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List of philosophies, schools of thought and philosophical movements.
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List of philosophies, schools of thought and philosophical movements.
Absurdism – Academic skepticism – Achintya Bheda Abheda – Action, philosophy of – Actual idealism – Actualism – Advaita Vedanta – Aesthetic Realism – Aesthetics – African philosophy – Afrocentrism – Agential realism – Agnosticism – Agnostic theism – Ajātivāda – Ājīvika – Ajñana – Alexandrian school – Alexandrists – Ambedkarism – American philosophy – Analytical Thomism – Analytic philosophy – Anarchism – Ancient philosophy – Animism – Anomalous monism – Anthropocentrism – Antinatalism – Antinomianism – Antipositivism – Anti-psychiatry – Anti-realism – Antireductionism – Applied ethics – Archaeology, philosophy of – Aristotelianism – Arithmetic, philosophy of – Artificial intelligence, philosophy of – Art, philosophy of – Asceticism – Atheism – Atomism – Augustinianism – Australian realism – Authoritarianism – Averroism – Avicennism – Axiology
Baptism – Baptists – Bayesianism – Behaviorism – Bioconservatism – Biology, philosophy of – Biosophy – Bluestocking – Brahmoism – British idealism – Budapest School – Buddhist atomism – Buddhist philosophy – Business, philosophy of
Cambridge Platonists – Capitalism – Carlyleanism – Carolingian Renaissance – Cartesianism – Categorical imperative – Chance, Philosophy of – Changzhou School of Thought – Charvaka – Chinese naturalism – Christian existentialism – Christian humanism – Christian neoplatonism – Christian philosophy – Chinese philosophy – Classical Marxism – Cognitivism – Collegium Conimbricense – Color, philosophy of – Common Sense, philosophy of – Communism – Communitarianism – Compatibilism and incompatibilism – Computationalism – Conceptualism – Confirmation holism – Confucianism – Connectionism – Consequentialism – Conservatism – Constructivist epistemology – Continental philosophy – Cosmicism – Cosmopolitanism – Critical rationalism – Critical realism – Critical realism (philosophy of the social sciences) – Critical theory – Culture, philosophy of – Cyberfeminism – Cynicism – Cyrenaics – Czech philosophy
Danish philosophy – Deconstruction – Deep ecology – Deism – Denialism – Deontology – Depressionism – Design, philosophy of – Determinism – Dialectic – Dialectical materialism – Dialogue, philosophy of – Didacticism – Digital physics – Discordianism – Doubting Antiquity School – Dualistic cosmology – Dvaita – Dvaitadvaita
Eating, philosophy of – Ecocentrism – Economics, philosophy of – Ecumenism – Education, philosophy of – Egalitarianism – Egocentrism – Egoism – Egoist anarchism – Eleatics – Eliminative materialism – Emanationism – Emergentism – Emotivism – Empiricism – Engineering, philosophy of – Ephesian school – Epicureanism – Epiphenomenalism – Epistemological nihilism – Epistemology – Eretrian school – Esotericism – Essentialism – Eternalism – Ethics – Eudaimonism – Existentialism – Externalism
Fallibilism – Familialism – Fascism – Fatalism – Feminist philosophy – Fictionalism Fideism – Filial piety – Film, philosophy of – Formalism (literature) – Formalism (philosophy) – Foundationalism – Frankfurt School – Free will – Fugitives (poets) – Fundamentalism – Futility, philosophy of
Gaia philosophy – Gandhism – Gaudiya Vaishnavism – Geography, philosophy of – German historical school – German idealism – German philosophy – Gnosticism – Greek philosophy
Haskalah – Healthcare, philosophy of – Hedonism – Hegelianism – Hellenistic philosophy – Henotheism – Hermeticism – Heterophenomenology – Hindu philosophy – Historical materialism – Historicism – History, philosophy of – Holism – Homaranismo- Hongaku – Huang–Lao – Humanism – Humanistic naturalism – Hylozoism
Idealism – Identityism – Ideological criticism – Ignosticism – Illegalism – Illuminationism – Indian logic – Indian philosophy – Indigenous American philosophy – Individualism – Indonesian philosophy – Inductionism – Induction / Informal logic – Information, philosophy of – Innatism – Instrumentalism – Instrumental rationality – Intellectualism – Interactionism (philosophy of mind) – Internalism and externalism – Intuitionism – Ionian school Iranian philosophy – Irrealism – Islamic ethics – Islamic philosophy – Italian school
Jainism – Japanese philosophy – Jewish philosophy – Jingoism – Juche – Judeo-Islamic philosophies (800–1400) – Just war theory
Kabbalah – Kantianism – Keynesianism – Kaozheng – Korean philosophy – Krausism – Kyoto school
Lamarckism – Language, philosophy of – LaVeyan Satanism – Law, philosophy of – Lawsonomy – Legal positivism – Legal realism – Legalism (Chinese philosophy) – Leninism – Liberalism – Liberal naturalism – Libertarianism – Libertarianism (metaphysics) – Libertinism – Linguistics, philosophy of – Logic – Logical atomism – Logical positivism – Logicians – Logic in China – Logic in Islamic philosophy – Logicism – Logic, philosophy of – Love, philosophy of – Luddism – Lwów–Warsaw school – Lysenkoism
Madhyamaka – Mahayana Buddhism- Manichaeism – Maoism – Marburg school – Marxism – Marxist humanism – Marxism–Leninism – Marxism–Leninism–Maoism – Marxist philosophy of nature – Materialism – Mathematicism – Mathematics education, philosophy of – Mathematics, philosophy of – Maxim (philosophy) – Medical ethics – Medievalism – Medieval philosophy – Megarian school – Mentalism – Mereological nihilism – Merism – Meta-ethics – Meta-philosophy – Metaphysics – Milesian school – Mimamsa – Mind-body dualism – Mind, philosophy of – Misology – Mitogaku – Modern Islamic philosophy – Modernism – Mohism – Molinism – Monism – Moral absolutism – Moral realism – Moral relativism – Moral skepticism – Motion, philosophy of – Music, philosophy of – Mysticism
Naïve realism – Naturalism – Natural Science, philosophy of – Nature, philosophy of – Nazism – Negative utilitarianism – Neo-Confucianism – Neoconservatism – Neo-Hegelianism – Neohumanism – Neoliberalism – Neo-Luddism – Neo-Kantianism – Neo-Marxism – Neoplatonism – Neopositivism – Neopragmatism – Neopythagoreanism – Neoromanticism – Neo-Scholasticism – Neostoicism – Neotaoism – Neo Vedanta – Neuroethics – Neurophilosophy – Neuroscience, philosophy of – Neurotheology – Neutral monism – New Age – New Criticism – New Culture Movement – New Formalism – New humanism (literature) – New Life Movement – New realism – New Thought – Nichiren Buddhism – Nihilism – Nominalism – Non-cognitivism – Nondualism – Non-philosophy – Non-theism – Nyaya
Objective idealism – Objectivism – Occamism – Occasionalism – Olympism – Ontology – Ontotheology – Open individualism – Organicism Oxford Calculators – Oxford Franciscan school
Paganism – Pakistani philosophy – Pancasila – Pancritical rationalism – Pandeism – Panpsychism – Pantheism – Pataphysics – Perception, philosophy of – Perennial philosophy – Perfectionism – Peripatetic school – Personalism – Perspectivism – Pessimism – Phenomenalism – Phenomenology – Philosophes – Philosophical anthropology – Philosophy, philosophy of – Physicalism – Physical ontology – Physics, philosophy of – Platonic epistemology – Platonic idealism – Platonic realism – Platonism – Pluralism – Pluralism (Presocratic) – Political philosophy – Populism – Port-Royal schools – Posadism – Positivism – Postanalytic philosophy – Posthumanism – Post-materialism – Post-modernism – Postpositivism – Post-structuralism – Practical reason – Pragmatism – Praxis School – Presentism – Pre-Socratic philosophy – Probabilism – Process philosophy – Progressivism – Property dualism – Pseudophilosophy – Psychiatry, philosophy of – Psychological egoism – Psychology, philosophy of – Pure practical reason – Pure reason – Pyrrhonian skepticism – Pyrrhonism – Pythagoreanism
Radical behaviorism – Raëlism – Rastafari – Rationalism – Realism – Reconstructivism – Reductionism – Reductive materialism – Reformational philosophy – Relationalism – Relativism – Relevance logic – Reliabilism – Religion, philosophy of – Religious language, philosophy of – Religious humanism – Religious philosophy – Renaissance humanism – Representationalism – Romanian philosophy – Romanticism – Russian cosmism – Russian formalism – Russian philosophy
Sabellianism – Sanatan Dharma – Sankhya – Sarvastivada – Satanism – Sautrantika – Scholasticism – School of Names – School of Salamanca – School of the Sextii – Science, philosophy of – Scientism – Scotism – Scottish common sense realism – Secular humanism – Secularism – Self, philosophy of – Semantic holism – Sensualism – Sexism – Sex, philosophy of – Sexualism – Shamanism – Shaykhism – Shuddhadvaita – Sikhism – Singularitarianism – Skeptical theism – Skepticism – Socialism – Social liberalism – Social philosophy – Social science, philosophy of – Solipsism – Sophism – Southern Agrarians – Space and time, philosophy of – Speculative realism – Spiritualism – Spiritual philosophy – Sport, philosophy of – Statistics, philosophy of – Stoicism – Structuralism – Subjective idealism – Subjectivism – Sufi metaphysics – Sufi philosophy – Śūnyatā – Supersessionism – Synoptic philosophy – Systems philosophy
Taoism – Teleology – Tetralemma – Theism – Theistic finitism – Thelema – Theology – Theosophy – Theravada Buddhism – Thermal and statistical physics, philosophy of – Thomism – Traditionalist School – Transcendental idealism – Transcendentalism – Transcendent theosophy – Transhumanism – Transmodernism – Tridemism – Type physicalism
Ubuntu – Universalism – Universality – Utilitarian bioethics – Utilitarianism – Utopian socialism
Vaibhashika – Value pluralism – Value theory – Vedanta – Verificationism – Verism – Vienna Circle – Virtue ethics – Vishishtadvaita – Vitalism – Voluntarism – Voluntaryism – Vivartavada
Wahdat-ul-Shuhud – Wahdat-ul-Wujood – War, philosophy of – Weimar Classicism – Western philosophy – Wu wei
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In analytic philosophy, anti-realism is the position that the truth of a statement rests on its demonstrability through internal logic mechanisms, such as the context principle or intuitionistic logic, in direct opposition to the realist notion that the truth of a statement rests on its correspondence to an external, independent reality. In anti-realism, this external reality is hypothetical and is not assumed.
In metaphilosophy and ethics, metaethics is the study of the nature, scope, ground, and meaning of moral judgment, ethical belief, or values. It is one of the three branches of ethics generally studied by philosophers, the others being normative ethics and applied ethics.
Analytic philosophy is a broad, contemporary movement or tradition within Western philosophy, especially anglophone philosophy, focused on analysis as a philosophical method. It is characterized by a clarity of prose; rigor in arguments; and making use of formal logic and mathematics, and, to a lesser degree, the natural sciences. It is further characterized by an interest in language, semantics and meaning, known as the linguistic turn. It has developed several new branches of philosophy and logic, notably philosophy of language, philosophy of mathematics, philosophy of science, modern predicate logic and mathematical logic.
German philosophy, meaning philosophy in the German language or philosophy by German people, in its diversity, is fundamental for both the analytic and continental traditions. It covers figures such as Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, Immanuel Kant, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Karl Marx, Friedrich Nietzsche, Martin Heidegger, Ludwig Wittgenstein, the Vienna Circle, and the Frankfurt School, who now count among the most famous and studied philosophers of all time. They are central to major philosophical movements such as rationalism, German idealism, Romanticism, dialectical materialism, existentialism, phenomenology, hermeneutics, logical positivism, and critical theory. The Danish philosopher Søren Kierkegaard is often also included in surveys of German philosophy due to his extensive engagement with German thinkers.
In the 19th century, the philosophers of the 18th-century Enlightenment began to have a dramatic effect on subsequent developments in philosophy. In particular, the works of Immanuel Kant gave rise to a new generation of German philosophers and began to see wider recognition internationally. Also, in a reaction to the Enlightenment, a movement called Romanticism began to develop towards the end of the 18th century. Key ideas that sparked changes in philosophy were the fast progress of science, including evolution, most notably postulated by Charles Darwin, Alfred Russel Wallace and Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, and theories regarding what is today called emergent order, such as the free market of Adam Smith within nation states, or the Marxist approach concerning class warfare between the ruling class and the working class developed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Pressures for egalitarianism, and more rapid change culminated in a period of revolution and turbulence that would see philosophy change as well.
This index of ethics articles puts articles relevant to well-known ethical debates and decisions in one place - including practical problems long known in philosophy, and the more abstract subjects in law, politics, and some professions and sciences. It lists also those core concepts essential to understanding ethics as applied in various religions, some movements derived from religions, and religions discussed as if they were a theory of ethics making no special claim to divine status.
Below is a list of philosophy articles from D-H.
Modern philosophy is philosophy developed in the modern era and associated with modernity. It is not a specific doctrine or school, although there are certain assumptions common to much of it, which helps to distinguish it from earlier philosophy.
In late modern philosophy, neo-Kantianism was a revival of the 18th-century philosophy of Immanuel Kant. The neo-Kantians sought to develop and clarify Kant's theories, particularly his concept of the thing-in-itself and his moral philosophy.
Philosophical realism—usually not treated as a position of its own but as a stance towards other subject matters— is the view that a certain kind of thing has mind-independent existence, i.e. that it exists even in the absence of any mind perceiving it or that its existence is not just a mere appearance in the eye of the beholder. This includes a number of positions within epistemology and metaphysics which express that a given thing instead exists independently of knowledge, thought, or understanding. This can apply to items such as the physical world, the past and future, other minds, and the self, though may also apply less directly to things such as universals, mathematical truths, moral truths, and thought itself. However, realism may also include various positions which instead reject metaphysical treatments of reality altogether.
This glossary of philosophy is a list of definitions of terms and concepts relevant to philosophy and related disciplines, including logic, ethics, and theology.
Philosophy is the study of general and fundamental problems concerning matters such as existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language. It is distinguished from other ways of addressing fundamental questions by being critical and generally systematic and by its reliance on rational argument. It involves logical analysis of language and clarification of the meaning of words and concepts.
Philosophy in the Soviet Union was officially confined to Marxist–Leninist thinking, which theoretically was the basis of objective and ultimate philosophical truth. During the 1920s and 1930s, other tendencies of Russian thought were repressed. Joseph Stalin enacted a decree in 1931 identifying dialectical materialism with Marxism–Leninism, making it the official philosophy which would be enforced in all communist states and, through the Comintern, in most communist parties. Following the traditional use in the Second International, opponents would be labeled as "revisionists".
Epistemology or theory of knowledge is the branch of philosophy concerned with the nature and scope (limitations) of knowledge. It addresses the questions "What is knowledge?", "How is knowledge acquired?", "What do people know?", "How do we know what we know?", and "Why do we know what we know?". Much of the debate in this field has focused on analyzing the nature of knowledge and how it relates to similar notions such as truth, belief, and justification. It also deals with the means of production of knowledge, as well as skepticism about different knowledge claims.
Metaphysics is the branch of philosophy that investigates principles of reality transcending those of any particular science. Cosmology and ontology are traditional branches of metaphysics. It is concerned with explaining the fundamental nature of being and the world. Someone who studies metaphysics can be called either a "metaphysician" or a "metaphysicist".
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to metaphysics:
Articles in social and political philosophy include:
Articles related to philosophy of religion include:
