Carbon (programming language)

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Carbon
Carbon logo.png
Logo on Carbon's GitHub organization
Family C
Designed by Google
Typing discipline Static, nominative, partly inferred
Implementation language C++
License Apache-2.0-with-LLVM-Exception
Filename extensions .carbon
Website github.com/carbon-language
Influenced by
C++, Rust, Zig, Haskell, Kotlin, Swift [1]

Carbon is an experimental programming language designed for interoperability with C++. [2] The project is open-source and was started at Google. Google engineer Chandler Carruth first introduced Carbon at the CppNorth conference in Toronto in July 2022. He stated that Carbon was created to be a C++ successor. [3] [1] [4] The language is expected to have an experimental MVP version 0.1 in late 2026 at the earliest and a production-ready version 1.0 after 2028. [5]

Contents

The language intends to fix several perceived shortcomings of C++ [6] but otherwise provides a similar feature set. The main goals of the language are readability and "bi-directional interoperability" (which allows the user to include C++ code in the Carbon file), as opposed to using a new language like Rust, that, whilst being influenced by C++, is not two-way compatible with C++ programs. Changes to the language will be decided by the Carbon leads. [7] [8] [9] [10]

Carbon's documents, design, implementation, and related tools are hosted on GitHub under the Apache-2.0 license with LLVM Exceptions. [11]

Example

The following shows how a program might be written in Carbon and C++: [12]

CarbonC++
packageGeometry;importMath;classCircle{varr:f32;}fnPrintTotalArea(circles:Slice(Circle)){vararea:f32=0;for(c:Circleincircles){area+=Math.Pi*c.r*c.r;}Print("Total area: {0}",area);}fnMain()->i32{// A dynamically sized array, like `std::vector`.varcircles:Array(Circle)=({.r=1.0},{.r=2.0});// Implicitly converts `Array` to `Slice`.PrintTotalArea(circles);return0;}
#include<iostream>#include<vector>usingnamespacestd;structCircle{float32_tr;};voidPrintTotalArea(span<Circle>circles){float32_tarea=0;for(constCircle&c:circles){area+=numbers::pi*c.r*c.r;}cout<<"Total area: "<<area<<"\n";}intmain(){vector<Circle>circles{{.r=1.0},{.r=2.0}};// Implicitly converts `vector` to `span`.PrintTotalArea(circles);return0;}

See also

References

  1. 1 2 "Carbon Language: An experimental successor to C++ - Chandler Carruth - CppNorth 2022". CppNorth. 22 July 2022 – via YouTube.
  2. ↑ "README" . Retrieved 6 September 2023. It is designed around interoperability with C++ as well as large-scale adoption and migration for existing C++ codebases and developers.
  3. ↑ "Scheduled events for Tuesday, July 19, 09:00 - 10:30". CppNorth, The Canadian C++ Conference, July 17–20, 2022. CppNorth. Retrieved 21 July 2022– via Sched.com.
  4. ↑ Bradshaw, Kyle (19 July 2022). "Carbon, a new programming language from Google, aims to be C++ successor". 9to5Google.
  5. ↑ Carbon Language: Roadmap, carbon-language, 11 January 2024, retrieved 18 January 2024
  6. ↑ "Difficulties improving C++". carbon-language/carbon-lang repo. Google. 21 July 2022 – via GitHub.
  7. ↑ Carruth, Chandler; Ross-Perkins, Jon; Riley, Matthew; Hummert, Sidney (23 July 2022). "Evolution and governance". carbon-language/carbon-lang repo. Google – via GitHub.
  8. ↑ Illidge, Myles (21 July 2022). "Google's Carbon programming language aims to replace C++". MyBroadband.
  9. ↑ Jackson, Joab (20 July 2022). "Google Launches Carbon, an Experimental Replacement for C++". The New Stack.
  10. ↑ Mustafa, Onsa (20 July 2022). "Carbon, A New Programming Language from Google As A C++ Successor". PhoneWorld.
  11. ↑ "carbon-lang/LICENSE". GitHub. 16 June 2020. Retrieved 24 July 2022.
  12. ↑ "carbon-lang/docs/images/snippets.md at trunk · carbon-language/carbon-lang". GitHub. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
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