Yttrium hydride

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Yttrium hydride
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Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).

Yttrium hydride is a compound of hydrogen and yttrium. It is considered to be a part of the class of rare-earth metal hydrides. It exists in several forms, the most common being a metallic compound with formula YH2. YH2 has a face-centred cubic structure, and is a metallic compound. Under great pressure, extra hydrogen can combine to yield an insulator with a hexagonal structure, with a formula close to YH3. [1] Hexagonal YH3 has a band gap of 2.6 eV. Under pressure of 12 GPa YH3 transforms to an intermediate state, and when the pressure increases to 22 GPa another metallic face-centred cubic phase is formed. [2]

In 1996, it was shown that the metal-insulator transition when going from YH2 to YH3 can be used to change the optical state of windows from non-transparent to transparent. [3] This report spurred a wave of research on metal hydride-based chromogenic materials and smart windows; gasochromic windows reacting to hydrogen gas and electrochromic structures where the transparency can be regulated by applying an external voltage. [4] When containing a substantial amount of oxygen, yttrium hydride is also found to exhibit reversible photochromic properties. [5] This switchable optical property enables their utilization in many technological applications, such as sensors, goggles, and medical devices in addition to the smart windows. According to a research results, the strength of the photochromic response is found to decrease with increasing oxygen concentration in the film accompanied by an optical band gap widening. [6]

Yttrium hydride is being looked at as a high temperature superconductor. [7]

Yttrium hydride is being looked at as a neutron moderator [8] for use in new nuclear reactor designs.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ytterbium</span> Chemical element with atomic number 70 (Yb)

Ytterbium is a chemical element; it has symbol Yb and atomic number 70. It is a metal, the fourteenth and penultimate element in the lanthanide series, which is the basis of the relative stability of its +2 oxidation state. Like the other lanthanides, its most common oxidation state is +3, as in its oxide, halides, and other compounds. In aqueous solution, like compounds of other late lanthanides, soluble ytterbium compounds form complexes with nine water molecules. Because of its closed-shell electron configuration, its density, melting point and boiling point are much lower than those of most other lanthanides.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">High-temperature superconductivity</span> Superconductive behavior at temperatures much higher than absolute zero

High-temperature superconductivity is superconductivity in materials with a critical temperature above 77 K, the boiling point of liquid nitrogen. They are only "high-temperature" relative to previously known superconductors, which function at colder temperatures, close to absolute zero. The "high temperatures" are still far below ambient, and therefore require cooling. The first breakthrough of high-temperature superconductor was discovered in 1986 by IBM researchers Georg Bednorz and K. Alex Müller. Although the critical temperature is around 35.1 K, this new type of superconductor was readily modified by Ching-Wu Chu to make the first high-temperature superconductor with critical temperature 93 K. Bednorz and Müller were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1987 "for their important break-through in the discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials". Most high-Tc materials are type-II superconductors.

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A room-temperature superconductor is a hypothetical material capable of displaying superconductivity above 0 °C, operating temperatures which are commonly encountered in everyday settings. As of 2023, the material with the highest accepted superconducting temperature was highly pressurized lanthanum decahydride, whose transition temperature is approximately 250 K (−23 °C) at 200 GPa.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tungsten trioxide</span> Chemical compound

Tungsten(VI) oxide, also known as tungsten trioxide is a chemical compound of oxygen and the transition metal tungsten, with formula WO3. The compound is also called tungstic anhydride, reflecting its relation to tungstic acid H2WO4. It is a light yellow crystalline solid.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Photochromism</span> Reversible chemical transformation by absorption of electromagnetic radiation

Photochromism is the reversible change of color upon exposure to light. It is a transformation of a chemical species (photoswitch) between two forms by the absorption of electromagnetic radiation (photoisomerization), where the two forms have different absorption spectra.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Zirconium hydride</span> Alloy of zirconium and hydrogen

Zirconium hydride describes an alloy made by combining zirconium and hydrogen. Hydrogen acts as a hardening agent, preventing dislocations in the zirconium atom crystal lattice from sliding past one another. Varying the amount of hydrogen and the form of its presence in the zirconium hydride controls qualities such as the hardness, ductility, and tensile strength of the resulting zirconium hydride. Zirconium hydride with increased hydrogen content can be made harder and stronger than zirconium, but such zirconium hydride is also less ductile than zirconium.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tantalum(IV) sulfide</span> Chemical compound

Tantalum(IV) sulfide is an inorganic compound with the formula TaS2. It is a layered compound with three-coordinate sulfide centres and trigonal prismatic or octahedral metal centres. It is structurally similar to molybdenum disulfide MoS2, and numerous other transition metal dichalcogenides. Tantalum disulfide has three polymorphs 1T-TaS2, 2H-TaS2, and 3R-TaS2, representing trigonal, hexagonal, and rhombohedral respectively.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Caesium hydride</span> Chemical compound

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Binary compounds of hydrogen are binary chemical compounds containing just hydrogen and one other chemical element. By convention all binary hydrogen compounds are called hydrides even when the hydrogen atom in it is not an anion. These hydrogen compounds can be grouped into several types.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mikhail Eremets</span>

Mikhail Ivanovich Eremets is an experimentalist in high pressure physics, chemistry and materials science. He is particularly known for his research on superconductivity, having discovered the highest critical temperature of 250 K (-23 °C) for superconductivity in lanthanum hydride under high pressures. Part of his research contains exotic manifestations of materials such as conductive hydrogen, polymeric nitrogen and transparent sodium.

A polyhydride or superhydride is a compound that contains an abnormally large amount of hydrogen. This can be described as high hydrogen stoichiometry. Examples include iron pentahydride FeH5, LiH6, and LiH7. By contrast, the more well known lithium hydride only has one hydrogen atom.

Lanthanum decahydride is a polyhydride or superhydride compound of lanthanum and hydrogen (LaH10) that has shown evidence of being a high-temperature superconductor. It was the first metal superhydride to be theoretically predicted, synthesized, and experimentally confirmed to superconduct at near room-temperatures. It has a superconducting transition temperature TC around 250 K (−23 °C; −10 °F) at a pressure of 150 gigapascals (22×10^6 psi), and its synthesis required pressures above approximately 160 gigapascals (23×10^6 psi).

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In chemistry, a hydridonitride is a chemical compound that contains both hydride and nitride ions. These inorganic compounds are distinct from inorganic amides and imides as the hydrogen does not share a bond with nitrogen, and usually contain a larger proportion of metals.

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References

  1. Kume, Tetsuji; Ohura, Hiroyuki; Takeichi, Tomoo; Ohmura, Ayako; Machida, Akihiko; Watanuki, Tetsu; Aoki, Katsutoshi; Sasaki, Shigeo; Shimizu, Hiroyasu; Takemura, Kenichi (31 August 2011). "High-pressure study of ScH3: Raman, infrared, and visible absorption spectroscopy". Physical Review B. 84 (6): 064132. Bibcode:2011PhRvB..84f4132K. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.84.064132.
  2. Machida, Akihiko (2007). "Unique Structures in Yttrium Trihydride at High Pressure" (PDF). Research Frontiers. SPring 8. pp. 58–59. Retrieved 1 December 2015.
  3. Huiberts, J. N.; Griessen, R.; Rector, J. H.; Wijngaarden, R. J.; Dekker, J. P.; de Groot, Koeman; N J (1996). "Yttrium and lanthanum hydride films with switchable optical properties". Nature. 380 (6571): 231. Bibcode:1996Natur.380..231H. doi:10.1038/380231a0. S2CID   4228469.
  4. van der Sluis, P.; Mercier, V. M. M. (2001). "Solid state Gd-Mg electrochromic devices with ZrO2Hx electrolyte". Electrochimica Acta. 46 (13–14): 2167. doi:10.1016/S0013-4686(01)00375-9.
  5. Mongstad, T; Plazer-Björkman, C.; Maehlen, J. P.; Mooij, L.; Pivak, Y.; Dam, B.; Marstein, E.; Hauback, B.; Karazhanov, S. Zh. (2011). "A new thin film photochromic material: Oxygen-containing yttrium hydride". Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells. 95 (12): 3596. arXiv: 1109.2872 . Bibcode:2011SEMSC..95.3596M. doi:10.1016/j.solmat.2011.08.018. S2CID   55961818.
  6. Moldarev, Dmitrii; Moro, Marcos V.; You, Chang C.; Baba, Elbruz M.; Karazhanov, Smagul Zh.; Wolff, Max; Primetzhofer, Daniel (2018-11-26). "Yttrium oxyhydrides for photochromic applications: Correlating composition and optical response". Physical Review Materials. 2 (11): 115203. Bibcode:2018PhRvM...2k5203M. doi:10.1103/PhysRevMaterials.2.115203. S2CID   139290764.
  7. "Scientists Synthesize New High-Temperature Superconductor". interestingengineering.com. 2021-03-12. Retrieved 2021-06-29.
  8. "ORNL developing 3D-printed nuclear microreactor : New Nuclear - World Nuclear News". www.world-nuclear-news.org. Retrieved 2021-06-29.