The Spanish Redemptorist missions in Sichuan were Catholic missions carried out by Spanish missionaries of the Congregation of the Most Holy Redeemer (Redemptorists) between 1934 and 1952 in Sichuan (formerly romanised as Szechuan), a province located in southwestern China. The Mission of Sichuan was the first permanent foundation of the Redemptorists in that country, [1] whose missionary area was in the Apostolic Vicariates of Chengtu and Ningyüanfu. [2]
In the 1920s, Pope Pius XI invited the Redemptorists to help Celso Costantini with the founding of the Congregation of the Disciples of the Lord for the Apostolic Vicariate of Süanhwafu (now Diocese of Xuanhua) in Hebei Province. The charge was entrusted to the Redemptorist Province of Spain (Spanish Province), [3] and consequently, a missionary group formed by Segundo Miguel Rodríguez, José Morán Pan and Segundo Velasco Arina started their trip to north China in February 1928, [2] and arrived in Beijing on 9 April 1928. [4] After helping the Disciples of the Lord, they began their own apostolate. [1] They were assigned to the mission of Xiping (Siping), a county in Henan Province located in north-central China. There they suffered from horrible living conditions, with the death in successive days of two friars, but they were able to make five hundred converts during the five years of their stay. [5]
From Xiping two members of the community were sent to Guangzhou, or Canton as it was known at the time, in south China. They established themselves on a small island which they dubbed "the paradise island of Shamean". However, this did not last long. In 1932, after only two years, the two fathers were ordered to return to the discomforts of Xiping from their "earthly paradise". [5]
The problems of Xiping ended in 1934, when the Redemptorists found a new home in the remote southwestern province of Sichuan. There they had some relief from the bitter cold of the northern winter and were now in a region where Christians were more numerous. In addition, they had a comfortable residence in the capital city of Chengdu, [6] where the Apostolic Vicar of Chengtu, Jacques Rouchouse, was stationed. The first permanent foundation of the Redemptorists was established on 24 April 1934, in the capital. [1]
In their new home the missionaries expected a more satisfying apostolate, as evident in the expressions of enthusiasm in the letters to their provincial, José Machiñena. [7] They were edified by the devotion and piety of the local Christians, who were in the church on Sundays at any time as long as it was open. It was a surprise to find the children well instructed, a tribute to their clergy and their parents. The first missions were successful in terms of attendance, and the preachers were gratified by the displays of fervour. The missions followed the style used in Europe with few special issues that demanded the attention of the preachers. Fathers Vicente Belenguer Esteban and Eusebio Arnáiz Álvarez felt edified by the men who insisted on handing over their pipes and opium to the priests in the confessional. [8] [9]
This was the pattern of Christian life in Chengdu that continued until the missionaries were expelled from the country. At the end of 1934, the community had a satisfactory mission record to report for the year. During that half-year period they had delivered twenty-four sermons and thirteen retreats to clergy, religious, seminarians, and others.
Motivated by the optimism of the Chengdu community, a juvenate (i.e., minor seminary) was opened in September 1935. The name derives from the Latin juventus meaning "youth". Upon its opening, there were already thirteen young Redemptorists, or jovenistas as what the Spanish Redemptorists call the minor seminarians. Two of the jovenistas came from families long established in the Catholic faith. The lads were under the care of Father José Pedrero, who had two assistants, Eusebio Arnáiz Álvarez and Juan Campos Rodríguez, both were young missionaries at the time. [10]
In 1938, the volume of work increased following the establishment of the second foundation in Xichang (Sichang, a.k.a. Ningyüanfu), capital of the Nosu Country in southwestern Sichuan, where the Catholics were under the jurisdiction of Stanislas Baudry , Apostolic Vicar of Ningyüanfu. This region is located further west, and it shares a border with eastern Tibet. Samuel J. Boland wrote in Spicilegium Historicum Congregationis SSmi Redemptoris that "Sichang was especially dear to Father Campos (Juan Campos), who spent most of his China years there. He was moved to become even a trifle ecstatic whenever he wrote of it". [8] [11]
The two foundations in Sichuan became the Redemptorist Vice-Province of China, with Father José Pedrero as superior. While the house of Xichang began to take charge of preparing candidates for the priesthood. To carry the plan into effect, two theology students were sent to the mission from Spain. One of them was José Campos Rodríguez, younger brother of Juan Campos. [12]
The Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945) did not take long to affect the Redemptorist communities. Communication with superiors in Europe became almost impossible, causing some anxiety in Spain, where only fragments of information arrived sporadically in the few letters that did arrive. In 1942, Father Pedrero reported on the state of the vice-province through Horace James Seymour, the British ambassador in Chongqing (Chungking). Chengdu was a particular target of Japanese bombs, and occasionally the bombs fell near the Redemptorist house. One night in 1941, the death toll in the city was estimated at 12,000. Jacques Rouchouse, the apostolic vicar, closed both the major seminary and the minor seminary of the Paris Foreign Missions Society. The juvenates in Chengdu and Xichang had to be disbanded in these circumstances. After the Americans entered the war, bombings became less frequent and less devastating. [13]
During this time, Eusebio Arnáiz (anglicised as Eusebius Arnaiz) came into contact with Audrey Donnithorne, the daughter of Anglican missionary Vyvyan Donnithorne who was stationed at the Gospel Church of Guanghan. She was dissatisfied with the Protestant religious life on the campus of West China Union University. In 1942, Arnáiz visited Donnithorne on the campus and lent her some books. [14] The next year she converted to Catholicism. [15] Her baptism took place at Immaculate Conception Cathedral, Chengdu. [16]
The years after World War II saw China gripped by the further turmoil of the civil war between the nationalists and the communists. In the early years of the conflict, as the communists tightened their control over the north, the country experienced a terror. Juan Campos describes the years 1945 to 1948 as a time of "violent persecution", culminating in the "winter of blood" between 1947 and 1948. Towards mid-1948 there was some relief from the savagery, as the communists became more "tolerant", as Father Campos puts it. [17] According to Samuel J. Boland, "perhaps it is too charitable to speak of the Maoist regime as a time of toleration. In particular, the new China was far from kindly towards the Church." [18] Father Manuel Cid Riesco abandoned the mission in 1947 due to communist persecution. He went to Mexico, then to Guatemala, and in 1955 he was appointed vice-provincial of Central America. [19]
It was around this time that Manuel Gil de Sagredo Arribas was appointed vice-provincial of the Redemptorists. He was sent to the mission shortly after his ordination in 1930, at the age of 22. After a year in England to learn English he arrived in Xiping in 1931, [18] where he went through the harsh initiation and then passed to Chengdu in November 1933. In the Sichuanese capital, he was put in charge of the novices and became consultor to the then vice-provincial Father Pedrero, besides the regular missionary work. [20] In the spring of 1934 he participated in several regional missionary campaigns together with Manuel Cid, with the Alphonsian-missionary method. [21] Father Sagredo wrote about the dilemma of how to consolidate the presence of the Redemptorists in China around 1940, [22] shortly before his return to Spain in 1941. On 17 December 1948, Sagredo went back to Chengdu, not yet in the hands of the communists. On 6 May 1952, the first Chinese Redemptorist priest, Father Matthias, took his religious vows together with the cleric Peter Mi. [20]
A short-lived Beijing community, the third Redemptorist house after Chengdu and Xichang, existed between 1947 and 1948. Chengdu and Xichang were able to continue after the closure of the Beijing house at the end of November 1948. [23] Father Campos wrote about the vitality of the missionaries in Chengdu during the year 1949. He was invited by the vice-provincial, Father Sagredo, to visit the community and while there he joined the latter in a mission on the outskirts of the city. [24] The results of the mission were reported as "excellent". By then, however, many religious had left Chengdu, as the communist threat intensified. In time, the Redemptorist communities of Chengdu and Xichang were to in turn succumb to the communist regime. [20]
The communist army appeared in Sichuan in 1950, promising a new and happier era, that the terror of the "winter of blood" belonged to the past. The first months were deceptively peaceful, until 1951. At that time, with Father Sagredo there were two other missionaries, Alfredo Fuentes and Francisco Campano. Sagredo had become a target of resentment among the communists because of his preaching in the Redemptorist chapel to encourage the faithful to remain steadfast in the trials that would soon come. Father Fuentes was sentenced to immediate deportation. The other two had been jailed for five months before they too were expelled. [25]
In prison, Father Sagredo wrote down his reflections in the form of meditations according to the style of Saint Alphonsus Liguori. For Father Campano the incarceration had been harsher because of what could have been seen as aggressiveness in his outbursts during interrogation. [26] He was subjected to the most unpleasant experiences, such as in a session in 1951 in which he was picked. [27] An apostate woman was brought in and she fiercely attacked him as unfit to be a priest, not even to be considered human but as an animal or even a monster. "This man is not fit to remain among us", she concluded, "and the Christian community of Chengtu ask the government to drive him out for the good of Christianity". [28]
On 24 October, their incarceration ended after a trial in the prison yard. The next day they were sentenced to deportation and the two missionaries started the sixteen-day journey to Hong Kong. They reached their destination on 9 November, [28] when, as Father Juan Campos puts it, "they breathed the air of freedom in the British colony of Hong Kong". [26] In September 1955, Juan Campos and Eusebio Arnáiz founded the Anglo-Chinese School of Perpetual Help (now Chan Sui Ki Perpetual Help College) in Portuguese Macau. [29] José Campos, younger brother of Juan Campos, continued his apostolate in Mexico since 1951 after the end of the Sichuan Mission. [30]
Also in 1951, the funeral service for Joche Albert Ly was held at the small Spanish Redemptorist chapel in Xichang. [31] Ly was superior of the Marist Brothers of Xichang. He was shot by communists after three months of incarceration under inhuman torture. [32] His biography was written by Father Eusebio Arnáiz. [33]
Father Segundo Miguel Rodríguez, one of the original members, could well be considered the patriarch of the mission. After Xiping, he continued missionary work in the houses of Sichuan. With him was Father José Miguélez, who had also been one of the pioneers of Xiping. They were not incarcerated nor did they suffer any harsh treatment, but they were left homeless after their house being confiscated. The situation remained so for some months until early 1952, when they were given permission to leave the country. They left with a group of sisters of the Franciscan Missionaries of Mary. They set foot on Hong Kong soil by way of the Lo Wu International Bridge after a three-week journey. Father Rodríguez, with reluctance, was the last one to cross the border. [34]
Xichang is a city in and the seat of the Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture, in the south of Sichuan, China. In 2012 it had a population of 481,796.
Brother Joche Albert Ly, also known as Andrew Ly, was a Chinese Marist Brother born in Hejian (Hokienfu), Hebei, and was martyred in Xichang (Sichang), Sichuan, China by members of the People's Liberation Army (PLA) for denouncing Communism.
The Roman Catholic Diocese of Ningyuan, also known as Diocese of Xichang or Sichang, is a Latin Catholic diocese located in the city of Xichang in the ecclesiastical province of Chongqing in western China. It was established on August 12, 1910 as an apostolic vicariate for the Mission of Sichuan (Szechwan) in the province's Nosuland.
Chan Sui Ki Perpetual Help College is a private Grant-in-aid primary and secondary school in Macau, with a main campus in São Lázaro and a branch campus in Santo António. Founded in 1955, Perpetual Help College now serves approximately 1,600 students in P.1 to F.6. It is a member of the Macau Catholic Schools Association.
Christianity is a minority religion in the southwestern Chinese province of Sichuan. The Eastern Lipo, Kadu people and A-Hmao are ethnic groups present in the province.
Thomas Torrance (1871–1959) was a Scottish Presbyterian minister and Protestant missionary to Sichuan, western China. He was first sent there by the China Inland Mission (CIM), and later by The American Bible Society. He married Annie Elizabeth Sharp (1883–1980) of the CIM in 1911. He was the father of the 20th century theologian, Thomas F. Torrance.
The Venerable Vyvyan Henry Donnithorne, MC, MA was Archdeacon of Western Szechwan from 1935 to 1949.
Audrey Gladys Donnithorne was a British-Chinese political economist and missionary, prominent in her efforts to rebuild the Catholic Church in China after the Cultural Revolution.
Alfonso Rodríguez Olmedo was a Spanish Jesuit priest who was sent as a missionary among the Guarani people in Paraguay. He is honored as a martyr and saint by the Catholic Church.
Gospel Church is a Protestant church situated on Dabei Upper Street, in the county-level city of Guanghan, Deyang, Sichuan Province. Founded in 1902, it was formerly an Anglican church in the West Szechwan Diocese of the Church in China. It has been subjected to the control of the state-sanctioned Three-Self Patriotic Church since 1954. In 2003, a new church was built on Shuyuan Street, and renamed Grace Church.
The history of Anglicanism in Sichuan began in 1887 when Anglican missionaries working with the China Inland Mission began to arrive from the United Kingdom. These were later joined by missionaries from the Church Missionary Society and Bible Churchmen's Missionary Society. Or according to Annals of Religion in Mianyang, in 1885, a small mission church was already founded in Mianyang by Alfred Arthur Phillips and Gertrude Emma Wells of the Church Missionary Society. Missionaries built churches, founded schools, and distributed Chinese translations of Anglican religious texts. These efforts were relatively successful and Anglicanism grew to become one of the two largest denominations of Protestant Christianity in the province, alongside Methodism.
The Protestant mission began in the southwestern Chinese province of Sichuan in 1877, when premises were rented by the China Inland Mission in Chungking. However, compared with Catholicism, which had been spread throughout the province for over two centuries at the time, it grew rather slowly, it was not until the late 1980s that Protestantism experienced rapid growth. The two largest denominations in the province before 1950 were Anglicanism and Methodism.
The presence of the Catholic Church in the southwestern Chinese province of Sichuan and city of Chongqing dates back to 1640, when two missionaries, Lodovico Buglio and Gabriel de Magalhães, through Jesuit missions in China, entered the province and spent much of the 1640s evangelizing in Chengdu and its surrounding areas.
The history of Methodism in Sichuan began in 1882 when missionaries began to arrive from the United States. Methodists founded or helped found several colleges, schools, and hospitals to aid in modernization and conversion efforts. Later, American Methodists were joined by missionaries from Canada. Methodism grew to become one of the two largest denominations of Protestant Christianity in the province by 1922, along with Anglicanism.
The history of Quakerism in Sichuan began in 1887 when missionaries began to arrive from the United Kingdom. Missionaries founded schools and established meeting groups. Nonetheless, missionary activity in China generated controversy among many native Chinese and faced armed opposition during both the Boxer Rebellion and the later Chinese Communist Revolution. Although the former did not affect Sichuan so much as some other parts of China, the province was one of the hotbeds of anti-missionary riots throughout its ecclesiastical history.
The history of Baptist Christianity in Sichuan began in 1890 when missionaries began arriving from the United States. Baptist missionaries in Sichuan were organized under the American Baptist Missionary Union, later renamed American Baptist Foreign Mission Society. Missionary activity in China generated controversy among many native Chinese and faced armed opposition during both the Boxer Rebellion and the later Communist movement in China. Although the former did not affect Sichuan so much as some other parts of China, the province was one of the hotbeds of anti-missionary riots throughout its ecclesiastical history.
The West China Missionary News (WCMN) was a monthly news magazine published in Chengdu (Chengtu) from 1899 to 1943 by the West China Missions Advisory Board, and printed by Canadian Methodist Mission Press. It was aimed at Protestant missionaries working in Sichuan, and was the first and longest-running English-language newspaper in that province.
The history of Adventism in Sichuan began in 1914 when American and Chinese missionaries arrived in Chongqing. Adventist missionaries in Sichuan were organized under the Szechwan Mission, later split into the East Szechwan, West Szechwan, and Tibetan Missions. Missionary activity in China generated controversy among many native Chinese and faced opposition from popular riots and the later Communist movement in China. Numerous mission properties and native Church leaders in Sichuan were respectively destroyed and killed by communists in the mid-1930s. Missionary activity ceased after the communist take over of China in 1949. Under government oppression in the 1950s, Adventist congregations and other Protestant Churches across China severed their ties with overseas Churches, and their congregations subsequently merged into the Three-Self Patriotic Church. Since 1980, their services have been provided by the China Christian Council.
The Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception, commonly referred to as Ping'anqiao Catholic Church, is the Roman Catholic cathedral of the Diocese of Chengdu, situated on Xihuamen Street, Qingyang District, in Sichuan's capital city of Chengdu. It has been subjected to the control of the state-sanctioned Chinese Catholic Patriotic Association since 1957.
Juan Campos Rodríguez was a Galician writer, translator, missionary and Catholic priest who belonged to the Redemptorist Congregation. He spent over 15 years as a missionary in Sichuan, western China, until he had to flee the country after the communist revolution. He then lived for a while in Hong Kong and Macau before settling down in Singapore, where he worked as a priest until he died at the age of 88.
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