Beryllium hydroxide

Last updated
Beryllium hydroxide
BeOH.png
Names
IUPAC name
Beryllium hydroxide
Other names
  • Beryllic acid
  • Hydrated beryllia
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChEBI
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.033.048 OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
EC Number
  • 236-368-6
1024
MeSH Beryllium+hydroxide
PubChem CID
RTECS number
  • DS3150000
UNII
  • InChI=1S/Be.2H2O/h;2*1H2/q+2;;/p-2 Yes check.svgY
    Key: WPJWIROQQFWMMK-UHFFFAOYSA-L Yes check.svgY
  • InChI=1/Be.2H2O/h;2*1H2/q+2;;/p-2
    Key: WPJWIROQQFWMMK-NUQVWONBAB
  • O[Be]O
Properties
BeH2O2
Molar mass 43.026 g·mol−1
AppearanceVivid white, opaque crystals
Density 1.92 g cm−3 [1]
Melting point (decomposes)
0.0000023965 g/L
6.92×1022 [2]
Acidity (pKa)3.7 [3]
Structure
Linear
Thermochemistry
1.443 J K−1
Std molar
entropy
(S298)
47 J·mol−1·K−1 [4]
-904 kJ mol−1 [4]
-818 kJ/mol
Hazards
Occupational safety and health (OHS/OSH):
Main hazards
Carcinogenic
GHS labelling:
GHS-pictogram-skull.svg GHS-pictogram-silhouette.svg GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg [5]
Danger
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)
NFPA 704.svgHealth 4: Very short exposure could cause death or major residual injury. E.g. VX gasFlammability 0: Will not burn. E.g. waterInstability 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogenSpecial hazards (white): no code
4
0
0
Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
4 mg kg−1 (intravenous, rat)
NIOSH (US health exposure limits):
PEL (Permissible)
TWA 0.002 mg/m3
C 0.005 mg/m3 (30 minutes), with a maximum peak of 0.025 mg/m3 (as Be) [6]
REL (Recommended)
Ca C 0.0005 mg/m3 (as Be) [6]
IDLH (Immediate danger)
Ca [4 mg/m3 (as Be)] [6]
Related compounds
Related compounds
Aluminium oxide

Magnesium hydroxide

Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
X mark.svgN  verify  (what is  Yes check.svgYX mark.svgN ?)

Beryllium hydroxide, Be(OH)2, is an amphoteric hydroxide, dissolving in both acids and alkalis. Industrially, it is produced as a by-product in the extraction of beryllium metal from the ores beryl and bertrandite. [7] The natural pure beryllium hydroxide is rare (in form of the mineral behoite, orthorhombic) or very rare (clinobehoite, monoclinic). [8] [9] When alkali is added to beryllium salt solutions the α-form (a gel) is formed. If this left to stand or boiled, the rhombic β-form precipitates. [10] This has the same structure as zinc hydroxide, Zn(OH)2, with tetrahedral beryllium centers. [11]

Reactions

Beryllium hydroxide is difficult to dissolve in water. With alkalis it dissolves to form the tetrahydroxoberyllate (also known as tetrahydroxidoberyllate) anion, [Be(OH)4]2−. [12] With sodium hydroxide solution:

2 NaOH(aq) + Be(OH)2(s) → Na2[Be(OH)4](aq)

With acids, beryllium salts are formed. [12] For example, with sulfuric acid, H2SO4, beryllium sulfate is formed:

Be(OH)2 + H2SO4 → BeSO4 + 2 H2O

Beryllium hydroxide dehydrates at 400 °C to form the soluble white powder, beryllium oxide: [12]

Be(OH)2 → BeO + H2O

Further heating at higher temperature produces acid insoluble BeO. [12]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hydroxide</span> Chemical compound

Hydroxide is a diatomic anion with chemical formula OH. It consists of an oxygen and hydrogen atom held together by a single covalent bond, and carries a negative electric charge. It is an important but usually minor constituent of water. It functions as a base, a ligand, a nucleophile, and a catalyst. The hydroxide ion forms salts, some of which dissociate in aqueous solution, liberating solvated hydroxide ions. Sodium hydroxide is a multi-million-ton per annum commodity chemical. The corresponding electrically neutral compound HO is the hydroxyl radical. The corresponding covalently bound group –OH of atoms is the hydroxy group. Both the hydroxide ion and hydroxy group are nucleophiles and can act as catalysts in organic chemistry.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sodium hydroxide</span> Chemical compound with formula NaOH

Sodium hydroxide, also known as lye and caustic soda, is an inorganic compound with the formula NaOH. It is a white solid ionic compound consisting of sodium cations Na+ and hydroxide anions OH.

In chemistry, an amphoteric compound is a molecule or ion that can react both as an acid and as a base. What exactly this can mean depends on which definitions of acids and bases are being used.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lead(II) sulfate</span> Chemical compound

Lead(II) sulfate (PbSO4) is a white solid, which appears white in microcrystalline form. It is also known as fast white, milk white, sulfuric acid lead salt or anglesite.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Magnesium carbonate</span> Chemical compound

Magnesium carbonate, MgCO3, is an inorganic salt that is a colourless or white solid. Several hydrated and basic forms of magnesium carbonate also exist as minerals.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Neutralization (chemistry)</span> Chemical reaction in which an acid and a base react quantitatively

In chemistry, neutralization or neutralisation is a chemical reaction in which acid and a base react with an equivalent quantity of each other. In a reaction in water, neutralization results in there being no excess of hydrogen or hydroxide ions present in the solution. The pH of the neutralized solution depends on the acid strength of the reactants.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cadmium sulfate</span> Chemical compound

Cadmium sulfate is the name of a series of related inorganic compounds with the formula CdSO4·xH2O. The most common form is the monohydrate CdSO4·H2O, but two other forms are known CdSO4·83H2O and the anhydrous salt (CdSO4). All salts are colourless and highly soluble in water.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Aluminium chloride</span> Chemical compound

Aluminium chloride, also known as aluminium trichloride, is an inorganic compound with the formula AlCl3. It forms a hexahydrate with the formula [Al(H2O)6]Cl3, containing six water molecules of hydration. Both the anhydrous form and the hexahydrate are colourless crystals, but samples are often contaminated with iron(III) chloride, giving them a yellow colour.

Acid salts are a class of salts that produce an acidic solution after being dissolved in a solvent. Its formation as a substance has a greater electrical conductivity than that of the pure solvent. An acidic solution formed by acid salt is made during partial neutralization of diprotic or polyprotic acids. A half-neutralization occurs due to the remaining of replaceable hydrogen atoms from the partial dissociation of weak acids that have not been reacted with hydroxide ions to create water molecules.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Magnesium nitrate</span> Chemical compound

Magnesium nitrate refers to inorganic compounds with the formula Mg(NO3)2(H2O)x, where x = 6, 2, and 0. All are white solids. The anhydrous material is hygroscopic, quickly forming the hexahydrate upon standing in air. All of the salts are very soluble in both water and ethanol.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vanadium(V) oxide</span> Precursor to vanadium alloys and industrial catalyst

Vanadium(V) oxide (vanadia) is the inorganic compound with the formula V2O5. Commonly known as vanadium pentoxide, it is a brown/yellow solid, although when freshly precipitated from aqueous solution, its colour is deep orange. Because of its high oxidation state, it is both an amphoteric oxide and an oxidizing agent. From the industrial perspective, it is the most important compound of vanadium, being the principal precursor to alloys of vanadium and is a widely used industrial catalyst.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Beryllium oxide</span> Chemical compound

Beryllium oxide (BeO), also known as beryllia, is an inorganic compound with the formula BeO. This colourless solid is a notable electrical insulator with a higher thermal conductivity than any other non-metal except diamond, and exceeds that of most metals. As an amorphous solid, beryllium oxide is white. Its high melting point leads to its use as a refractory material. It occurs in nature as the mineral bromellite. Historically and in materials science, beryllium oxide was called glucina or glucinium oxide, owing to its sweet taste.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Iron(II) hydroxide</span> Chemical compound

Iron(II) hydroxide or ferrous hydroxide is an inorganic compound with the formula Fe(OH)2. It is produced when iron(II) salts, from a compound such as iron(II) sulfate, are treated with hydroxide ions. Iron(II) hydroxide is a white solid, but even traces of oxygen impart a greenish tinge. The air-oxidised solid is sometimes known as "green rust".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Beryllium nitride</span> Chemical compound

Beryllium nitride, Be3N2, is a nitride of beryllium. It can be prepared from the elements at high temperature (1100–1500 °C); unlike beryllium azide or BeN6, it decomposes in vacuum into beryllium and nitrogen. It is readily hydrolysed forming beryllium hydroxide and ammonia. It has two polymorphic forms cubic α-Be3N2 with a defect anti-fluorite structure, and hexagonal β-Be3N2. It reacts with silicon nitride, Si3N4 in a stream of ammonia at 1800–1900 °C to form BeSiN2.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Silver oxide</span> Chemical compound

Silver oxide is the chemical compound with the formula Ag2O. It is a fine black or dark brown powder that is used to prepare other silver compounds.

Zinc hydroxide Zn(OH)2 is an inorganic chemical compound. It also occurs naturally as 3 rare minerals: wülfingite (orthorhombic), ashoverite and sweetite (both tetragonal).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cadmium hydroxide</span> Chemical compound

Cadmium hydroxide is an inorganic compound with the formula Cd(OH)2. It is a white crystalline ionic compound that is a key component of nickel–cadmium battery.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Copper(II) phosphate</span> Chemical compound

Copper(II) phosphate are inorganic compounds with the formula Cu3(PO4)2. They can be regarded as the cupric salts of phosphoric acid. Anhydrous copper(II) phosphate and a trihydrate are blue solids.

Chromium(III) hydroxide is a gelatinous green inorganic compound with the chemical formula Cr(OH)3. It is a polymer with an undefined structure and low solubility. It is amphoteric, dissolving in both strong alkalis and strong acids.

Yttrium(III) hydroxide is an inorganic compound and an alkali with the chemical formula Y(OH)3.

References

  1. Pradyot Patnaik. Handbook of Inorganic Chemicals. McGraw-Hill, 2002, ISBN   0-07-049439-8
  2. John Rumble (June 18, 2018). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (99 ed.). CRC Press. pp. 4–47. ISBN   978-1138561632.
  3. Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Cleveland, Ohio: Chemical Rubber Publishing Company. 1951. pp. 1636–1637.
  4. 1 2 Zumdahl, Steven S. (2009). Chemical Principles 6th Ed. Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN   978-0-618-94690-7.
  5. "Beryllium Hydroxide". American Elements. Retrieved 5 July 2023.
  6. 1 2 3 NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0054". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
  7. Jessica Elzea Kogel, Nikhil C. Trivedi, James M. Barker and Stanley T. Krukowski, 2006, Industrial Minerals & Rocks: Commodities, Markets, and Uses, 7th edition, SME, ISBN   0-87335-233-5
  8. Mindat, http://www.mindat.org/min-603.html
  9. Mindat, http://www.mindat.org/min-1066.html
  10. Mary Eagleson, 1994, Concise encyclopedia chemistry, Walter de Gruyter, ISBN   3-11-011451-8
  11. Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN   978-0-08-037941-8.
  12. 1 2 3 4 Egon Wiberg, Arnold Frederick Holleman (2001) Inorganic Chemistry, Elsevier ISBN   0-12-352651-5