Lithium iodide

Last updated
Lithium iodide
NaCl polyhedra.png
__ Li +     __ I
Lithium-iodide-3D-ionic.png
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.030.735 OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
PubChem CID
UNII
  • InChI=1S/HI.Li/h1H;/q;+1/p-1 Yes check.svgY
    Key: HSZCZNFXUDYRKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M Yes check.svgY
  • InChI=1/HI.Li/h1H;/q;+1/p-1
    Key: HSZCZNFXUDYRKD-REWHXWOFAM
  • [Li+].[I-]
Properties
LiI
Molar mass 133.85 g/mol
AppearanceWhite crystalline solid
Density 4.076 g/cm3 (anhydrous)
3.494 g/cm3 (trihydrate)
Melting point 469 °C (876 °F; 742 K)
Boiling point 1,171 °C (2,140 °F; 1,444 K)
1510 g/L (0 °C)
1670 g/L (25 °C)
4330 g/L (100 °C) [1]
Solubility soluble in ethanol, propanol, ethanediol, ammonia
Solubility in methanol 3430 g/L (20 °C)
Solubility in acetone 426 g/L (18 °C)
50.0·10−6 cm3/mol
1.955
Thermochemistry
0.381 J/g K or 54.4 J/mol K
Std molar
entropy
(S298)
75.7 J/mol K
-2.02 kJ/g or −270.48 kJ/mol
-266.9 kJ/mol
Hazards
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)
NFPA 704.svgHealth 2: Intense or continued but not chronic exposure could cause temporary incapacitation or possible residual injury. E.g. chloroformFlammability 0: Will not burn. E.g. waterInstability 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogenSpecial hazards (white): no code
2
0
0
Flash point Non-flammable
Safety data sheet (SDS) External MSDS
Related compounds
Other anions
Lithium fluoride
Lithium chloride
Lithium bromide
Lithium astatide
Other cations
Sodium iodide
Potassium iodide
Rubidium iodide
Caesium iodide
Francium iodide
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Lithium iodide, or LiI, is a compound of lithium and iodine. When exposed to air, it becomes yellow in color, due to the oxidation of iodide to iodine. [2] It crystallizes in the NaCl motif. [3] It can participate in various hydrates. [4]

Contents

Applications

LiI chains grown inside double-wall carbon nanotubes. LiI@DWNT.png
LiI chains grown inside double-wall carbon nanotubes.

Lithium iodide is used as a solid-state electrolyte for high-temperature batteries. It is also the standard electrolyte in artificial pacemakers [6] due to the long cycle life it enables. [7] The solid is used as a phosphor for neutron detection. [8] It is also used, in a complex with Iodine, in the electrolyte of dye-sensitized solar cells.

In organic synthesis, LiI is useful for cleaving C-O bonds. For example, it can be used to convert methyl esters to carboxylic acids: [9]

RCO2CH3 + LiI → RCO2Li + CH3I

Similar reactions apply to epoxides and aziridines.

Lithium iodide was used as a radiocontrast agent for CT scans. Its use was discontinued due to renal toxicity. Inorganic iodine solutions suffered from hyperosmolarity and high viscosities. Current iodinated contrast agents are organoiodine compounds. [10]

It is also useful in MALDI imaging mass spectrometry of lipids by adding lithium salts to the matrix solution

[11]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Iodine</span> Chemical element, symbol I and atomic number 53

Iodine is a chemical element; it has symbol I and atomic number 53. The heaviest of the stable halogens, it exists at standard conditions as a semi-lustrous, non-metallic solid that melts to form a deep violet liquid at 114 °C (237 °F), and boils to a violet gas at 184 °C (363 °F). The element was discovered by the French chemist Bernard Courtois in 1811 and was named two years later by Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac, after the Ancient Greek Ιώδης, meaning 'violet'.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lithium carbonate</span> Chemical compound

Lithium carbonate is an inorganic compound, the lithium salt of carbonic acid with the formula Li
2
CO
3
. This white salt is widely used in processing metal oxides. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines for its efficacy in the treatment of mood disorders such as bipolar disorder.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lithium polymer battery</span> Lithium-ion battery using a polymer electrolyte

A lithium polymer battery, or more correctly, lithium-ion polymer battery, is a rechargeable battery of lithium-ion technology using a polymer electrolyte instead of a liquid electrolyte. Highly conductive semisolid (gel) polymers form this electrolyte. These batteries provide higher specific energy than other lithium battery types. They are used in applications where weight is critical, such as mobile devices, radio-controlled aircraft, and some electric vehicles.

An iodide ion is the ion I. Compounds with iodine in formal oxidation state −1 are called iodides. In everyday life, iodide is most commonly encountered as a component of iodized salt, which many governments mandate. Worldwide, iodine deficiency affects two billion people and is the leading preventable cause of intellectual disability.

In organic chemistry, an aryl halide is an aromatic compound in which one or more hydrogen atoms, directly bonded to an aromatic ring are replaced by a halide. Haloarenes are different from haloalkanes because they exhibit many differences in methods of preparation and properties. The most important members are the aryl chlorides, but the class of compounds is so broad that there are many derivatives and applications.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lead(II) iodide</span> Chemical compound

Lead(II) iodide is a chemical compound with the formula PbI
2
. At room temperature, it is a bright yellow odorless crystalline solid, that becomes orange and red when heated. It was formerly called plumbous iodide.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sodium perchlorate</span> Chemical compound

Sodium perchlorate is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula NaClO4. It consists of sodium cations Na+ and perchlorate anions ClO−4. It is a white crystalline, hygroscopic solid that is highly soluble in water and ethanol. It is usually encountered as sodium perchlorate monohydrate NaClO4·H2O. The compound is noteworthy as the most water-soluble of the common perchlorate salts.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sodium iodide</span> Chemical compound

Sodium iodide (chemical formula NaI) is an ionic compound formed from the chemical reaction of sodium metal and iodine. Under standard conditions, it is a white, water-soluble solid comprising a 1:1 mix of sodium cations (Na+) and iodide anions (I) in a crystal lattice. It is used mainly as a nutritional supplement and in organic chemistry. It is produced industrially as the salt formed when acidic iodides react with sodium hydroxide. It is a chaotropic salt.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lithium perchlorate</span> Chemical compound

Lithium perchlorate is the inorganic compound with the formula LiClO4. This white or colourless crystalline salt is noteworthy for its high solubility in many solvents. It exists both in anhydrous form and as a trihydrate.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization</span> Ionization technique

In mass spectrometry, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) is an ionization technique that uses a laser energy-absorbing matrix to create ions from large molecules with minimal fragmentation. It has been applied to the analysis of biomolecules and various organic molecules, which tend to be fragile and fragment when ionized by more conventional ionization methods. It is similar in character to electrospray ionization (ESI) in that both techniques are relatively soft ways of obtaining ions of large molecules in the gas phase, though MALDI typically produces far fewer multi-charged ions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Triiodide</span> Ion

In chemistry, triiodide usually refers to the triiodide ion, I
3
. This anion, one of the polyhalogen ions, is composed of three iodine atoms. It is formed by combining aqueous solutions of iodide salts and iodine. Some salts of the anion have been isolated, including thallium(I) triiodide (Tl+[I3]) and ammonium triiodide ([NH4]+[I3]). Triiodide is observed to be a red colour in solution.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lithium fluoride</span> Chemical compound

Lithium fluoride is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula LiF. It is a colorless solid that transitions to white with decreasing crystal size. Its structure is analogous to that of sodium chloride, but it is much less soluble in water. It is mainly used as a component of molten salts. Partly because Li and F are both light elements, and partly because F2 is highly reactive, formation of LiF from the elements releases one of the highest energies per mass of reactants, second only to that of BeO.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Zinc iodide</span> Chemical compound

Zinc iodide is the inorganic compound with the formula ZnI2. It exists both in anhydrous form and as a dihydrate. Both are white and readily absorb water from the atmosphere. It has no major application.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Silver chromate</span> Chemical compound

Silver chromate is an inorganic compound with formula Ag2CrO4 which appears as distinctively coloured brown-red crystals. The compound is insoluble and its precipitation is indicative of the reaction between soluble chromate and silver precursor salts (commonly potassium/sodium chromate with silver nitrate). This reaction is important for two uses in the laboratory: in analytical chemistry it constitutes the basis for the Mohr method of argentometry, whereas in neuroscience it is used in the Golgi method of staining neurons for microscopy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lithium tetrafluoroborate</span> Chemical compound

Lithium tetrafluoroborate is an inorganic compound with the formula LiBF4. It is a white crystalline powder. It has been extensively tested for use in commercial secondary batteries, an application that exploits its high solubility in nonpolar solvents.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lithium hexafluorophosphate</span> Chemical compound

Lithium hexafluorophosphate is an inorganic compound with the formula LiPF6. It is a white crystalline powder.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">MALDI imaging</span> Imaging system

MALDI mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) is the use of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization as a mass spectrometry imaging technique in which the sample, often a thin tissue section, is moved in two dimensions while the mass spectrum is recorded. Advantages, like measuring the distribution of a large amount of analytes at one time without destroying the sample, make it a useful method in tissue-based study.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NASICON</span> Class of solid materials

NASICON is an acronym for sodium (Na) super ionic conductor, which usually refers to a family of solids with the chemical formula Na1+xZr2SixP3−xO12, 0 < x < 3. In a broader sense, it is also used for similar compounds where Na, Zr and/or Si are replaced by isovalent elements. NASICON compounds have high ionic conductivities, on the order of 10−3 S/cm, which rival those of liquid electrolytes. They are caused by hopping of Na ions among interstitial sites of the NASICON crystal lattice.

Magnesium batteries are batteries that utilize magnesium cations as charge carriers and possibly in the anode in electrochemical cells. Both non-rechargeable primary cell and rechargeable secondary cell chemistries have been investigated. Magnesium primary cell batteries have been commercialised and have found use as reserve and general use batteries.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Solid-state electrolyte</span> Type of solid ionic conductor electrolyte

A solid-state electrolyte (SSE) is a solid ionic conductor and electron-insulating material and it is the characteristic component of the solid-state battery. It is useful for applications in electrical energy storage (EES) in substitution of the liquid electrolytes found in particular in lithium-ion battery. The main advantages are the absolute safety, no issues of leakages of toxic organic solvents, low flammability, non-volatility, mechanical and thermal stability, easy processability, low self-discharge, higher achievable power density and cyclability. This makes possible, for example, the use of a lithium metal anode in a practical device, without the intrinsic limitations of a liquid electrolyte thanks to the property of lithium dendrite suppression in the presence of a solid-state electrolyte membrane. The use of a high capacity anode and low reduction potential, like lithium with a specific capacity of 3860 mAh g−1 and a reduction potential of -3.04 V vs SHE, in substitution of the traditional low capacity graphite, which exhibits a theoretical capacity of 372 mAh g−1 in its fully lithiated state of LiC6, is the first step in the realization of a lighter, thinner and cheaper rechargeable battery. Moreover, this allows the reach of gravimetric and volumetric energy densities, high enough to achieve 500 miles per single charge in an electric vehicle. Despite the promising advantages, there are still many limitations that are hindering the transition of SSEs from academia research to large-scale production, depending mainly on the poor ionic conductivity compared to that of liquid counterparts. However, many car OEMs (Toyota, BMW, Honda, Hyundai) expect to integrate these systems into viable devices and to commercialize solid-state battery-based electric vehicles by 2025.

References

  1. Patnaik, Pradyot (2002) Handbook of Inorganic Chemicals. McGraw-Hill, ISBN   0-07-049439-8
  2. "Lithium iodide" (PDF). ESPI Corp. MSDS. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-03-09. Retrieved 2005-09-16.
  3. Wells, A.F. (1984) Structural Inorganic Chemistry, Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN   0-19-855370-6.
  4. Wietelmann, Ulrich and Bauer, Richard J. (2005) "Lithium and Lithium Compounds" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH: Weinheim. doi : 10.1002/14356007.a15_393.
  5. Senga, Ryosuke; Suenaga, Kazu (2015). "Single-atom electron energy loss spectroscopy of light elements". Nature Communications. 6: 7943. Bibcode:2015NatCo...6.7943S. doi:10.1038/ncomms8943. PMC   4532884 . PMID   26228378.
  6. Holmes, C. (2007-09-28). "The Lithium/Iodine-Polyvinylpyridine Pacemaker Battery - 35 years of Successful Clinical Use". ECS Transactions. 6 (5): 1–7. Bibcode:2007ECSTr...6e...1H. doi:10.1149/1.2790382. ISSN   1938-5862. S2CID   138189063.
  7. Hanif, Maryam (2008). "The Pacemaker Battery - Review Article". UIC Bioengineering Student Journal.
  8. Nicholson, K. P.; et al. (1955). "Some lithium iodide phosphors for slow neutron detection". Br. J. Appl. Phys. 6 (3): 104–106. Bibcode:1955BJAP....6..104N. doi:10.1088/0508-3443/6/3/311.
  9. Charette, André B.; Barbay, J. Kent and He, Wei (2005) "Lithium Iodide" in Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis, John Wiley & Sons. doi : 10.1002/047084289X.rl121.pub2
  10. Lusic, Hrvoje; Grinstaff, Mark W. (2013). "X-ray-Computed Tomography Contrast Agents". Chemical Reviews. 113 (3): 1641–66. doi:10.1021/cr200358s. PMC   3878741 . PMID   23210836.
  11. Petit, Cerruti; Touboul, Laprévote (2011). "MALDI imaging mass spectrometry of lipids by adding lithium salts to the matrix solution". Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry. 401 (1): 75–87. doi:10.1007/s00216-011-4814-9. PMC   3878741 . PMID   21380605.