the Latins, he made his way to Toledo, where seeing an abundance of books in Arabic on every subject, and pitying the poverty he had experienced among the Latins concerning these subjects, out of his desire to translate he thoroughly learnt the Arabic language.
Baron Vavasour is an abeyant title in the Peerage of England. It was created in 1299 by writ of summons for William le Vavasour, who fought alongside Edward I at the Battle of Falkirk. The third baron was never called to Parliament, nor were any of his successors and the title became abeyant on the death of the de jure 25th baron in 1826. The de jure 19th Baron was granted the title of baronet, which became extinct at the same time as the barony's abeyance.
Csák was the name of a gens in the Kingdom of Hungary.
Sharaf ad-Din Isa ibn Muhanna at-Ta'i, better known as Isa ibn Muhanna, was an Arab emir (commander/prince) of the Al Fadl, a Bedouin dynasty that dominated the Syrian Desert and steppe during the 13th–15th centuries. He was appointed amir al-ʿarab by the Mamluks after their conquest of Syria in 1260. Isa's father served the same post under the Ayyubids. His assignment gave him command over the nomadic Arab tribes of Syria and obliged him to provide auxiliary troops in times of war and guard the desert frontier from the Mongol Ilkhanate in Iraq. As part of his emirate, he was granted Salamiyah and Sarmin. He participated in numerous campaigns against the Mongol Ilkhanate on behalf of the Mamluks during Sultan Baybars' reign (1260–1277).
Abū Shākir ibn al-Rāhib was a Coptic polymath and encyclopaedist from the golden age of Christian literature in Arabic. He is a "towering figure" in Coptic linguistics and made important contributions to Coptic historiography.
