Lanthanum decahydride

Last updated
Lanthanum decahydride
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
  • InChI=1S/La.10H
    Key: WKJDXOLLSPZSBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N
  • [LaH10]
Properties
H10La
Molar mass 148.985 g·mol−1
Structure
Cubic
Fm3m
a = 5.1019(5) Å
at 150 GPa
132.80(4) Å3
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).

Lanthanum decahydride is a polyhydride or superhydride compound of lanthanum and hydrogen (LaH10) that has shown evidence of being a high-temperature superconductor. It was the first metal superhydride to be theoretically predicted, [2] [3] synthesized, [4] and experimentally confirmed [5] to superconduct at near room-temperatures. It has a superconducting transition temperature TC around 250 K (−23 °C; −10 °F) at a pressure of 150 gigapascals (22×10^6 psi), and its synthesis required pressures above approximately 160 gigapascals (23×10^6 psi). [6] [7]

Synopsis

Since its discovery in 2019, [5] the superconducting properties of LaH10 and other lanthanum-based superhydrides have been experimentally confirmed in multiple independent experiments. [8] [9] [10] [11] The compound exhibits a Meissner effect below the superconducting transition temperature. [12] A cubic form can be synthesized at 1,000 K (730 °C; 1,340 °F), [6] and a hexagonal crystal structure can be formed at room temperature. [13] Further reports indicate Tc is increased with nitrogen doping, [14] and decreased with the introduction of magnetic impurities. [15]

The cubic form has each lanthanum atom surrounded by 32 hydrogen atoms, which form the vertices of an 18-faced shape called a chamfered cube. [16]

A similar compound, lanthanum boron octahydride, was computationally predicted to be a superconductor at 126 K (−147 °C; −233 °F) and pressure 50 gigapascals (7.3×10^6 psi). [17]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Superconductivity</span> Electrical conductivity with exactly zero resistance

Superconductivity is a set of physical properties observed in superconductors: materials where electrical resistance vanishes and magnetic fields are expelled from the material. Unlike an ordinary metallic conductor, whose resistance decreases gradually as its temperature is lowered, even down to near absolute zero, a superconductor has a characteristic critical temperature below which the resistance drops abruptly to zero. An electric current through a loop of superconducting wire can persist indefinitely with no power source.

Unconventional superconductors are materials that display superconductivity which is not explained by the usual BCS theory or its extension, the Eliashberg theory. The pairing in unconventional superconductors may originate from some other mechanism than the electron–phonon interaction. Alternatively, a superconductor is unconventional if the superconducting order parameter transforms according to a non-trivial irreducible representation of the point group or space group of the system. Per definition, superconductors that break additional symmetries to U (1) symmetry are known as unconventional superconductors.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">High-temperature superconductivity</span> Superconductive behavior at temperatures much higher than absolute zero

High-temperature superconductivity is superconductivity in materials with a critical temperature above 77 K, the boiling point of liquid nitrogen. They are only "high-temperature" relative to previously known superconductors, which function at colder temperatures, close to absolute zero. The "high temperatures" are still far below ambient, and therefore require cooling. The first breakthrough of high-temperature superconductor was discovered in 1986 by IBM researchers Georg Bednorz and K. Alex Müller. Although the critical temperature is around 35.1 K, this new type of superconductor was readily modified by Ching-Wu Chu to make the first high-temperature superconductor with critical temperature 93 K. Bednorz and Müller were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1987 "for their important break-through in the discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials". Most high-Tc materials are type-II superconductors.

Metallic hydrogen is a phase of hydrogen in which it behaves like an electrical conductor. This phase was predicted in 1935 on theoretical grounds by Eugene Wigner and Hillard Bell Huntington.

A room-temperature superconductor is a hypothetical material capable of displaying superconductivity above 0 °C, operating temperatures which are commonly encountered in everyday settings. As of 2023, the material with the highest accepted superconducting temperature was highly pressurized lanthanum decahydride, whose transition temperature is approximately 250 K (−23 °C) at 200 GPa.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of superconductivity</span>

Superconductivity is the phenomenon of certain materials exhibiting zero electrical resistance and the expulsion of magnetic fields below a characteristic temperature. The history of superconductivity began with Dutch physicist Heike Kamerlingh Onnes's discovery of superconductivity in mercury in 1911. Since then, many other superconducting materials have been discovered and the theory of superconductivity has been developed. These subjects remain active areas of study in the field of condensed matter physics.

Cuprate superconductors are a family of high-temperature superconducting materials made of layers of copper oxides (CuO2) alternating with layers of other metal oxides, which act as charge reservoirs. At ambient pressure, cuprate superconductors are the highest temperature superconductors known. However, the mechanism by which superconductivity occurs is still not understood.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Iron-based superconductor</span>

Iron-based superconductors (FeSC) are iron-containing chemical compounds whose superconducting properties were discovered in 2006. In 2008, led by recently discovered iron pnictide compounds, they were in the first stages of experimentation and implementation..

In chemistry, oxypnictides are a class of materials composed of oxygen, a pnictogen and one or more other elements. Although this group of compounds has been recognized since 1995, interest in these compounds increased dramatically after the publication of the superconducting properties of LaOFeP and LaOFeAs which were discovered in 2006 and 2008. In these experiments the oxide was partly replaced by fluoride.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Covalent superconductor</span> Superconducting materials where the atoms are linked by covalent bonds

Covalent superconductors are superconducting materials where the atoms are linked by covalent bonds. The first such material was boron-doped synthetic diamond grown by the high-pressure high-temperature (HPHT) method. The discovery had no practical importance, but surprised most scientists as superconductivity had not been observed in covalent semiconductors, including diamond and silicon.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">122 iron arsenide</span>

The 122 iron arsenide unconventional superconductors are part of a new class of iron-based superconductors. They form in the tetragonal I4/mmm, ThCr2Si2 type, crystal structure. The shorthand name "122" comes from their stoichiometry; the 122s have the chemical formula AEFe2Pn2, where AE stands for alkaline earth metal (Ca, Ba Sr or Eu) and Pn is pnictide (As, P, etc.). These materials become superconducting under pressure and also upon doping. The maximum superconducting transition temperature found to date is 38 K in the Ba0.6K0.4Fe2As2. The microscopic description of superconductivity in the 122s is yet unclear.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Distrontium ruthenate</span> Chemical compound

Distrontium ruthenate, also known as strontium ruthenate, is an oxide of strontium and ruthenium with the chemical formula Sr2RuO4. It was the first reported perovskite superconductor that did not contain copper. Strontium ruthenate is structurally very similar to the high-temperature cuprate superconductors, and in particular, is almost identical to the lanthanum doped superconductor (La, Sr)2CuO4. However, the transition temperature for the superconducting phase transition is 0.93 K (about 1.5 K for the best sample), which is much lower than the corresponding value for cuprates.

Iron(II) selenide refers to a number of inorganic compounds of ferrous iron and selenide (Se2−). The phase diagram of the system Fe–Se reveals the existence of several non-stoichiometric phases between ~49 at. % Se and ~53 at. % Fe, and temperatures up to ~450 °C. The low temperature stable phases are the tetragonal PbO-structure (P4/nmm) β-Fe1−xSe and α-Fe7Se8. The high temperature phase is the hexagonal, NiAs structure (P63/mmc) δ-Fe1−xSe. Iron(II) selenide occurs naturally as the NiAs-structure mineral achavalite.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Artem Oganov</span>

Artem R. Oganov is a Russian theoretical crystallographer, mineralogist, chemist, physicist, and materials scientist. He is known mostly for his works on computational materials discovery and crystal structure prediction, studies of matter at extreme conditions, including matter of planetary interiors.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mikhail Eremets</span>

Mikhail Ivanovich Eremets was an experimentalist in high pressure physics, chemistry and materials science. He was particularly known for his research on superconductivity, having discovered the highest critical temperature of 250 K (-23 °C) for superconductivity in lanthanum hydride under high pressures. Part of his research contains exotic manifestations of materials such as conductive hydrogen, polymeric nitrogen and transparent sodium.

Russell Julian Hemley is an American geophysicist, solid-state physicist, and physical chemist. Hemley is especially notable for his work in the theoretical prediction and experimental observation of near room-temperature superconductivity in lanthanum decahydride under high pressure.

A polyhydride or superhydride is a compound that contains an abnormally large amount of hydrogen. This can be described as high hydrogen stoichiometry. Examples include iron pentahydride FeH5, LiH6, and LiH7. By contrast, the more well known lithium hydride only has one hydrogen atom.

An yttrium compound is a chemical compound containing yttrium. Among these compounds, yttrium generally has a +3 valence. The solubility properties of yttrium compounds are similar to those of the lanthanides. For example oxalates and carbonates are hardly soluble in water, but soluble in excess oxalate or carbonate solutions as complexes are formed. Sulfates and double sulfates are generally soluble. They resemble the "yttrium group" of heavy lanthanide elements.

Carbonaceous sulfur hydride (CSH) is a potential superconductor that was announced in October 2020 by the lab of Ranga Dias at the University of Rochester, in a Nature paper that was later retracted. It was reported to have a superconducting transition temperature of 15 °C (59 °F) at a pressure of 267 gigapascals (GPa), which would have made it the highest-temperature superconductor discovered. The paper faced criticism due to its non-standard data analysis calling into question its conclusions, and in September 2022 it was retracted by Nature. In July 2023 a second paper by the authors was retracted from Physical Review Letters due to suspected data fabrication, and in September 2023 a third paper by the authors about N-doped lutetium hydride was retracted from Nature.

References

  1. ↑ "Lanthanum decahydride". American Chemical Society.
  2. ↑ Peng, Feng; Sun, Ying; Pickard, Chris J.; Needs, Richard J.; Wu, Qiang; Ma, Yanming (2017-09-08). "Hydrogen Clathrate Structures in Rare Earth Hydrides at High Pressures: Possible Route to Room-Temperature Superconductivity". Physical Review Letters. 119 (10): 107001. Bibcode:2017PhRvL.119j7001P. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.119.107001. PMID   28949166.
  3. ↑ Liu, Hanyu; Naumov, Ivan I.; Hoffmann, Roald; Ashcroft, N. W.; Hemley, Russell J. (2017-07-03). "Potential high- T c superconducting lanthanum and yttrium hydrides at high pressure". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 114 (27): 6990–6995. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1704505114 . ISSN   0027-8424. PMC   5502634 . PMID   28630301.
  4. ↑ Geballe, Zachary M.; Liu, Hanyu; Mishra, Ajay K.; Ahart, Muhtar; Somayazulu, Maddury; Meng, Yue; Baldini, Maria; Hemley, Russell J. (2018-01-15). "Synthesis and Stability of Lanthanum Superhydrides". Angewandte Chemie. 130 (3): 696–700. Bibcode:2018AngCh.130..696G. doi:10.1002/ange.201709970. ISSN   0044-8249.
  5. 1 2 Somayazulu, Maddury; Ahart, Muhtar; Mishra, Ajay K.; Geballe, Zachary M.; Baldini, Maria; Meng, Yue; Struzhkin, Viktor V.; Hemley, Russell J. (2019-01-14). "Evidence for Superconductivity above 260 K in Lanthanum Superhydride at Megabar Pressures". Physical Review Letters. 122 (2): 027001. arXiv: 1808.07695 . Bibcode:2019PhRvL.122b7001S. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.027001. PMID   30720326.
  6. 1 2 Drozdov, A. P.; Kong, P. P.; Minkov, V. S.; Besedin, S. P.; Kuzovnikov, M. A.; Mozaffari, S.; Balicas, L.; Balakirev, F. F.; Graf, D. E.; Prakapenka, V. B.; Greenberg, E.; Knyazev, D. A.; Tkacz, M.; Eremets, M. I. (2019). "Superconductivity at 250 K in lanthanum hydride under high pressures". Nature. 569 (7757): 528–531. arXiv: 1812.01561 . Bibcode:2019Natur.569..528D. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1201-8. PMID   31118520. S2CID   119231000.
  7. ↑ M. Kostrzewa; K. M. Szczęśniak; A. P. Durajski; R. Szczęśniak (31 January 2020). "From LaH10 to room–temperature superconductors". Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 1592. arXiv: 1905.12308 . Bibcode:2020NatSR..10.1592K. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-58065-9. PMC   6994605 . PMID   32005852.
  8. ↑ Drozdov, A. P.; Kong, P. P.; Minkov, V. S.; Besedin, S. P.; Kuzovnikov, M. A.; Mozaffari, S.; Balicas, L.; Balakirev, F. F.; Graf, D. E.; Prakapenka, V. B.; Greenberg, E.; Knyazev, D. A.; Tkacz, M.; Eremets, M. I. (May 2019). "Superconductivity at 250 K in lanthanum hydride under high pressures". Nature. 569 (7757): 528–531. arXiv: 1812.01561 . Bibcode:2019Natur.569..528D. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1201-8. ISSN   0028-0836. PMID   31118520. S2CID   119231000.
  9. ↑ Hong, Fang; Yang, Liuxiang; Shan, Pengfei; Yang, Pengtao; Liu, Ziyi; Sun, Jianping; Yin, Yunyu; Yu, Xiaohui; Cheng, Jinguang; Zhao, Zhongxian (2020-10-01). "Superconductivity of Lanthanum Superhydride Investigated Using the Standard Four-Probe Configuration under High Pressures*". Chinese Physics Letters. 37 (10): 107401. Bibcode:2020ChPhL..37j7401H. doi:10.1088/0256-307X/37/10/107401. ISSN   0256-307X. S2CID   250921188.
  10. ↑ Semenok, Dmitrii V.; Troyan, Ivan A.; Ivanova, Anna G.; Kvashnin, Alexander G.; Kruglov, Ivan A.; Hanfland, Michael; Sadakov, Andrey V.; Sobolevskiy, Oleg A.; Pervakov, Kirill S.; Lyubutin, Igor S.; Glazyrin, Konstantin V.; Giordano, Nico; Karimov, Denis N.; Vasiliev, Alexander L.; Akashi, Ryosuke (2021-09-01). "Superconductivity at 253 K in lanthanum–yttrium ternary hydrides". Materials Today. 48: 18–28. arXiv: 2012.04787 . doi:10.1016/j.mattod.2021.03.025. ISSN   1369-7021.
  11. ↑ Semenok, Dmitrii V.; Troyan, Ivan A.; Sadakov, Andrey V.; Zhou, Di; Galasso, Michele; Kvashnin, Alexander G.; Ivanova, Anna G.; Kruglov, Ivan A.; Bykov, Alexey A.; Terent'ev, Konstantin Y.; Cherepakhin, Alexander V.; Sobolevskiy, Oleg A.; Pervakov, Kirill S.; Seregin, Alexey Yu.; Helm, Toni (October 2022). "Effect of Magnetic Impurities on Superconductivity in LaH 10". Advanced Materials. 34 (42): e2204038. arXiv: 2203.06500 . Bibcode:2022AdM....3404038S. doi:10.1002/adma.202204038. ISSN   0935-9648. PMID   35829689. S2CID   247447065.
  12. ↑ Eremets, M. I.; Minkov, V. S.; Drozdov, A. P.; Kong, P. P.; Ksenofontov, V.; Shylin, S. I.; Bud'ko, S. L.; Prozorov, R.; Balakirev, F. F.; Sun, Dan; Mozzafari, S.; Balicas, L. (10 January 2022). "High‑Temperature Superconductivity in Hydrides: Experimental Evidence and Details". Journal of Superconductivity and Novel Magnetism. 35 (4): 965–977. arXiv: 2201.05137 . doi: 10.1007/s10948-022-06148-1 .
  13. ↑ Geballe, Zachary M.; Liu, Hanyu; Mishra, Ajay K.; Ahart, Muhtar; Somayazulu, Maddury; Meng, Yue; Baldini, Maria; Hemley, Russell J. (15 January 2018). "Synthesis and Stability of Lanthanum Superhydrides". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 57 (3): 688–692. doi:10.1002/anie.201709970. PMID   29193506.
  14. ↑ Ge, Yanfeng; Zhang, Fan; Hemley, Russell J. (2021-12-15). "Room-temperature superconductivity in boron- and nitrogen-doped lanthanum superhydride". Physical Review B. 104 (21): 214505. arXiv: 2012.13398 . Bibcode:2021PhRvB.104u4505G. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.104.214505. S2CID   229371105.
  15. ↑ Sanner, T. (1975-11-18). "Formation of transient complexes in the glutamate dehydrogenase catalyzed reaction". Biochemistry. 14 (23): 5094–5098. doi:10.1021/bi00694a011. ISSN   0006-2960. PMID   39.
  16. ↑ "NNNS chemistry blog: Lanthanum decahydride". chem.vander-lingen.nl.
  17. ↑ Di Cataldo, Simone; Heil, Christoph; von der Linden, Wolfgang; Boeri, Lilia (2021-07-29). "BH8: Towards high-Tc low-pressure superconductivity in ternary superhydrides". Physical Review B. 104 (2): L020511. arXiv: 2102.11227 . Bibcode:2021PhRvB.104b0511D. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.104.L020511. S2CID   242872381.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.