In 2003, the city of Tirana, headed by then-mayor Edi Rama, had commissioned a masterplan for the redevelopment of the city center. Drafted by Architecture-Studio, the plan envisioned the construction of ten towers, arranged in parallel order around Skanderbeg Square, with an intended maximum height of 85 meters set for each tower, so to maintain a cohesive skyline.
Projects such as Alban Tower and Eyes of Tirana deviated from these height restrictions, creating a precedent that led to increased heights for future developments. This change contributed to a progressive trend toward taller and more imposing structures within and around the city’s urban core. [1]
List of buildings with a minimum height of ~300 m (980 ft).
No. | Name | Image | Location | Height | Floors | Architect | Developer | Year |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Tirana Society Towers | Tirana 41°19′44″N19°49′16″E / 41.32894°N 19.82104°E | 300 m (980 ft) | — | Alejandro Aravena | Delta sh.p.k / Techno Alb sh.p.k | ongoing | |
List of buildings with a minimum height of ~200 m (660 ft).
No. | Name | Image | Location | Height | Floors | Architect | Developer | Year |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Grand Park Skyline | Tirana 41°19′00″N19°49′09″E / 41.31653°N 19.81907°E | — | 71, 51, 40 | Valerio Olgiati | X One sh.p.k | approved | |
2 | Mixed-use Tower | Tirana | — | 69 | — | Gener 2 | ongoing | |
3 | Mixed-use Tower | Tirana 41°20′39″N19°48′52″E / 41.34426°N 19.81453°E | — | 65 | Herzog & de Meuron | Klar sh.p.k | approved | |
4 | Mount Tirana | Tirana 41°19′47″N19°49′14″E / 41.32975°N 19.82054°E | 206.4 m (677 ft) [2] | 58 | CEBRA | Nova Construction sh.p.k | u/c | |
5 | Tirana Tour | Tirana 41°19′40″N19°48′28″E / 41.32779°N 19.80768°E | 205 m (673 ft) [3] | 58 | Bofill Arquitectura | Classic S & J sh.p.k | approved | |
6 | Lana Riverside Residences | Tirana 41°19′20″N19°48′09″E / 41.32210°N 19.80248°E | 204.45 m (670.8 ft) [4] | 56 | Marco Casamonti & Partners / X-Plan Studio | Forever Construction sh.p.k | u/c | |
7 | Barcelona Tower | Tirana 41°19′37″N19°48′59″E / 41.32689°N 19.81628°E | 202 m (663 ft) [5] | 51 | Bofill Arquitectura / UDV Architects | Bami Holding sh.p.k | approved | |
8 | Bond Tower | Tirana 41°20′07″N19°47′48″E / 41.33539°N 19.79661°E | 199.5 m (655 ft) [6] | 55, 44 | OODA | Nova Construction sh.p.k | approved | |
List of buildings with a height variance from ~100 m (330 ft) up to ~199 m (653 ft).
No. | Name | Image | Location | Height | Floors | Architect | Developer | Year |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Tirana Gate | Tirana 41°19′37″N19°47′15″E / 41.32688°N 19.78756°E | 184 m (604 ft) | 50, 39, 25 | Marco Casamonti & Partners / MVM Architecture | Xh&M sh.p.k / Alfazed sh.p.k / Smart Construction Invest sh.p.k | approved | |
2 | Mixed-use Tower | Tirana 41°20′07″N19°47′59″E / 41.33518°N 19.79973°E | — | 44 | — | Ultra–Tech sh.p.k | approved | |
3 | Tirana Highest Tower | Tirana | — | — | — | Halisof sh.p.k | ongoing | |
4 | Sun Moon Star | Tirana 41°20′08″N19°48′55″E / 41.33562°N 19.81540°E | 162 m (531 ft) | 44 | Sam Chermayeff | Al Point sh.p.k | ongoing | |
5 | Tirana New Boulevard | Tirana 41°20′31″N19°48′50″E / 41.34207°N 19.81392°E | 159 m (522 ft) | 44, 41 | Marco Casamonti & Partners | Smart Construction Invest sh.p.k / Progeen sh.p.k | approved | |
6 | Downtown One | Tirana 41°19′27″N19°49′26″E / 41.32412°N 19.82386°E | 150 m (490 ft) [7] [8] | 40 | MVRDV | Kastrati sh.p.k | 2024 | |
7 | New Boulevard Tower | Tirana 41°20′24″N19°48′52″E / 41.34000°N 19.81452°E | 145.4 m (477 ft) | 39 | Oppenheim Architecture | Tirana 2-Konstruksion sh.p.k | approved | |
8 | Vertical Hora | Tirana 41°19′49″N19°48′08″E / 41.33027°N 19.80212°E | 142.26 m (466.7 ft) | 41 | OODA | Develalb Construction sh.p.k / Edonil Konstruksion sh.p.k | u/c | |
9 | Tirana Fik-Park | Tirana 41°20′40″N19°48′47″E / 41.34437°N 19.81299°E | 136 m (446 ft) | 40 | Fuksas | Usluga sh.p.k | approved | |
10 | Mixed-use Tower | Tirana | — | 40 | — | Green Living Company sh.p.k | approved | |
11 | Lift Tower | Tirana 41°19′44″N19°48′07″E / 41.32895°N 19.80206°E | — | 39 | Baukuh | — | ongoing | |
12 | Farol Tower Residence | Tirana | — | 38 | — | Gjoka Konstruksion sh.p.k | approved | |
13 | Lake Diamond Tower | Tirana 41°18′47″N19°48′55″E / 41.31304°N 19.81525°E | — | 37 | Atelier 4 | Texas Development sh.p.k | ongoing | |
14 | Tirana East Tower Residence | Tirana 41°19′05″N19°49′58″E / 41.31803°N 19.83275°E | — | 36 | Bolles+Wilson | Geo Construction sh.p.k | approved | |
15 | Top Tower | Tirana 41°20′05″N19°48′05″E / 41.33461°N 19.80135°E | — | 35 | Archea Associati | Top Seven sh.p.k | u/c | |
16 | Eyes of Tirana | Tirana 41°19′43″N19°48′56″E / 41.32851°N 19.81559°E | 135 m (443 ft) [9] [10] [11] | 31 | Henning Larsen ↓ X-Plan Studio | Ideal Construction sh.p.k | u/c | |
17 | InterContinental Hotel Tirana | Tirana 41°19′48″N19°49′06″E / 41.33009°N 19.81832°E | 133.5 m (438 ft) [9] [12] | 33 | Bolles+Wilson / Atelier 4 | Geci sh.p.k | 2023 | |
18 | Multifunctional Tower | Tirana 41°19′36″N19°49′17″E / 41.32674°N 19.82152°E | 123 m (404 ft) | 33 | Bjarke Ingels Group | Fusha sh.p.k | approved | |
19 | Lion Residences II | Tirana 41°20′06″N19°48′02″E / 41.33497°N 19.80049°E | 122 m (400 ft) | 34 | GG-Loop / UDV Architects | UrbAlb sh.p.k | approved | |
20 | The Cliffs | Tirana 41°20′28″N19°48′57″E / 41.34104°N 19.81579°E | — [13] | — | — | Adriatic Resorts LLC | ongoing | |
21 | Komuna e Parisit Towers | Tirana 41°19′03″N19°48′26″E / 41.31761°N 19.80718°E | — | — | Oppenheim Architecture | — | ongoing | |
22 | Tirana Tower | Tirana 41°20′28″N19°50′38″E / 41.34111°N 19.84385°E | 119.34 m (391.5 ft) | 34 | Oppenheim Architecture | Anchor Investments sh.p.k | u/c | |
23 | Mixed-use Tower | Tirana | — | 34 | — | EHW GmbH | approved | |
24 | The Eagle Tirana | Tirana 41°19′51″N19°47′07″E / 41.33081°N 19.78514°E | — | 31 | David Macullo Architects | — | ongoing | |
25 | Mixed-use Tower | Tirana | — | 30 | — | Ere Architecture & Construction sh.p.k | approved | |
26 | Mixed-use Tower | Tirana | — | 30 | — | Pajtoni sh.p.k | ongoing | |
27 | Tirana Marriott | Tirana 41°19′08″N19°49′23″E / 41.31894°N 19.82311°E | 112 m (367 ft) [14] [15] | 25 | Archea Associati | AlbStar sh.p.k | 2019 | |
28 | Manhattan I | Tirana 41°20′05″N19°48′24″E / 41.33468°N 19.80671°E | 108.8 m (357 ft) | 30 | Archea Associati | Forever Construction sh.p.k | u/c | |
29 | Alban Tower | Tirana 41°19′34″N19°48′59″E / 41.32610°N 19.81652°E | 107 m (351 ft) [16] [17] [18] | 27 | Archea Associati | Al&Gi sh.p.k | 2022 | |
30 | Bazaar Gate | Tirana 41°19′46″N19°49′22″E / 41.32953°N 19.82273°E | 103.65 m (340.1 ft) | 27 | Bolles+Wilson | Bregu sh.a | approved | |
31 | Vistas Lake Tower | Tirana 41°18′48″N19°48′54″E / 41.31340°N 19.81490°E | — | 28 | — | Vistas Enterprises sh.a | approved | |
32 | Tirana West Center | Tirana | — | 27 | — | Tirana West Center sh.p.k | approved | |
33 | Residential Building | Tirana | — | 27 | — | Hein-Invest sh.p.k | approved | |
34 | Multifunctional Tower Tirana | Tirana 41°20′54″N19°48′43″E / 41.34824°N 19.81204°E | 100 m (330 ft) | 25 | Chybik+Kristof | 2T sh.p.k | ongoing | |
List of buildings with a height variance from ~45 m (148 ft) up to ~99 m (325 ft).
No. | Name | Image | Location | Height | Floors | Architect | Developer | Year |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Mixed-use Tower | Tirana | — | 27 | — | Tirana West Center sh.p.k | approved | |
2 | Tirana Boulevard | Tirana 41°20′36″N19°48′49″E / 41.34327°N 19.81352°E | 97.38 m (319.5 ft) | 25 | MVRDV / UNO Architects | Sky Invest sh.p.k | u/c | |
3 | United Towers of Tirana | Tirana 41°18′47″N19°48′29″E / 41.31311°N 19.80819°E | 95.7 m (314 ft) | 25 | Marco Casamonti & Partners | Arlis Construction sh.p.k | u/c | |
4 | Ekspozita Building | Tirana 41°19′23″N19°48′40″E / 41.32295°N 19.81115°E | 93 m (305 ft) [19] | 24 | Mario Cucinella | Titan Konstruksion sh.p.k | u/c | |
5 | Tirana's Rock | Tirana 41°19′48″N19°49′10″E / 41.32999°N 19.81931°E | 89 m (292 ft) [20] [21] | 26 | MVRDV | ANA sh.p.k | u/c | |
6 | A.F.A Tower | Tirana 41°19′50″N19°49′36″E / 41.33046°N 19.82656°E | — | 25 | Cityförster | Oni & Afa sh.p.k | approved | |
7 | Wind Tower | Tirana 41°20′17″N19°47′20″E / 41.33801°N 19.78889°E | 87.36 m (286.6 ft) | 22 | UDV Architects | Kastrati sh.p.k | approved | |
8 | Maritim Hotel Plaza Tirana | Tirana 41°19′40″N19°49′18″E / 41.32778°N 19.82154°E | 85 m (279 ft) [22] | 24 | 51N4E | TID Albania | 2015 | |
9 | Tirana Garden Building | Tirana 41°19′37″N19°48′21″E / 41.32684°N 19.80575°E | 85 m (279 ft) [23] | 24 | Archea Associati | Nova Construction sh.p.k | 2023 | |
10 | ABA Business Center | Tirana 41°19′13″N19°49′23″E / 41.32023°N 19.82297°E | 83 m (272 ft) [24] | 21 | Bolles+Wilson | Gener 2 | 2008 | |
11 | Ambasador III | Tirana 41°19′06″N19°49′33″E / 41.31834°N 19.82585°E | 82 m (269 ft) [25] | 23 | Atelier 4 | Mane TCI | 2016 | |
12 | Ndarja | Tirana 41°19′28″N19°48′23″E / 41.32454°N 19.80645°E | — | 22 | OODA | Artech Group sh.p.k / Edonil Konstruksion sh.p.k | ongoing | |
13 | Filigree Tower | Tirana 41°20′11″N19°50′22″E / 41.33632°N 19.83953°E | 81.7 m (268 ft) | 21 | X-Plan Studio | Kuteli sh.p.k | approved | |
14 | Book Building | Tirana 41°19′39″N19°49′13″E / 41.32758°N 19.82023°E | 77 m (253 ft) [26] | 21 | 51N4E | Techno-Alb sh.p.k | 2024 | |
15 | Sky Hotel Tirana | Tirana 41°19′20″N19°49′05″E / 41.32236°N 19.81804°E | 76 m (249 ft) [27] | 20 | Ilir Shijaku | Lani sh.p.k | 2000 ↓ 2020 (extended) | |
16 | Vertical Forest | Tirana 41°19′05″N19°49′31″E / 41.31814°N 19.82514°E | 75 m (246 ft) [28] | 21 | Stefano Boeri | Gener 2 | 2024 | |
17 | Residential Building | Tirana | — | 20 | — | Babasi Coo sh.p.k | approved | |
18 | Altura Trade Center | Tirana 41°20′37″N19°48′42″E / 41.34369°N 19.81174°E | — | 19 | Studio Arch4 | Usluga sh.p.k | u/c | |
19 | West Habitat | Tirana | — | 19 | UDV Architects | — | ongoing | |
20 | Green Tower | Tirana 41°19′24″N19°48′45″E / 41.32322°N 19.81240°E | 74 m (243 ft) [29] | 18 | SOA Architecture | Titan Konstruktion sh.p.k | u/c | |
21 | Mixed-use Building | Tirana | 73.8 m (242 ft) | 20 | Dalmat Architecture | TDT & Partners sh.p.k | approved | |
22 | Nomad Building | Tirana 41°19′30″N19°48′08″E / 41.32487°N 19.80236°E | 72.7 m (239 ft) | 20 | Dalmat Architecture | Artech Group sh.p.k | approved | |
23 | Puzzle Tirana | Tirana 41°18′52″N19°48′23″E / 41.31453°N 19.80633°E | 71 m (233 ft) | 20 | NOA / Atelier 4 | Texas Development sh.p.k | ongoing | |
24 | Park Avenue | Tirana 41°20′26″N19°48′45″E / 41.34062°N 19.81263°E | 70 m (230 ft) | 19 | Davide Mecullo Architects | Orion Construction sh.p.k | u/c | |
25 | Tirana Lake | Tirana 41°18′48″N19°48′48″E / 41.31329°N 19.81329°E | 68.55 m (224.9 ft) | 17 | Marco Casamonti & Partners | Building Construction Invest sh.p.k | approved | |
26 | Lake View Residences | Tirana 41°18′40″N19°48′40″E / 41.31106°N 19.81110°E | 60–70 m (200–230 ft) [30] | 17 | JA Joubert | Gener 2 | 2023 | |
27 | White Tower | Tirana 41°18′54″N19°48′23″E / 41.31489°N 19.80650°E | — [31] | 17 | Dalmat Architecture | Nova Construction sh.p.k | u/c | |
28 | Art N'Lagje | Tirana 41°20′08″N19°50′33″E / 41.33549°N 19.84261°E | — | 17, 15, 12, 20, 9, 7 | Dalmat Architecture | Aulonamar sh.p.k | u/c | |
29 | ETC Galeria | Tirana 41°19′27″N19°49′22″E / 41.32405°N 19.82291°E | 56 m (184 ft) [32] | 16 | — | Edil-Al | 2006 | |
30 | Tirana International Hotel | Tirana 41°19′48″N19°49′07″E / 41.32999°N 19.81861°E | 56 m (184 ft) [33] | 15 | Valentina Pistoli | Albanian State | 1979 | |
31 | Twin Towers | Tirana 41°19′20″N19°49′11″E / 41.32236°N 19.81972°E | 52 m (171 ft) [34] | 15 | — | TID | 2005 | |
32 | Residential Highrise | Tirana | 51.7 m (170 ft) | 14 | Stefano Boeri | Domus Group AL sh.p.k | approved | |
33 | MET Building | Tirana 41°19′29″N19°49′15″E / 41.32479°N 19.82090°E | 48.7 m (160 ft) [35] | 15 | Mario Cucinella | MET Invest sh.p.k | 2024 | |
34 | Illyrius Apartments | Tirana | 47.9 m (157 ft) [36] | 15 | GG-loop | Balfin Group | approved | |
35 | Multifunctional Building | Tirana | — | 15 | — | Oni & Afa sh.p.k | approved | |
No. | Name | Image | Location | Height | Floors | Architect | Developer | Year |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Rajfi Residence | Durrës 41°18′37″N19°26′37″E / 41.31029°N 19.44367°E | 91 m (299 ft) [37] | 27 | — | Rajfi Group sh.p.k | 2018 | |
2 | Highrise Building | Durrës 41°18′40″N19°26′58″E / 41.31124°N 19.44952°E | 84 m (276 ft) | — | — | — | — | |
3 | Crowne Plaza | Durrës 41°18′31″N19°26′45″E / 41.30850°N 19.44571°E | — [38] | 16 | FOCUS Architecture | Mediterranean Investment Group | u/c | |
4 | Fly Tower | Durrës 41°18′36″N19°26′53″E / 41.30995°N 19.44805°E | 58 m (190 ft) | 15 | — | — | 2008 | |
5 | EGT Business Center | Durrës 41°18′47″N19°26′48″E / 41.31301°N 19.44676°E | 49 m (161 ft) | 13 | — | — | 2007 | |
No. | Name | Image | Location | Height | Floors | Architect | Developer | Year |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Mixed-use Highrise | Vlorë | — | 37, 35, 10 | — | Hel-Pet sh.p.k / Alb-Edil sh.p.k / Texas Development sh.p.k | approved | |
2 | Vlora Landmark Resort | Vlorë 40°26′02″N19°29′44″E / 40.43383°N 19.49553°E | 125.5 m (412 ft) | 33 | Oppenheim Architecture | E&A Investment Vlorë sh.p.k | approved | |
3 | Vlora Marina Tower | Vlorë 40°27′09″N19°28′55″E / 40.45240°N 19.48206°E | — | 33 | — | — | approved | |
4 | Luzaj Towers | Vlorë 40°26′15″N19°29′54″E / 40.43737°N 19.49826°E | — | — | Coop Himmelb(l)au | — | approved | |
5 | Residential Building | Vlorë | — | 23 | — | En Construction sh.p.k / Dakz sh.p.k | approved | |
Clock towers in Albania were typically situated in the most vibrant and noticeable areas of cities, such as marketplaces, near the main mosques, and occasionally even within castles. They were considered landmarks or reference points, in contrast to the neighborhood and the city as a whole. The construction of these important urban structures was driven by a growing demand from the civic society at the time. [39]
The term "kulla" (English: tower ) or "kullë e veçuar" (detached tower) refers to a tall, fortified structure designed for various defensive and practical purposes. Detached towers were used as observation posts for monitoring roads or borders, facilitating signal exchanges, serving as fortified residences, and acting as primary towers within fortified cities and castles. They also protected monasteries and functioned as temporary summer dwellings for landowners or as vantage points during agricultural harvests. [52]
The largest concentration of kullas can be found in the historic region of Mirditë, known as the epicenter of catholicism in the country. Its bajraks held considerable influence in the political affairs of pre-independent Albania. [66]
The tower houses of Mirdita were historically built by wealthy and influential families, with the number of floors symbolizing their social status.
Each tower typically featured three, four or more rooms. In the absence of a separate shed, the ground floor was often used to house livestock. A narrow staircase, located just before the main entrance, led to the guest room, which was commonly equipped with a fireplace.
The most prevalent architectural form of fortified dwellings in the Orosh region and its surroundings is the corner plan, achieved by attaching an annex to the primary structure. The annex’s alcoves often housed the sanitary facilities for each floor.
These fortified houses were outfitted with chimneys, but unlike the chimneys in Mat and Dibër, they lacked windows, featuring only turrets. Over time, Mirdita’s çikmata lost their original function as seating areas and became purely defensive architectural elements. [67]
No. | Name | Image | Location | Height | Status | Builder | Year |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Nickel Mine Towers | Prrenjas 41°04′02″N20°32′20″E / 41.06710°N 20.53879°E | 52 m (171 ft) | Decommissioned | Albanian State | 1966 | |
Tirana is the capital and largest city of Albania. It is located in the centre of the country, enclosed by mountains and hills, with Dajti rising to the east and a slight valley to the northwest overlooking the Adriatic Sea in the distance. It is among the wettest and sunniest cities in Europe, with 2,544 hours of sun per year.
The Clock Tower of Tirana is a monument of cultural heritage located in Tirana, Albania. It was first recognized as a cultural heritage site by the Institute of Sciences through decision no. 95 on October 16, 1948. Subsequent designations were made by the rectorate of the State University of Tirana under decision no. 6 on January 15, 1963 and by the Ministry of Education and Culture via reference no. 1886 on June 10, 1973.
Abdurrauf Fico (1881–1944), also known as Rauf Fitso Bey was an Albanian ambassador and politician.
Eshref Effendy Frasheri, also referred to as Eshtref Bey Frashëri, was an Albanian politician. He served as co-Chairman of the National Council of Albania from 1921 until 1923 and Deputy Chairman 1932-1938.
Valentina Leskaj is an Albanian politician and political economist who was a member of the Assembly of the Republic of Albania for the Socialist Party from 2002 until 2017, when she decided to resign and leave politics.
The Tirana coat of arms, also known as the Shield of Tirana, is the coat of arms of Tirana, features a shield with a clock tower and lion beneath a castle. The coat of arms was approved by the city council on November 14, 2000. Based on the principles of the blazoning it features Per pale Gules and Azure, dexter a Clock Tower Argent, sinister a lion rampant Argent, in chief a fleur-de-lis Or. Above the shield, a representation of Tirana Castle proper.
The Flag of Tirana is a blue field with a shield in the center with a clock tower and lion beneath a castle.
Parliamentary elections were held in Albania on 23 June 2013. The result was a victory for the Alliance for a European Albania led by the Socialist Party and its leader, Edi Rama. Incumbent Prime Minister Sali Berisha of the Democratic Party-led Alliance for Employment, Prosperity and Integration conceded defeat on 26 June.
Aqif Pasha Biçaku mostly known as Aqif Pashë Elbasani was an Ottoman Albanian political figure in the Sanjak of Elbasan and after the Young Turk Revolution became an activist for the Albanian national cause.
Kol Tromara (1882–1945) was an Albanian nationalist and political figure of the first half of the 20th century.
Ardian Vehbiu is an Albanian author and translator. He was born in Tirana, Albania in 1959 and now resides in New York City. He is the author of 12 non-fiction and fiction books, as well as of a number of research papers in linguistics and semiotics. He is the winner of the 2009 "Gjergj Fishta" national non-fiction award with "Shqipja totalitare", (2009), as well as the winner of the 2014 "Ardian Klosi" non-fiction award, with "Sende që nxirrte deti", (2013).
The Clock Tower of Korçë is a clock tower located in Korçë, Albania. Rising adjacent to the Mirahori Mosque, just south of the city’s Old Bazaar, its construction was inspired by the original 18th century clock tower that was destroyed by the earthquake of 1960.
Aleksandër Merxhani mostly known as Branko Merxhani (1894–1981) was an Albanian intellectual, sociologist, writer, journalist and literary critic. He was one of the most important cultural figures of the pre-World War II in Albania, publisher of Përpjekja shqiptare. During the '30s he developed an ideological program named Neo-Albanianism, which he developed being heavily influenced by Turkish sociologist Ziya Gökalp.
The Kimza Government was the first organized government to formally declare the Independence of Albania from the Ottoman Empire.
The 2022–23 season was Tirana's 93rd season in their history of the Albanian Superliga and came in as the defending champions. Along with the Superliga, the club was also participated in the Albanian Supercup, Albanian Cup, and the Champions League qualifying stage. The season began in August 2022 and ended in May 2023.
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The Clock Tower of Kavajë is a monument of cultural heritage located in Kavajë, Albania. It was recognized as a cultural heritage site by the Institute of Sciences through decision no. 586, dated March 17, 1948.
The Watchtower of Krujë is a monument of cultural heritage located in Krujë, Albania. It was first recognized as a cultural heritage site by the Institute of Sciences through decision no. 95 on October 16, 1948. Subsequent designations were made by the rectorate of the State University of Tirana under decision no. 6 on January 15, 1963, and by the Ministry of Education and Culture via reference no. 1886 on June 10, 1973.