Power sector of Andhra Pradesh is divided into 4 categories namely Regulation, Generation, Transmission and Distribution. Andhra Pradesh Electricity Regulatory Commission (APERC) is the regulatory body.[1]APGENCO deals with the electricity production and also maintenance, proposes new projects and upgrades existing ones as well.[2] The APGENCO also set up a Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV), named as Andhra Pradesh Power Development Company Limited (APPDCL), a joint venture company of APGENCO (with 50% equity) and IL&FS (50% equity) to set up Krishnapatanam thermal power project (2x800 MW).[3]
APTRANSCO is set up for transmission of power.[4] Power distribution in the state is divided into three divisions, namely Eastern Power Distribution Corporation Limited (APEPDCL), Central Power Distribution Corporation Limited (APCPDCL[5]) and Southern Power Distribution Corporation Limited (APSPDCL), which distributes the power to the households, agriculture and the industries.[6]APGENCO, APPDCL, NTPC and other private firms contribute to the generation of power in the state of Andhra Pradesh.[7][8][9] Andhra Pradesh has become the second state in India to achieve 100% electrification of all households.[10] Weighted average cost of power generation and purchases is INR 3.45 per kWh which is highest in the country.[11] Andhra Pradesh is also leader by installing 433 nos electric vehicle charging stations (EVCS) out of 927 nos installed in the entire country as on 30 June 2020.[12]
Under the program of installing 500 GW capacity of renewable power capacity by 2030, nearly 59 GW (25%) of solar and wind power is identified out of 236.58 GW in three districts of the state.[13]
The newly formed Andhra Pradesh Green Energy Corporation Limited (APGECL), a 100% subsidiary of APGENCO, will be the trading agency/licensee for the 10 GW solar project in a phased manner and for connecting it to the grid.[14] The 10 GW solar projects would be used to meet the entire agriculture power consumption which will be met during the day time for nine hours duration daily.[15] Andhra Pradesh is also leading in installation of solar power /off grid agriculture pump sets.[16] A renewable energy export policy for Andhra Pradesh was also announced to facilitate the setting up of 120 GW solar, wind and solar-wind hybrid energy parks by using 0.5 million acres of land.[17] New & Renewable Energy Development Corporation of Andhra Pradesh (NREDCAP), a state owned company, is actively involved in promoting renewable energy projects in the state.[18] Roof top solar power cost/unit in the state are falling below the domestic power tariff.[19]
The total installed utility power generation capacity is nearly 24,854 MW in the state as of 31 March 2020[20] APtransCo has made long term power purchase agreements for 19,068 MW as of 31 March 2019.[21][22] The per capita electricity consumption is 1234 units with 63,143 million KWh gross electricity supplied in the year 2018–19.[21][23] The performance of Krishnapatanam thermal power station (2X800 MW) with super critical pressure technology is not satisfactory even after one year commercial operation as the units rarely operate at rated capacity forcing the state to purchase costly power from day ahead trading in IEX.[24][25]
Power sector of Andhra Pradesh flow chartDr Narla Tata Rao Thermal Power Station (500 MW Unit)
Short term power purchases
APDisComs purchase regularly from the energy exchange, etc. to meet the peak load and energy shortages. As the power purchases/sales are done on daily basis without proper planning and optimum utilization of APGENCO power generation capacity, APERC has given guidelines to the DisComs for implementation while making short term (less than one year duration) purchases and sales in the year 2022.[26][27]
Map of coal based thermal power plants in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. Blue are operational and Red are proposed[28]
Thermal power plants are based on the fuel coal, gas, diesel etc. Public sector undertaking NTPC, state level power generating companies and private firms are engaged in this sector for power generation.
Currently operating coal based thermal power plants in Andhra Pradesh are listed below.[29][30]
Map of currently operating combined cycle gas turbine power plants in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh
The following are the list of presently installed combined cycle gas turbine power plants and diesel engine power plants in the state. However many of these power plants are not operating due to non-availability of natural gas and high cost of liquid fuels.[32]
Pumped hydroelectric energy storage (PHES) projects with high water head are the cheap means of converting intermittent renewable power generation sources like solar PV or wind power in to base load supply for round the clock needs throughout the year.[49][50] AP state is endowed with vast PHES potential adequate to utilise its vast solar PV power generation potential (above 1,000,000 MW installed on 16,000km2 marginal lands) to meet ultimate green energy requirements of its peak population (60 million).[51] AP is considering on a major scale to install PHES projects to make available the surplus wind / solar power during the peak load hours.[52][53] PHESs also generate income, in addition to hydroelectricity cess/royalty, to the state in the form of water use charges at commercial rates for the evaporation loss or consumptive water from the reservoirs. The area occupied by the high head PHES is less than the area occupied by the equivalent battery energy storage system (BESS) housed in a three storied building. High head PHES installation cost (< US$40 per KWh in a day) is less than the cost of land and buildings required to house the equivalent BESS.[54][55] PHES are more suitable in India where energy and water storage needs are complementary.[55][56] Unlike the static BESS, the rotating turbo-generator of a PHES will enhance dynamic inertia (GD2) of the grid which contributes to a stable grid to ride through the power disturbances when power generation in the grid is dominated by the static solar PV power.[57] Variable speed PHES plants also deliver the power grid ancillary services.[58] In high head PHES, unlined pressure tunnels/shafts are constructed to the extent feasible for reducing construction cost.[59]
Blast-hole drilling at an opencast mine.
The water reservoir of a PHES is created by building embankment dams wherever required up to the required height and length. The rock required for building the dams is excavated from the reservoir area. Cheaper drilling and blasting method is extensively used deploying state of the art earth moving equipment because huge quantity of rock excavation is required for the construction of the rock-fill dams.[60][61]
Polavaram right bank PHES: A 103,000 MW PHES project is under investigation with an upper reservoir, located near Parantapalle hamlet in West Godavari district, with 90 tmcft live storage at 700 m msl full reservoir level (FRL). The turkey-nest type upper reservoir is 18km long from north to south and 1.1km wide and its water surface area is 16km2 with 200 m water depth and nearly 90 tmcft live storage.[62] The adjacent Polavaram reservoir at FRL 45 m msl with 194 tmcft gross storage is the lower reservoir as perennial water source. The average water head available is 600 m with a provision to draw 33 tmcft/day from the Polavaram reservoir by the PHES units located in semi open or underground power houses. To run the PHES on daily basis, the lower reservoir is to be kept empty by 33 tmcft below its FRL for holding the water released by PHES in generation mode. Another 33 tmcft is used to compensate the loss of storage capacity in the lower reservoir. This buffer storage is released in to lower reservoir for irrigation, etc. needs once in a year at the end of monsoon year and it is replenished at the earliest from the flood water inflows into the lower reservoir. Also seepage and evaporation losses from the upper reservoir are met from the buffer storage sourced from flood waters and not drawn from the lower reservoir storage. The excess buffer storage maintained in this upper reservoir can also serve up to 24 tmcft for other PHESs in the state which are using Godavari basin water and have no buffer storage of their own (ex: Jalaput PHES). The upper reservoir can be further expanded by 3.5km length on its south side to enhance the live / buffer storage substantially. The PHES project can produce 412 billion KWh at 4000 hours/year or 12 hours/day operation in generation mode by consuming the surplus power generated from the solar and wind power plants during the day time. This PHES can also moderate the severe floods by utilizing empty volume kept in the lower reservoir or operating in pump mode (maximum 7.63 lakh cusecs) to fill the upper reservoir. In case of emergency / repairs, the entire water storage in the upper reservoir can be emptied safely into the lower reservoir / river within 24 hours by running the PHES in generation mode.
Srisailam right bank PHES: A 77,000 MW PHES project is feasible with an upper reservoir, located on the right bank side within 1000 m distance of Srisailam reservoir, with 87 tmcft live storage at 650 m msl FRL. The reservoir bunds are constructed on 500 m msl contour line by 155 m high and the water surface area of the upper reservoir is nearly 20km2. The adjacent Srisailam reservoir at FRL 270 m msl with 185 tmcft live storage is the lower reservoir with perennial water source. The average water head available is 340 m with provision to draw water from the Srisailam reservoir by the PHES units located in semi open or underground power houses. The PHES project can produce 308 billion KWh at 4000 hours/year or 12 hours/day operation in generation mode. Only 43.5 tmcft (50%) reservoir storage is used for power generation on daily basis and the remaining half kept as buffer storage to compensate the loss of storage in downstream reservoir due to PHES by releasing water once in a year in to the Srisailam reservoir to meet irrigation water requirements. The buffer storage is replenished later at the earliest during the monsoon/floods. This PHES can also moderate the severe floods by utilizing empty volume kept in the lower reservoir or operating in pump mode (maximum 10 lakh cusecs) to fill the upper reservoir.
It is a peaking PHES with six hours daily operation in generation mode. No buffer storage is provided. The distance between the two reservoirs is nearly 2.8km.
Works on a seasonal basis to store 201.7 tmcft Krishna and Godavari waters as well as on daily basis. The stored water is also used as carryover storage to meet water shortages in drought years. Buffer storage 4.15 tmcft included. This upper reservoir will supply irrigation water to the Handri catchment area in the Kurnool district and the left bank side of the Penna river in the Ananthapur district including water supply augmentation to the Handri-Neeva project. This upper reservoir is so planned by its area location to cut across the local Erramala hill range from east to west to supply irrigation water mostly by gravity. The distance between the two reservoirs is nearly 5.7km.
Works on a seasonal basis to store 71.4 tmcft Krishna and Godavari waters and otherwise as PHES on daily basis. The stored water is also used as carryover storage to meet water shortages in drought years. Buffer storage 14.28 tmcft included. The distance between the two reservoirs is nearly 2.3km.
Works on a seasonal basis to store 70 tmcft Krishna and Godavari waters and otherwise as PHES on daily basis. The stored water is also used as carryover storage to meet water shortages in drought years. Buffer storage 15 tmcft included. The distance between the two reservoirs is nearly 3.1km.
Buffer storage 0.9 tmcft included. The distance between the two reservoirs is nearly 7.5km. The upper reservoir of the PHES can also supply water to Tirumala in case of water shortages.
Pumps water @ 5500 cusecs on a seasonal basis to store 9.75 tmcft Nagavali river flood waters. The stored water during monsoon months is released back in later months during the night time for irrigation needs. Rest of the year, PHES works on a daily basis to generate power during nighttime. The stored water is also used as carryover storage to meet water shortages in drought years. A new barrage with 0.25 tmcft live storage will be constructed near 18°32′57″N83°48′5″E / 18.54917°N 83.80139°E / 18.54917; 83.80139 (Nagavali River) across the Nagavali river to divert water to the tunnel of the PHES. Buffer storage 0.25 tmcft included. The distance between the upper reservoir and the river is nearly 8.25km.
No buffer storage required as the lower reservoir is not used presently. The distance between the two reservoirs is nearly 2.37km. Water to rock ratio at least 2. The unused reservoir area on the right of the Jhanjavati river is isolated from the river by constructing a 2.2km long earth bund up to 150 m msl to create 1.5 tmcft water storage for using as a lower reservoir.
The main purpose of this PHES is to store up to 79 tmcft flood waters which are going waste to the sea every year. The stored water is also used as carryover storage to meet water shortages in drought years. The PHES pumps flood water @ 23,000 cusecs from the Vamsdhara river during the monsoon months and works as PHES the rest of the year. Buffer storage 0.5 tmcft included. The distance between the two reservoirs is nearly 7.3km.
The upper reservoir of this PHES can also be connected to the Hiramandalam reservoir at 18°40′5″N83°56′37″E / 18.66806°N 83.94361°E / 18.66806; 83.94361 (Hiramandalam reservoir) (20 tmcft storage) by 9km long tunnels to use 16.5 tmcft per day by installing a 10,000 MW PHES to generate power for nine months duration in a year when the reservoir is empty by 16.5 tmcft or more.
Mainly works to pump water from existing Nagarjunasagar reservoir into existing Srisailam reservoir on a seasonal basis to store Krishna and Godavari waters and otherwise as PHES on daily basis. The distance between the two reservoirs is nearly 3.1km.
Buffer storage 17 tmcft provided. The minimum level to be maintained in Nagarjunasagar reservoir is 164 m msl. The distance between the two reservoirs is nearly 1.1km.
Buffer storage 55.5 tmcft provided. The minimum level to be maintained in Nagarjunasagar reservoir is 164 m msl. The distance between the two reservoirs is nearly 1.5km.
Buffer storage 29.5 tmcft provided. The minimum level to be maintained in Nagarjunasagar reservoir is 164 m msl and the corresponding loss of live storage located below this level in Nagarjunasagar reservoir can be included in the buffer storage of PHESs. The distance between the two reservoirs is nearly 2.9km.
Mainly works to pump water from existing Nagarjuna Sagar tail pond into existing Nagarjuna Sagar reservoir on a seasonal basis to store Krishna and Godavari waters and otherwise as PHES on daily basis.
Mainly works to pump water from existing Pulichintala reservoir into existing Nagarjuna Sagar tail pond on a seasonal basis to store Krishna and Godavari waters and otherwise as PHES on daily basis.
Mainly works to pump water from backwaters of new Vykuntapuram barrage across Krishna river upstream of Prakasam Barrage to existing Pulichintala reservoir on a seasonal basis to store Krishna and Godavari waters and otherwise as PHES on daily basis.
The PHES is constructed by connecting existing Jalaput reservoir with existing Balimela Reservoir (MDDL at 439 m msl, FRL at 462 m msl and live storage 95 tmcft) by a 13km long unlined pressure tunnel/penstock with underground power station.[59]
13 tmcft buffer storage provided. The buffer storage can be enhanced by another 35 tmcft by increasing the FRL to 950 m msl to serve other PHES which are using Godavari water. Distance between the two reservoirs is nearly 3.7km.
The required 18 tmcft buffer storage is provided in other PHESs located in the Godavari river basin. The distance between the two reservoirs is nearly 3.1km.
The required 4.5 tmcft buffer storage is provided in other PHESs located in the Godavari river basin. The distance between the two reservoirs is nearly 1.7km.
Notes: Power potential (MW) is in generation mode, MDDL→ Minimum Draw Down Level or lowest bed level of the reservoir, FRL→ Full Reservoir Level, m msl→ meters above mean sea level. The total water storage includes nearly 432 tmcft of irrigation components. PHES water storage is 793 tmcft only. The PHES land requirement is nearly 1% of the land required (41,250km2) for equivalent electricity generation by Solar PV power plants.[55] The power potential doubles in case of pumping operation for six hours in a day for the same water storage.
The state is endowed with vast photovoltaic power potential on its marginally productive lands.[73] The state has total installed solar power capacity of 4,116.01 MW as of 30 June 2021.[38][74][75][76][77]
The state is planning to add 10,050 MW solar power capacity to provide power supply to farming sector during the day time.[78][79] Out of 10,050 MW, 6,400 MW capacity at 10 sites were offered for bidding. The winning tariffs are Rs 2.50 per unit which are at least 25% more than the earlier awarded tariffs of Rs 2 per unit in November 2020 even after reducing scope of work (no HV transmission line construction outside the solar park), state providing the land on lease, giving state guarantee for the timely payment for the power sold, allowing the state guarantee as security to get financial assistance at lower interest rates, disregarding higher solar power potential at these sites compared to Western and northern regions, etc.[80][81] The AP high court has stayed the award of contracts to the successful bidders on the grounds that these contracts are excluded from the jurisdiction of APERC in contravention of the electricity act, 2003.[82][83]
The state has offered five Ultra Mega Solar Power Projects with a total capacity of 12,200 MW to developers under renewable power export policy outside the state.[84][85][86][87][88]
In addition to above projects, there are nearly 103 MW small Hydro plants, nearly 490 MW bagasse, industrial & municipal waste, bio-mass co-generation, & bio-mass based power projects, nearly 78.79 mini power plants (grid connected) and nearly 67.20 MW other (grid connected) plants based on isolated gas wells, etc. in private sector.[38][37] These power plants are not covering captive power capacity in various industries that are not grid connected. In addition, there are innumerable diesel generator sets installed in the state for stand by supply and emergency power supply needs during power outages.
The state has well spread transmission system. APTransCo / DisComs owned and operated transmission lines from 400kV to 11kV is 231,127 circuit kilometers excluding the HT lines owned and operated by PGCIL in the state.[102][103] For importing and exporting power, the state grid is well interconnected with adjoining western and eastern regional grids in addition to adjoining state grids.[104] The spread of high voltage transmission lines (≥ 11kV) is such that it can form a square matrix of area 1.93km2 (i.e. on average, at least one HT line within 0.7km vicinity) in 160,205km2 total area of the state. DisComs owned and operated LT lines (below 11kV) are 292,158 circuit kilometers. It represents that there is at least one HT or LT line availability on average within the vicinity of 306 meters in the entire state area. The state has 3183 nos substations (≥ 33kV) which represents one substation in every 50.33km2 area on average (i.e. one substation with in 3.6km distance on average).[22] However the maximum peak load met is 9,453 MW as of 14 October 2018.[74] Huge installed capacity of the transmission network and the substations are being underutilized with low demand factor.
Pumped-storage hydroelectricity (PSH), or pumped hydroelectric energy storage (PHES), is a type of hydroelectric energy storage used by electric power systems for load balancing. The method stores energy in the form of gravitational potential energy of water, pumped from a lower elevation reservoir to a higher elevation. Low-cost surplus off-peak electric power is typically used to run the pumps. During periods of high electrical demand, the stored water is released through turbines to produce electric power. Although the losses of the pumping process make the plant a net consumer of energy overall, the system increases revenue by selling more electricity during periods of peak demand, when electricity prices are highest. If the upper lake collects significant rainfall or is fed by a river then the plant may be a net energy producer in the manner of a traditional hydroelectric plant.
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Nagarjuna Sagar Dam is a masonry dam across the Krishna River at Nagarjuna Sagar which straddles the border between Palnadu district in Andhra Pradesh and Nalgonda district in Telangana. The dam provides irrigation water to the districts of Palnadu, Guntur, Nalgonda, Prakasam, Khammam, Krishna, and parts of West Godavari. It is also a source of electricity generation for the national grid.
The Srisailam Dam is constructed across the Krishna River in Nandyal district, Andhra Pradesh and Nagarkurnool district, Telangana near Srisailam temple town and is the 2nd largest capacity working hydroelectric station in India.
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River Vamsadhara or River Banshadhara is an important east flowing river between Rushikulya and Godavari, in Odisha and Andhra Pradesh states in India.
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Andhra Pradesh Power Generation Corporation Limited is power generating organization in Andhra Pradesh. It undertakes operation and maintenance of the power plants and also setting up new power projects alongside upgrading the project's capacity. Under the recommendations of Hittenbhayya committee setup by TDP Govt..
India is the world's 4th largest consumer of electricity and the world's 3rd largest renewable energy producer with 40% of energy capacity installed in the year 2022 coming from renewable sources. Ernst & Young's (EY) 2021 Renewable Energy Country Attractiveness Index (RECAI) ranked India 3rd behind USA and China. In FY2023-24, India is planning to issue 50 GW tenders for wind, solar and hybrid projects. India has committed for a goal of 500 GW renewable energy capacity by 2030. In line with this commitment, India's installed renewable energy capacity has been experiencing a steady upward trend. From 94.4 GW in 2021, the capacity has gone up to 119.1 GW in 2023 as of Q4.
India is 5th globally for installed hydroelectric power capacity. As of 31 March 2020, India's installed utility-scale hydroelectric capacity was 46,000 MW, or 12.3% of its total utility power generation capacity. Additional smaller hydroelectric power units with a total capacity of 4,683 MW have been installed. India's hydroelectric power potential is estimated at 148,700 MW at 60% load factor. In the fiscal year 2019–20, the total hydroelectric power generated in India was 156 TWh with an average capacity factor of 38.71%.
The Polavaram Project is an under construction multi-purpose irrigation project on the Godavari River in the Eluru District and East Godavari District in Andhra Pradesh. The project has been accorded National project status by the Central Government of India. Its reservoir back water spreads up to the Dummugudem Anicut and approx 115 km on Sabari River side. Thus back water spreads into parts of Chhattisgarh and Odisha States. It gives major boost to tourism sector in Godavari Districts as the reservoir covers the famous Papikonda National Park, Polavaram hydro electric project (HEP) and National Waterway 4 are under construction on left side of the river. It is located 40 km to the upstream of Sir Arthur Cotton Barrage in Rajamahendravaram City and 25 km from Rajahmundry Airport.
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Basava Sagar Dam, previously known as Narayanpura Dam, is a dam constructed across the Krishna River at Yadgir District, Karnataka State, India. The reservoir that it impounds is known as Basava Sagar, and has a total storage capacity of 37.965 tmcft (1.075 km³), with 30.5 tmcft (0.85 km³) live storage. The full reservoir level is 492.25 m MSL and the minimum draw down level is 481.6 m MSL. It was a single purpose project meant only for irrigation, but downstream electrical generation and drinking water considerations enter into its management. The dam is 29 meters high and over 10.637 kilometres (6.610 mi) long, and has 30 gates for water release. 22 Spillway Gates are present in the Dam It took Rs. 50.48 crore to complete.
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Kurnool Ultra Mega Solar Park in Andhra Pradesh is a solar park spread over a total area of 24 square kilometres (9.3 sq mi) in Panyam mandal of Kurnool district, Andhra Pradesh, with a capacity of 1000 MW. It was inaugurated by then chief minister of Andhra Pradesh Nara Chandrababu Naidu in 2019 The park was built at an investment of around ₹70 billion (US$880 million) by solar power developers and the Central and State governments. Solar power developers invested ₹10 billion (US$130 million), while the remaining ₹60 billion (US$750 million) was funded by APSPCL supported by a ₹2 billion (US$25 million) grant from the Union Government.
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