Ozark Air Lines

Last updated

Ozark Air Lines
Ozark Air Lines Logo, December 1985.svg
IATA ICAO Call sign
OZOZAOZARK
Founded1 September 1943;
81 years ago (1943-09-01)
Commenced operations26 September 1950;
74 years ago (1950-09-26)
Ceased operations26 October 1986;
38 years ago (1986-10-26)
(integrated into Trans World Airlines)
Hubs St. Louis Lambert International Airport
Fleet size50
Destinations
  • Ozark Mainline cities: 57
  • Ozark Midwest cities: 21
Parent company Trans World Corporation
Headquarters St. Louis County, Missouri, U.S.
Key people
  • Laddie Hamilton
    (president, 1950–1959)
  • Joseph A. Fitzgerald
    (president, 1959–1963)
  • Floyd Jones
    (acting president, 1963–1964)
  • Thomas L. Grace
    (president, 1964–1971)
  • Edward J. Crane
    (president, 1971–1986)
  • Lester L. Cox
    (chairman, 1972–1986)

Ozark Air Lines was a local service carrier (originally known as a feeder airline) in the United States that operated from 1950 until 1986, when it was purchased by Trans World Airlines (TWA). Ozark got a second chance to be an airline when the carrier that won the routes for which Ozark applied, Parks Air Lines, failed to start them in a timely manner. Parks had its rights revoked, Ozark won not only the routes it previously applied for, but others as well. Parks merged into Ozark and Ozark (then without any airline operations) took over the Parks operation and the single route over which Parks had recently started service, thereby launching Ozark. Ozark over time became a jet carrier with a hub in St. Louis.

Contents

In 2001, TWA was merged into American Airlines. A smaller regional airline that used the Ozark name (and whose operating certificate was purchased by Great Plains Airlines) operated in 2000–2001. From 1950 until 1986, Ozark's headquarters was located at St. Louis Lambert International Airport. [1]

History

Pre-certification

Ozark Air Lines was incorporated on 1 September 1943 in Missouri by Laddie Hamilton, Barak Mattingly and Floyd Jones with $100,000 in paid-up capital. [2] Ozark flew from Springfield, Missouri, [3] and, in January 1945, it began flights between Springfield and St. Louis on Beechcraft Model 17 Staggerwings, replaced by Cessna AT-17 Bobcats in the late 1940s.

Ozark applied for certification as a feeder or local service airline in the Mississippi Valley Case of Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB). The CAB was the now-defunct federal agency that, at the time, tightly regulated almost all air transport in the United States. Without certification from the CAB (or, in some cases, flying solely within a single state as an intrastate airline), no airline could operate. When the CAB ruled in that case in December 1947, Ozark was shut out. [4]

Parks Air Lines

Ozark inherited the Great Lakes and Mississippi Valley routes from Parks Air Lines Parks Air Lines 1950 Certificated Routes.png
Ozark inherited the Great Lakes and Mississippi Valley routes from Parks Air Lines
The dark green Ozark Air Lines logo OzarkLogoDarkGreen.jpg
The dark green Ozark Air Lines logo
Another Ozark Air Lines logo Ozark1.JPG
Another Ozark Air Lines logo

One of the winning airlines in the Mississippi Valley Case was Parks Air Transport, controlled by aviation entrepreneur Oliver Parks, best known for his prominent role in developing pilot training. This was the third case in which PAT won routes, leaving it with the largest portfolio of feeder routes in the country, one that was regarded as potentially the "richest" such in the industry. But Parks failed to start service on his network and in June 1949, the CAB started proceedings to potentially revoke the certification of his airline, now called Parks Air Lines (PAL). As part of those proceedings, the CAB accepted applications for airlines to take over PAL's routes and Ozark renewed its application. The CAB came to a final decision in July 1950, revoking PAL's certification and awarded Ozark not only PAL's Mississippi Valley Case routes, but also those PAL routes from the Great Lakes Area case. In June 1950, PAL finally started flying a route from East St. Louis to Chicago via St. Louis and three central Illinois cities. An appeals court said PAL could keep operating this one route until the effective date of the CAB order (September 26, 1950) but would not prevent the CAB from enforcing the order while PAL pursued a full court case. PAL agreed to sell its airline operation (including five DC-3s) to Ozark in exchange for 37.5% of the business. Ozark had no airline operations at the time, so PAL's operations became those of Ozark and in this way, Ozark Air Lines started service on that one Chicago route on September 26, 1950. Ozark retained operations at PAL's Cahokia, Illinois home airport, then known as Parks Metropolitan Airport, today as St. Louis Downtown Airport, for a period. For instance, Ozark's maintenance base moved from there to St. Louis in 1952.

After Parks

Services were started on September 26, 1950, using Douglas DC-3s initially from St. Louis to Chicago later to Tulsa and Memphis. [3] In 1955, the airline had 13 DC-3s flying to 35 cities between Sioux City, Indianapolis, Wichita, and Nashville. Ozark's main hub was St. Louis Lambert International Airport. Like other Local Service airlines, it was subsidized; in 1962, its operating revenues of US$ 14 million (equivalent to US$ 141 million in 2023) included US$ 4.5 million (equivalent to US$ 45 million in 2023) of federal subsidy. [5]

In 1960, turboprop Fairchild F-27s were introduced; piston-engine Martin 4-0-4s were added to the fleet in 1964 and removed in 1967.

One of three co-founders, Arthur G. Heyne was an attorney in St. Louis, Missouri, and served as Secretary-Treasurer starting in 1950.

The three swallows on Ozark fins represented on-time flights, referring to the legend of the swallows that return to the Mission San Juan Capistrano, in California, each year on 19 March.

Jets

Revenue passenger traffic, in millions of passenger-miles (scheduled flights only) [6]
YearPax-Miles
19518
195536
196099
1965229
1970653
1975936
Fairchild-Hiller FH-227B at Chicago O'Hare Airport in 1975 Fairchild FH227B Ozark ORD 28.07.75 edited-3.jpg
Fairchild-Hiller FH-227B at Chicago O'Hare Airport in 1975

In 1961, Ozark's network reached from Minneapolis to Nashville and from Kansas City to Indianapolis and Louisville. Denver was added in 1966 and, in 1969, the network sprouted eastward: Ozark was awarded nonstops from Champaign and Peoria to Washington Dulles, continuing to New York LaGuardia. Atlanta was added in 1978 and four Florida cities in winter 1978–1979.

Ozark Douglas DC-9-31 at O'Hare in 1975 Douglas DC-9-31 N976Z Ozark ORD 28.07.75 edited-2.jpg
Ozark Douglas DC-9-31 at O'Hare in 1975

In September 1966, Ozark and Central Airlines announced plans to merge, subject to CAB approval; the new airline was to retain the Ozark name and would be one of the largest local service carriers in the U.S. [7] However, in November 1966, the two airlines announced that merger talks had ended by mutual consent due to financing difficulties. [8]

By 1967, the Martins and F-27s were replaced with Fairchild Hiller FH-227s, a stretched F-27; Ozark was all-turbine after the last DC-3 flight in October 1968. Ozark's introduced its first jets in July, 1966 with the Douglas DC-9-10s. The DC-9-10s were later augmented with McDonnell Douglas DC-9-30s (DC-9-31/32) and McDonnell Douglas DC-9-40s. The airline also ordered two Boeing 727-200s but never took delivery. In late 1980, Ozark retired its last FH-227 prop aircraft and went all jet with an all DC-9 fleet. Several very small cities including Burlington, Fort Dodge, and Mason City in Iowa, Decatur, Marion, and Quincy in Illinois, and Cape Girardeau, Missouri, briefly saw DC-9 jet service before Ozark discontinued serving those cities in 1982. In 1984, larger McDonnell Douglas MD-80s were added.

Ozark Midwest

In 1985 Ozark began a code-share agreement with Air Midwest, a commuter airline operating 17-seat Fairchild Swearingen Metroliners. The operation was called Ozark Midwest and the Air Midwest aircraft were painted with green stripes, similar to Ozark but without the swallows. Ozark Midwest provided feeder service to Ozark from many smaller cities in the midwest that were not able to support large DC-9 jets including several cities that Ozark had previously discontinued. [9]

Merger with TWA

In the mid-1980s Ozark and TWA had a de facto duopoly at St. Louis Lambert International Airport, a hub for both. Ozark accounted for 26.3 percent of boardings at STL in 1985, while TWA accounted for 56.6 percent. [10] On March 1, 1986, the two airlines announced plans to merge: TWA would buy Ozark for US$ 242 million in cash (equivalent to US$ 673 million in 2023). [11] Shareholders of both airlines approved the merger by late summer, and the United States Department of Transportation gave its approval on September 12, 1986. [12]

Ozark ceased to exist as an independent company on October 27, 1986. The Ozark DC-9s were gradually painted with a modified paint scheme with "TWA" in the tail. Over the next couple of years, the fifty Ozark airplanes were repainted in the TWA livery. On December 1, 2001, TWA was merged into American Airlines.

Second Ozark Air Lines (2000–2001)

In 1998, rights to the airline's name were purchased by William E. Stricker of Columbia, Missouri. The reformed Ozark Air Lines received its operating certificate on February 11, 2000, and began service 10 days later, [13] from Columbia Regional Airport to Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport and Chicago Midway Airport, using two Fairchild Dornier 328JET aircraft. Later in 2000, service was added to Joplin Regional Airport in Joplin, Missouri, as a stop between Columbia and Dallas/Fort Worth. In early 2001, Ozark operated seasonally to the Taos Regional Airport serving Taos, New Mexico, from Dallas/Fort Worth twice a week during the winter ski season.

A year later, the company ceased operations and sold its assets to Great Plains Airlines, based in Tulsa, Oklahoma. [14]

Sales and marketing

Reservations

From the 1960s through the late 1980s, Ozark Air Lines' reservations department used a special toll-free WX telephone prefix in New Jersey which could be reached only in certain areas of the state by dialing 0 and asking the New Jersey Bell operator to connect to Ozark's WX number: WX-8300. The number could not be dialed directly by the customer and was only available to certain telephone exchanges where WX was available. (Direct-dial toll-free service made WX numbers obsolete, and they have been largely phased out.)

Advertising

In the late 1960s, comedian George Carlin appeared in Ozark advertising. [15]

Destinations in 1986

Note: Regional destinations were served by Ozark Midwest

Fleet

World Airline Fleets 1979 (copyright 1979) lists Ozark as having the following fleet: [16]

Eight of the DC-9-31s were former Northeast Airlines aircraft.

Ozark Air Lines operated the following aircraft: [17] [18]

AircraftTotalIntroducedRetiredNotes
Boeing 727-200 219791979Never entered service and sold to Pan Am [19]
Convair CV-240 719621965
de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter 319721974Used to serve Chicago Meigs Field
Douglas C-47 Skytrain 2919501971
Fairchild F-27 719591967
Fairchild FH-227B 2119661981
Martin 4-0-4 1519641968
McDonnell Douglas DC-9-10 1019681986
McDonnell Douglas DC-9-30 37
McDonnell Douglas DC-9-40 31982
McDonnell Douglas MD-82 41984

Accidents and incidents

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Western Airlines</span> Defunct airline of the United States (1925–1987)

Western Airlines was a major airline in the United States based in California, operating in the Western United States including Alaska and Hawaii, and western Canada, as well as to New York City, Boston, Washington, D.C., and Miami and to Mexico City, London and Nassau. Western had hubs at Los Angeles International Airport, Salt Lake City International Airport, and the former Stapleton International Airport in Denver. Before it merged with Delta Air Lines in 1987 it was headquartered at Los Angeles International Airport (LAX). Throughout the company's history, its slogan was "Western Airlines...The Only Way to Fly!"

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Trans World Airlines</span> US airline (1930–2003) that merged into American

Trans World Airlines (TWA) was a major airline in the United States that operated from 1930 until it was acquired by American Airlines in 2001. It was formed as Transcontinental & Western Air to operate a route from New York City to Los Angeles via St. Louis, Kansas City, and other stops, with Ford Trimotors. With American, United, and Eastern, it was one of the "Big Four" domestic airlines in the United States formed by the Spoils Conference of 1930.

St. Louis Lambert International Airport Commercial airport serving St. Louis, Missouri, United States

St. Louis Lambert International Airport is the primary international airport serving metropolitan St. Louis, Missouri, United States. Commonly referred to as Lambert Field or simply Lambert, it is the largest and busiest airport in the state of Missouri. The airport covers 3,793 acres (1,535 ha) of land. STL is located 14 miles (23 km) northwest of downtown St. Louis in unincorporated St. Louis County between Berkeley and Bridgeton. The airport provides nonstop service to airports throughout the United States and to the Caribbean, Mexico, Canada, and Europe. In 2019, it served nearly 16 million passengers. In 2023 there were more than 270 daily departures to 80 nonstop domestic and international locations.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Air Midwest</span> US regional airline (1965–2008) bought by Mesa

Air Midwest, Inc., was a Federal Aviation Administration Part 121 certificated air carrier that operated under air carrier certificate number AMWA510A issued on May 15, 1965. It was headquartered in Wichita, Kansas, United States, and from 1991 was a subsidiary of Mesa Air Group. Besides initially flying as an independent air carrier, it later operated code sharing feeder flights on behalf of Eastern Air Lines as Eastern Air Midwest Express, on behalf of American Airlines as American Eagle, on behalf of Trans World Airlines (TWA) as Trans World Express and on behalf of US Airways as US Airways Express. It also operated feeder flights on behalf of Braniff (1983–1990) and Ozark Air Lines in addition to flying for Mesa Airlines. Air Midwest was shut down by its parent company, Mesa Airlines, in June 2008.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Southern Airways</span> US airline (1949–1979) that merged into Republic

Southern Airways was a local service carrier, a scheduled airline certificated by the federal Civil Aeronautics Board, in the United States, from its founding by Frank Hulse in 1949 until 1979, when it merged with North Central Airlines to become Republic Airlines. Southern's corporate headquarters were in Birmingham, with operations headquartered at Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport, near Atlanta.

Trans States Airlines was a regional airline in the United States that operated from 1982 until 2020, when it shut down due to the COVID-19 pandemic. It was owned by Trans States Holdings and headquartered in Bridgeton, Missouri. At the time of its closing, the airline operated flights for United Airlines under the United Express brand. Trans States Airlines ceased all operations on April 1, 2020.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Waterloo Regional Airport</span> Airport

Waterloo Regional Airport ( Livingston Betsworth Field) is four miles (6 km) northwest of Waterloo, in Black Hawk County, Iowa. It is used for general aviation and sees one airline.

Trans World Express (TWE) was the fully owned and certified regional carrier for Trans World Airlines (TWA) and an airline trademark name for TWA's corporation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Joplin Regional Airport</span> Airport

Joplin Regional Airport is located four miles (6.4 km) north of Joplin, in Jasper County, Missouri, United States. It has airline service, which is subsidized by the Essential Air Service program.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kirksville Regional Airport</span> Domestic airport serving Kirksville, Missouri, United States

Kirksville Regional Airport is four miles south of Kirksville, Missouri, on the west side of US highway 63. One airline schedules passenger flights, subsidized by the Essential Air Service program.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Quincy Regional Airport</span> Airport serving Quincy, Illinois, United States

Quincy Regional Airport is a city-owned airport 12 miles east of Quincy, a city in Adams County, Illinois, United States. It is used for general aviation but also sees Southern Airways Express flights to Chicago's O'Hare International Airport and St. Louis Lambert International Airport, a service which is subsidized by the federal government's Essential Air Service program at a cost of $1,956,856. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2023–2027 categorized it as a national non-primary commercial service facility.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Veterans Airport of Southern Illinois</span> Airport

Veterans Airport of Southern Illinois , also known as Williamson County Regional Airport, is five miles west of Marion, in Williamson County, Illinois, United States. The airport is owned by the Williamson County Airport Authority. It sees one airline, subsidized by the federal government's Essential Air Service program at an annual cost of $2,562,819 or $141 per passenger. On November 11, 2016 during the grand opening ceremony for the new terminal, the airport was renamed to "Veterans Airport of Southern Illinois" to honor veterans and better reflect the regional nature of the airport.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Central Airlines</span> US airline (1949–1967) that merged into Frontier

Central Airlines was a local service carrier, a scheduled passenger airline operating in Arkansas, Colorado, Kansas, Missouri, Oklahoma, and Texas from 1949 to 1967. It was founded by Keith Kahle in 1944 to operate charter and fixed base services in Oklahoma, but was not granted an air operator's certificate until 1946 and did not begin scheduled flights until September 15, 1949, just before the certificate expired. Central was then headquartered at Meacham Field in Fort Worth, Texas. The airline was eventually acquired by and merged into the original Frontier Airlines which continued and expanded its network.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Northeast Airlines</span> Defunct airline of the United States (1933–1972)

Northeast Airlines was an American trunk carrier, a scheduled airline based in Boston, Massachusetts, originally founded as Boston-Maine Airways that chiefly operated in the northeastern United States, and later to Canada, Florida, the Bahamas, Bermuda and other cities. It was notably small and unprofitable relative to other trunk carriers, being less than half the size, by revenue, than the next biggest trunk in 1971. Northeast was acquired by and merged into Delta Air Lines in August 1972.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Topeka Regional Airport</span> Joint-use civil-military airport in Kansas, United States

Topeka Regional Airport, formerly known as Forbes Field, is a joint civil-military public airport owned by the Metropolitan Topeka Airport Authority in Shawnee County, Kansas, seven miles south of downtown Topeka, the capital city of Kansas. The National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015 called it a general aviation airport.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mid-Continent Airlines</span>

Mid-Continent Airlines was a trunk carrier, a scheduled airline which operated in the central United States from the 1930s until 1952 when it was acquired by and merged with Braniff International Airways. Mid-Continent Airlines was originally founded as a flight school at Rickenbacker Airport in Sioux City, Iowa, during 1928, by Arthur Hanford Jr., a dairy operator. The Hanford Produce Company was the largest creamery in the United States with over 100 trucks in operation. The company was primarily a dairy but also sold ice cream and poultry. The Hanford's also founded and built the new Rickenbacker Airport and operated eight gas stations and several service repair garages under the name Hanford's, Inc. The airport was a division of Hanford's, Inc., but the service stations and garages were later sold to finance airline operations. Mid-Continent was based in Kansas City, Missouri at the time of its acquisition by Braniff.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bonanza Air Lines</span> US airline (1945–1968) that merged into Air West

Bonanza Air Lines was a local service carrier, a US scheduled airline focused on smaller routes in the Western United States from 1949 until it merged with two other local service airlines to form Air West in 1968. Its headquarters was initially Las Vegas, Nevada, and moved to Phoenix, Arizona in 1966.

Oliver L. "Lafe" Parks was an early aviator most known for his pioneering work in the fields of pilot training and aviation, including playing a major role in US military pilot training in World War II. His aviation activities also included aircraft manufacturing and sales, airport ownership and operation and airline ownership and operation. In 1946–1950, Parks played a prominent role in the US airline industry. Through his airline, Parks Air Lines, he controlling a portfolio of route authorities viewed as potentially making his company one of the most significant carriers of its kind. But due to an unacceptable delay in starting operations, those rights were revoked by the same regulators that bestowed them. Parks managed to start operations on a single route shortly before losing the rights. Parks Air Lines was then sold to Ozark Air Lines in exchange for stock in Ozark. Since Ozark, at the time, had no airline operations, Parks Air Lines essentially became Ozark, just with a new name and management.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Parks Air Lines</span> 1950 predecessor to Ozark Air Lines

Parks Air Lines, named for its founder, Oliver Parks, was a US scheduled airline that initially appeared likely to be one of the most significant carriers of its kind, but in the end, operated only a single route for three months in 1950. In 1946 and 1947 the airline was certificated as a local service carrier by the Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB), the now-defunct federal agency that, at the time, tightly regulated almost all US air transportation. The CAB awarded the airline, then known as Parks Air Transport, a substantial network of routes to mostly smaller cities mostly centered on St Louis. But after lengthy delays in initiating service, the CAB instituted proceedings to strip Parks of its network. Parks started service just in advance of the CAB's decision, but after a brief period of operation and some litigation, merged into Ozark Air Lines, the carrier to which the CAB gave most of Park's route authorities. This marked the start of Ozark's operations.

References

  1. ↑ "World Airline Directory". Flight International . 1985-03-30. p. 105. Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2022-06-14.
  2. ↑ "Business entity search filing of Articles of Incorporation for Ozark Air Lines". bsd.sos.mo.gov. State of Missouri Secretary of State. Retrieved 2024-06-25.
  3. 1 2 Endres, Günter G. (1982). World Airline Fleets 1983. Feltham: The Aviation Data Centre. p. 327. ISBN   978-0-9461-4102-9. OCLC   9203525.
  4. ↑ "Mississippi Valley Case". Civil Aeronautics Board Reports. 8: 726–804. April–December 1947. hdl:2027/osu.32437011657687.
  5. ↑ Moody's Transportation Manual. 1964. ISSN   0027-089X.
  6. ↑ Handbook of Airline Statistics. Civil Aeronautics Board.
  7. ↑ Mort, John (1966-09-21). "Central Airlines Seeking Merger With Ozark". Fort Worth Star-Telegram . Vol. 86, no. 232 (Morning ed.). Washington, D.C. p. 10-C. ISSN   0889-0013 . Retrieved 2022-06-14– via Newspapers.com. Open Access logo PLoS transparent.svg
  8. ↑ "Ozark, Central Calls Halt to Merger Plans". Fort Worth Star-Telegram . Vol. 86, no. 283 (Evening ed.). Washington, D.C. Associated Press. 1966-11-10. p. 5-D. ISSN   0889-0013 . Retrieved 2022-06-14– via Newspapers.com. Open Access logo PLoS transparent.svg
  9. ↑ Ozark timetables from 1985 and 1986
  10. ↑ "Airline Competition: Fare and Service Changes at St. Louis Since the TWA–Ozark Merger" (PDF). Government Accountability Office . 1988-09-21. Archived from the original on 2022-07-27. Retrieved 2022-06-14.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  11. ↑ "Ozark, TWA Sign Pact". Kenosha News . Vol. 92, no. 111. St. Louis. United Press International. 1986-03-02. p. A3. ISSN   0749-7067 . Retrieved 2022-06-14– via Newspapers.com. Open Access logo PLoS transparent.svg
  12. ↑ "14 NMB No. 63: Case Nos. R-5684, R-5685, and File No. CR-5908". Determinations of the National Mediation Board. Vol. 13–14. National Mediation Board. 1987-04-10. p. 218. Retrieved 2022-06-14– via Google Books.
  13. ↑ Chase, Nan (2001-01-01). "Home Grown". Air & Space/Smithsonian . ISSN   0886-2257. OCLC   1054386888. Archived from the original on 2022-06-14. Retrieved 2022-06-14.{{cite magazine}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  14. ↑ "Flying Tigers to offer more airport services". Columbia Daily Tribune . 2005-10-06. Archived from the original on 2007-03-11. Retrieved 2009-01-05.
  15. ↑ George Carlin (actor) (2008-04-22). Living St. Louis – Ozark Air Lines (Television production). St. Louis: KETC-TV. Archived from the original on 2021-12-13. Retrieved 2009-01-07– via YouTube.
  16. ↑ Endres, Günter G. World Airline Fleets 1979. Hounslow (UK): Airline Publications and Sales. pp. 254–255. ISBN   0905117530.
  17. ↑ "Ozark Air Lines Fleet Details and History". Planespotters.net. Retrieved 2023-04-24.
  18. ↑ "Ozark Air Lines". Aerobernie.bplaced.net. Retrieved 2023-04-12.
  19. ↑ "Ozark & the Boeing 727". Airliners.net. 2018-05-16.
  20. ↑ "Midair collision, Ozark Air Lines, Inc., DC-9, N970Z And Interstate Airmotive, Inc., Cessna 150F, N8669G, St. Louis, Missouri, March 27, 1968" (PDF). fss.aero. 1969-06-30. Archived from the original on 2022-05-31. Retrieved 2022-06-14.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  21. ↑ "Loss of roll control, Ozark Air Lines, Inc., Douglas DC-9-15, N974Z, Sioux City Airport, Sioux City, Iowa, December 27, 1968". fss.aero. Archived from the original on 2022-01-23. Retrieved 2022-06-14.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  22. ↑ "AirDisaster.Com » Accident Database » Accident Synopsis » 07231973". Archived from the original on 2009-01-02.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.