Beryllium iodide

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Beryllium iodide
Beryllium iodide.svg
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Names
Systematic IUPAC name
Beryllium iodide
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.029.199 OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
PubChem CID
UNII
  • InChI=1S/Be.2HI/h;2*1H/q+2;;/p-2 Yes check.svgY
    Key: JUCWKFHIHJQTFR-UHFFFAOYSA-L Yes check.svgY
  • InChI=1/Be.2HI/h;2*1H/q+2;;/p-2
    Key: JUCWKFHIHJQTFR-NUQVWONBAT
  • I[Be]I
  • I[Be-2](I)([I+]1)[I+][Be-2]1([I+]1)[I+][Be-2]1([I+]1)[I+][Be-2]1([I+]1)[I+][Be-2]1([I+]1)[I+][Be-2]1([I+]1)[I+][Be-2]1([I+]1)[I+][Be-2]1([I+]1)[I+][Be-2]1([I+]1)[I+][Be-2]1([I+]1)[I+][Be-2]1([I+]1)[I+][Be-2]1([I+]1)[I+][Be-2]1(I)I
Properties
BeI2
Molar mass 262.82112 g·mol−1
Appearancecolorless needle-like crystals
Density 4.325 g/cm3
Melting point 480 °C (896 °F; 753 K)
Boiling point 590 °C (1,094 °F; 863 K) [1]
reacts with water [1] [ citation needed ]
Solubility Slightly soluble in CS2
Soluble in ethanol, diethyl ether [2]
Structure
orthorhombic
Thermochemistry
71.14 J/(mol·K)
Std molar
entropy
(S298)
130 J/(mol·K)
−192.62 kJ/mol
−210 kJ/mol
19 kJ/mol
Hazards
Occupational safety and health (OHS/OSH):
Main hazards
see Berylliosis
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)
NFPA 704.svgHealth 3: Short exposure could cause serious temporary or residual injury. E.g. chlorine gasFlammability 3: Liquids and solids that can be ignited under almost all ambient temperature conditions. Flash point between 23 and 38 °C (73 and 100 °F). E.g. gasolineInstability 2: Undergoes violent chemical change at elevated temperatures and pressures, reacts violently with water, or may form explosive mixtures with water. E.g. white phosphorusSpecial hazard W: Reacts with water in an unusual or dangerous manner. E.g. sodium, sulfuric acid
3
3
2
W
NIOSH (US health exposure limits):
PEL (Permissible)
TWA 0.002 mg/m3
C 0.005 mg/m3 (30 minutes), with a maximum peak of 0.025 mg/m3 (as Be) [3]
REL (Recommended)
Ca C 0.0005 mg/m3 (as Be) [3]
IDLH (Immediate danger)
Ca [4 mg/m3 (as Be)] [3]
Related compounds
Other anions
Other cations
Related compounds
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
X mark.svgN  verify  (what is  Yes check.svgYX mark.svgN ?)

Beryllium iodide is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula Be I 2. It is a hygroscopic white solid. The Be2+ cation, which is relevant to salt-like BeI2, is characterized by the highest known charge density (Z/r = 6.45), making it one of the hardest cations and a very strong Lewis acid. [4]

Contents

Reactions

Beryllium iodide can be prepared by reacting beryllium metal with elemental iodine at temperatures of 500 °C to 700 °C: [1]

Be + I2 → BeI2

When the oxidation is conducted on an ether suspension of elemental Be, one obtains colorless dietherate: [5]

Be + I2 + 2 O(C2H5)2 → BeI2(O(C2H5)2)2

The same dietherate is obtained by suspending beryllium iodide in diethyl ether: [5]

BeI2 + 2 O(C2H5)2 → BeI2(O(C2H5)2)2

This ether ligands in BeI2(O(C2H5)2)2 can be displaced by other Lewis bases.

Beryllium iodide reacts with fluorine giving beryllium fluoride and fluorides of iodine, with chlorine giving beryllium chloride, and with bromine giving beryllium bromide.

Structure

Two forms (polymorphs) of BeI2 are known. Both structures consist tetrahedral Be2+ centers interconnected by doubly bridging iodide ligands. One form consist of edge-sharing polytetrahedra. The other form resembles zinc iodide with interconnected adamantane-like cages. [6]

Applications

Beryllium iodide can be used in the preparation of high-purity beryllium by the decomposition of the compound on a hot tungsten filament.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Iodine</span> Chemical element with atomic number 53 (I)

Iodine is a chemical element; it has symbol I and atomic number 53. The heaviest of the stable halogens, it exists at standard conditions as a semi-lustrous, non-metallic solid that melts to form a deep violet liquid at 114 °C (237 °F), and boils to a violet gas at 184 °C (363 °F). The element was discovered by the French chemist Bernard Courtois in 1811 and was named two years later by Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac, after the Ancient Greek Ιώδης, meaning 'violet'.

An iodide ion is the ion I. Compounds with iodine in formal oxidation state −1 are called iodides. In everyday life, iodide is most commonly encountered as a component of iodized salt, which many governments mandate. Worldwide, iodine deficiency affects two billion people and is the leading preventable cause of intellectual disability.

In chemistry, an interhalogen compound is a molecule which contains two or more different halogen atoms and no atoms of elements from any other group.

Boron trifluoride is the inorganic compound with the formula BF3. This pungent, colourless, and toxic gas forms white fumes in moist air. It is a useful Lewis acid and a versatile building block for other boron compounds.

In organic chemistry, α-keto halogenation is a special type of halogenation. The reaction may be carried out under either acidic or basic conditions in an aqueous medium with the corresponding elemental halogen. In this way, chloride, bromide, and iodide functionality can be inserted selectively in the alpha position of a ketone.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hydrogen iodide</span> Chemical compound

Hydrogen iodide (HI) is a diatomic molecule and hydrogen halide. Aqueous solutions of HI are known as hydroiodic acid or hydriodic acid, a strong acid. Hydrogen iodide and hydroiodic acid are, however, different in that the former is a gas under standard conditions, whereas the other is an aqueous solution of the gas. They are interconvertible. HI is used in organic and inorganic synthesis as one of the primary sources of iodine and as a reducing agent.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Beryllium fluoride</span> Chemical compound

Beryllium fluoride is the inorganic compound with the formula BeF2. This white solid is the principal precursor for the manufacture of beryllium metal. Its structure resembles that of quartz, but BeF2 is highly soluble in water.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Copper(I) iodide</span> Chemical compound

Copper(I) iodide is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula CuI. It is also known as cuprous iodide. It is useful in a variety of applications ranging from organic synthesis to cloud seeding.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sulfur tetrafluoride</span> Chemical compound

Sulfur tetrafluoride is a chemical compound with the formula SF4. It is a colorless corrosive gas that releases dangerous hydrogen fluoride gas upon exposure to water or moisture. Sulfur tetrafluride is a useful reagent for the preparation of organofluorine compounds, some of which are important in the pharmaceutical and specialty chemical industries.

Iodine compounds are compounds containing the element iodine. Iodine can form compounds using multiple oxidation states. Iodine is quite reactive, but it is much less reactive than the other halogens. For example, while chlorine gas will halogenate carbon monoxide, nitric oxide, and sulfur dioxide, iodine will not do so. Furthermore, iodination of metals tends to result in lower oxidation states than chlorination or bromination; for example, rhenium metal reacts with chlorine to form rhenium hexachloride, but with bromine it forms only rhenium pentabromide and iodine can achieve only rhenium tetraiodide. By the same token, however, since iodine has the lowest ionisation energy among the halogens and is the most easily oxidised of them, it has a more significant cationic chemistry and its higher oxidation states are rather more stable than those of bromine and chlorine, for example in iodine heptafluoride.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Beryllium chloride</span> Chemical compound

Beryllium chloride is an inorganic compound with the formula BeCl2. It is a colourless, hygroscopic solid that dissolves well in many polar solvents. Its properties are similar to those of aluminium chloride, due to beryllium's diagonal relationship with aluminium.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Calcium iodide</span> Chemical compound

Calcium iodide (chemical formula CaI2) is the ionic compound of calcium and iodine. This colourless deliquescent solid is a salt that is highly soluble in water. Its properties are similar to those for related salts, such as calcium chloride. It is used in photography. It is also used in cat food as a source of iodine.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Magnesium iodide</span> Chemical compound

Magnesium iodide is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula MgI2. It forms various hydrates MgI2·xH2O. Magnesium iodide is a salt of magnesium and hydrogen iodide. These salts are typical ionic halides, being highly soluble in water.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Beryllium bromide</span> Chemical compound

Beryllium bromide is the chemical compound with the formula BeBr2. It is very hygroscopic and dissolves well in water. The Be2+ cation, which is relevant to BeBr2, is characterized by the highest known charge density (Z/r = 6.45), making it one of the hardest cations and a very strong Lewis acid.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Iodine oxide</span> Class of chemical compounds

Iodine oxides are chemical compounds of oxygen and iodine. Iodine has only two stable oxides which are isolatable in bulk, iodine tetroxide and iodine pentoxide, but a number of other oxides are formed in trace quantities or have been hypothesized to exist. The chemistry of these compounds is complicated with only a few having been well characterized. Many have been detected in the atmosphere and are believed to be particularly important in the marine boundary layer.

Polyhalogen ions are a group of polyatomic cations and anions containing halogens only. The ions can be classified into two classes, isopolyhalogen ions which contain one type of halogen only, and heteropolyhalogen ions with more than one type of halogen.

Iron(III) iodide is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula FeI3. It is a thermodynamically unstable compound that is difficult to prepare. Nevertheless, iron(III) iodide has been synthesised in small quantities in the absence of air and water.

Cobalt compounds are chemical compounds formed by cobalt with other elements.

Lutetium compounds are compounds formed by the lanthanide metal lutetium (Lu). In these compounds, lutetium generally exhibits the +3 oxidation state, such as LuCl3, Lu2O3 and Lu2(SO4)3. Aqueous solutions of most lutetium salts are colorless and form white crystalline solids upon drying, with the common exception of the iodide. The soluble salts, such as nitrate, sulfate and acetate form hydrates upon crystallization. The oxide, hydroxide, fluoride, carbonate, phosphate and oxalate are insoluble in water.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Astatine compounds</span>

Astatine compounds are compounds that contain the element astatine (At). As this element is very radioactive, few compounds have been studied. Less reactive than iodine, astatine is the least reactive of the halogens. Its compounds have been synthesized in nano-scale amounts and studied as intensively as possible before their radioactive disintegration. The reactions involved have been typically tested with dilute solutions of astatine mixed with larger amounts of iodine. Acting as a carrier, the iodine ensures there is sufficient material for laboratory techniques to work. Like iodine, astatine has been shown to adopt odd-numbered oxidation states ranging from −1 to +7.

References

  1. 1 2 3 Perry, Dale L.; Phillips, Sidney L. (1995), Handbook of Inorganic Compounds, CRC Press, p. 63, ISBN   0-8493-8671-3 , retrieved 2007-12-10
  2. Parsons, Charles Lathrop (1909), The Chemistry and Literature of Beryllium, Easton, Pa.: Chemical Publishing, pp. 22–23, retrieved 2007-12-10
  3. 1 2 3 NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0054". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
  4. Buchner, M. R. (2017-01-01), "Beryllium Chemistry", Reference Module in Chemistry, Molecular Sciences and Chemical Engineering, Elsevier, ISBN   978-0-12-409547-2 , retrieved 2022-10-27
  5. 1 2 Paparo, Albert; Jones, Cameron (2019-02-01). "Beryllium Halide Complexes Incorporating Neutral or Anionic Ligands: Potential Precursors for Beryllium Chemistry". Chemistry: An Asian Journal. 14 (3): 486–490. doi:10.1002/asia.201801800. ISSN   1861-4728. PMID   30604490. S2CID   58632466.
  6. Troyanov, S.I. (2000). "Crystal Modifications of Beryllium Dihalides BeCl2, BeBr2 and BeI2". Zhurnal Neorganicheskoi Khimii. 45: 1619–1624.