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Zirconium dioxide is a white crystalline oxide of zirconium. Its most naturally occurring form, with a monoclinic crystalline structure, is the mineral baddeleyite. A dopant stabilized cubic structured zirconia, cubic zirconia, is synthesized in various colours for use as a gemstone and a diamond simulant.
A lithium-ion or Li-ion battery is a type of rechargeable battery which uses the reversible intercalation of Li+ ions into electronically conducting solids to store energy. In comparison with other rechargeable batteries, Li-ion batteries are characterized by a higher specific energy, higher energy density, higher energy efficiency, longer cycle life and longer calendar life. Also noteworthy is a dramatic improvement in lithium-ion battery properties after their market introduction in 1991: within the next 30 years their volumetric energy density increased threefold, while their cost dropped tenfold.
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Strontium titanate is an oxide of strontium and titanium with the chemical formula SrTiO3. At room temperature, it is a centrosymmetric paraelectric material with a perovskite structure. At low temperatures it approaches a ferroelectric phase transition with a very large dielectric constant ~104 but remains paraelectric down to the lowest temperatures measured as a result of quantum fluctuations, making it a quantum paraelectric. It was long thought to be a wholly artificial material, until 1982 when its natural counterpart—discovered in Siberia and named tausonite—was recognised by the IMA. Tausonite remains an extremely rare mineral in nature, occurring as very tiny crystals. Its most important application has been in its synthesized form wherein it is occasionally encountered as a diamond simulant, in precision optics, in varistors, and in advanced ceramics.
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Beta-alumina solid electrolyte (BASE) is a fast ion conductor material used as a membrane in several types of molten salt electrochemical cell. Currently there is no known substitute available. β-Alumina exhibits an unusual layered crystal structure which enables very fast ion transport. β-Alumina is not an isomorphic form of aluminium oxide (Al2O3), but a sodium polyaluminate. It is a hard polycrystalline ceramic, which, when prepared as an electrolyte, is complexed with a mobile ion, such as Na+, K+, Li+, Ag+, H+, Pb2+, Sr2+ or Ba2+ depending on the application. β-Alumina is a good conductor of its mobile ion yet allows no non-ionic (i.e., electronic) conductivity. The crystal structure of the β-alumina provides an essential rigid framework with channels along which the ionic species of the solid can migrate. Ion transport involves hopping from site to site along these channels. Since the 1970's this technology has been thoroughly developed, resulting in interesting applications. Its special characteristics on ion and electrical conductivity make this material extremely interesting in the field of energy storage.
In materials science, fast ion conductors are solid conductors with highly mobile ions. These materials are important in the area of solid state ionics, and are also known as solid electrolytes and superionic conductors. These materials are useful in batteries and various sensors. Fast ion conductors are used primarily in solid oxide fuel cells. As solid electrolytes they allow the movement of ions without the need for a liquid or soft membrane separating the electrodes. The phenomenon relies on the hopping of ions through an otherwise rigid crystal structure.
Lithium iron phosphate or lithium ferro-phosphate (LFP) is an inorganic compound with the formula LiFePO
4. It is a gray, red-grey, brown or black solid that is insoluble in water. The material has attracted attention as a component of lithium iron phosphate batteries, a type of Li-ion battery. This battery chemistry is targeted for use in power tools, electric vehicles, solar energy installations and more recently large grid-scale energy storage.
Yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) is a ceramic in which the cubic crystal structure of zirconium dioxide is made stable at room temperature by an addition of yttrium oxide. These oxides are commonly called "zirconia" (ZrO2) and "yttria" (Y2O3), hence the name.
An Ion gel is a composite material consisting of an ionic liquid immobilized by an inorganic or a polymer matrix. The material has the quality of maintaining high ionic conductivity while in the solid state. To create an ion gel, the solid matrix is mixed or synthesized in-situ with an ionic liquid. A common practice is to utilize a block copolymer which is polymerized in solution with an ionic liquid so that a self-assembled nanostructure is generated where the ions are selectively soluble. Ion gels can also be made using non-copolymer polymers such as cellulose, oxides such as silicon dioxide or refractory materials such as boron nitride.
Solid-state ionics is the study of ionic-electronic mixed conductor and fully ionic conductors and their uses. Some materials that fall into this category include inorganic crystalline and polycrystalline solids, ceramics, glasses, polymers, and composites. Solid-state ionic devices, such as solid oxide fuel cells, can be much more reliable and long-lasting, especially under harsh conditions, than comparable devices with fluid electrolytes.
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LISICON is an acronym for LIthiumSuper Ionic CONductor, which refers to a family of solids with the chemical formula Li2+2xZn1−xGeO4.
NASICON is an acronym for sodium (Na) Super Ionic CONductor, which usually refers to a family of solids with the chemical formula Na1+xZr2SixP3−xO12, 0 < x < 3. In a broader sense, it is also used for similar compounds where Na, Zr and/or Si are replaced by isovalent elements. NASICON compounds have high ionic conductivities, on the order of 10−3 S/cm, which rival those of liquid electrolytes. They are caused by hopping of Na ions among interstitial sites of the NASICON crystal lattice.
Antiperovskites is a type of crystal structure similar to the perovskite structure that is common in nature. The key difference is that the positions of the cation and anion constituents are reversed in the unit cell structure. In contrast to perovskite, antiperovskite compounds consist of two types of anions coordinated with one type of cation. Antiperovskite compounds are an important class of materials because they exhibit interesting and useful physical properties not found in perovskite materials, including as electrolytes in solid-state batteries.
Mixed conductors, also known as mixed ion-electron conductors(MIEC), are a single-phase material that has significant conduction ionically and electronically. Due to the mixed conduction, a formally neutral species can transport in a solid and therefore mass storage and redistribution are enabled. Mixed conductors are well known in conjugation with high-temperature superconductivity and are able to capacitate rapid solid-state reactions.
Anthony Roy West FRSE, FRSC, FInstP, FIMMM is a British chemist and materials scientist, and Professor of Electroceramics and Solid State Chemistry at the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at the University of Sheffield.
A solid-state electrolyte (SSE) is a solid ionic conductor and electron-insulating material and it is the characteristic component of the solid-state battery. It is useful for applications in electrical energy storage (EES) in substitution of the liquid electrolytes found in particular in lithium-ion battery. The main advantages are the absolute safety, no issues of leakages of toxic organic solvents, low flammability, non-volatility, mechanical and thermal stability, easy processability, low self-discharge, higher achievable power density and cyclability. This makes possible, for example, the use of a lithium metal anode in a practical device, without the intrinsic limitations of a liquid electrolyte thanks to the property of lithium dendrite suppression in the presence of a solid-state electrolyte membrane. The use of a high capacity anode and low reduction potential, like lithium with a specific capacity of 3860 mAh g−1 and a reduction potential of -3.04 V vs SHE, in substitution of the traditional low capacity graphite, which exhibits a theoretical capacity of 372 mAh g−1 in its fully lithiated state of LiC6, is the first step in the realization of a lighter, thinner and cheaper rechargeable battery. Moreover, this allows the reach of gravimetric and volumetric energy densities, high enough to achieve 500 miles per single charge in an electric vehicle. Despite the promising advantages, there are still many limitations that are hindering the transition of SSEs from academia research to large-scale production, depending mainly on the poor ionic conductivity compared to that of liquid counterparts. However, many car OEMs (Toyota, BMW, Honda, Hyundai) expect to integrate these systems into viable devices and to commercialize solid-state battery-based electric vehicles by 2025.
Lithium aluminium germanium phosphate, typically known with the acronyms LAGP or LAGPO, is an inorganic ceramic solid material whose general formula is Li
1+xAl
xGe
2-x(PO
4)
3. LAGP belongs to the NASICON family of solid conductors and has been applied as a solid electrolyte in all-solid-state lithium-ion batteries. Typical values of ionic conductivity in LAGP at room temperature are in the range of 10–5 - 10–4 S/cm, even if the actual value of conductivity is strongly affected by stoichiometry, microstructure, and synthesis conditions. Compared to lithium aluminium titanium phosphate (LATP), which is another phosphate-based lithium solid conductor, the absence of titanium in LAGP improves its stability towards lithium metal. In addition, phosphate-based solid electrolytes have superior stability against moisture and oxygen compared to sulfide-based electrolytes like Li
10GeP
2S
12 (LGPS) and can be handled safely in air, thus simplifying the manufacture process. Since the best performances are encountered when the stoichiometric value of x is 0.5, the acronym LAGP usually indicates the particular composition of Li
1.5Al
0.5Ge
1.5(PO
4)
3, which is also the typically used material in battery applications.
Venkataraman Thangadurai PhD, FRSC (UK), FECS, FRSC is a scientist and researcher known for his contributions to the field of solid state ionics and solid-state chemistry. He is a Professor and Research Excellence Chair at the University of Calgary in the Department of Chemistry. He’s also the Founder and director of Western Canada Battery Consortium (WCBC) and Associate Director of Calgary Advanced Energy Storage and Conversion Research (CAESR). He acts as the Vice-Chair of the Canada Section Electrochemical Society (ECS) and Associate Editor of ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces. He is a fellow of The Electrochemical Society (USA), Royal Society of Chemistry (UK), and Royal Society of Canada and in the Editorial Advisory Board Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry, Chemistry of Materials, Energy Technology, Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Materials Advances, and International Journal of Ionics. Thangadurai’s over 30 years of experience in solid-state chemistry is showcased by his >250 international publications and 13 patent applications.
References
- ↑ Yeandel, Stephen R.; Chapman, Benjamin J.; Slater, Peter R.; Goddard, Pooja (2018-12-13). "Structure and Lithium-Ion Dynamics in Fluoride-Doped Cubic Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) Garnet for Li Solid-State Battery Applications". The Journal of Physical Chemistry C. 122 (49): 27811–27819. doi:10.1021/acs.jpcc.8b07704. ISSN 1932-7447. S2CID 105578102.
- ↑ Tsai, Chih-Long; Ma, Qianli; Dellen, Christian; Lobe, Sandra; Vondahlen, Frank; Windmüller, Anna; Grüner, Daniel; Zheng, Hao; Uhlenbruck, Sven; Finsterbusch, Martin; Tietz, Frank (2018-12-18). "A garnet structure-based all-solid-state Li battery without interface modification: resolving incompatibility issues on positive electrodes". Sustainable Energy & Fuels. 3 (1): 280–291. doi:10.1039/C8SE00436F. ISSN 2398-4902. S2CID 139965509.
- ↑ Ramakumar, S.; Deviannapoorani, C.; Dhivya, L.; Shankar, Lakshmi S.; Murugan, Ramaswamy (2017-07-01). "Lithium garnets: Synthesis, structure, Li+ conductivity, Li+ dynamics and applications". Progress in Materials Science. 88: 325–411. doi:10.1016/j.pmatsci.2017.04.007. ISSN 0079-6425.
- ↑ Murugan, R.; Thangadurai, V.; Weppner, W. (2007). "Fast Lithium Ion Conduction in Garnet-Type Li7La3Zr2O12". ChemInform. 46: 7778–7781.
- ↑ Thangadurai, V.; Adams, S.; Weppner, W. (2004-09-24). "Crystal Structure Revision and Identification of Li+‐Ion Migration Pathways in the Garnet‐Like Li5La3M2O12 (M: Nb, Ta) Oxides". Chemistry of materials. 16: 2998–3006.
- ↑ Rabenau, A. (1982). "Lithium nitride and related materials case study of the use of modern solid state research techniques". Solid State Ionics. 6(4): 277–293.
- ↑ Tan, J.; Tiwari, A. (2011-12-28). "Synthesis of Cubic Phase Li7La3Zr2O12 Electrolyte for Solid-State Lithium-Ion Batteries". Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters. 15: A37–A39.
- ↑ Raju, M.M.; Altayran, F.; Johnson, M.; Wang, D.; Zhang, Q (2021-07-19). "Crystal Structure and Preparation of Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) Solid-State Electrolyte and Doping Impacts on the Conductivity: An Overview". Electrochem. 2(3): 390–414.
- ↑ Geiger, C.A.; Alekseev, E.; Lazic, B.; Fisch, M.; rmbruster, T.; Langner, R.; Fechtelkord, M.; Kim, N.; Pettke, T.; Weppner, W. (2010-12-28). "Crystal Chemistry and Stability of "Li7La3Zr2O12" Garnet: A Fast Lithium-Ion Conductor". Inorganic Chemistry. 50(3): 1089–1097.
- ↑ Temple, James (2020-12-08). "This super energy dense battery could nearly double the range of electric vehicles". MIT Technology Review. Retrieved 2020-12-08.
- ↑ "Niterra". Niterra.
- ↑ "Battery and Supercapacitor Materials". American Elements. Retrieved 2022-12-09.