Climate change policy of the George W. Bush administration

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The climate change policy of the United States under the presidency of George W. Bush differed from Bush's promises on the campaign trail to regulate carbon dioxide emissions from power plants: within two months of taking office he walked away from his commitment. [1]

Contents

Kyoto Protocol

In March 2001, the Bush administration announced that it would not implement the Kyoto Protocol, an international treaty signed in 1997 in Kyoto, Japan, that would require nations to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions, claiming that ratifying the treaty would create economic setbacks in the U.S. and does not put enough pressure to limit emissions from developing nations. [2] [3] [4] In June 2001, Bush stated he will continue to oppose the Kyoto accord. [5] [6]

In February 2002, Bush announced his alternative to the Kyoto Protocol, by bringing forth a plan to reduce the intensity of greenhouse gases by 18 percent over 10 years. The intensity of greenhouse gases specifically is the ratio of greenhouse gas emissions and economic output, meaning that under this plan, emissions would still continue to grow, but at a slower pace. Bush stated that this plan would prevent the release of 500 million metric tons of greenhouse gases, which is about the equivalent of 70 million cars from the road. This target would achieve this goal by providing tax credits to businesses that use renewable energy sources. [7]

Influence of industry groups

In June 2005, US State Department papers showed the Bush administration thanking Exxon executives for the company's "active involvement" in helping to determine climate change policy, including the U.S. stance on Kyoto. Input from the business lobby group Global Climate Coalition was also a factor. [8]

The Bush administration implemented an industry-formulated disinformation campaign designed to actively mislead the American public on global warming and to forestall limits on "climate polluters," according to a report in Rolling Stone magazine which reviews hundreds of internal government documents and former government officials. [9]

"'They've got a political clientele that does not want to be regulated,' says Rick S. Piltz, a former Bush climate official who blew the whistle on White House censorship of global-warming documents in 2005. 'Any honest discussion of the science would stimulate public pressure for a stronger policy. They're not stupid.'

Bush's do-nothing policy on global warming began almost as soon as he took office. By pursuing a carefully orchestrated policy of delay, the White House blocked even the most modest reforms and replaced them with token investments in futuristic solutions like hydrogen cars. 'It's a charade,' says Jeremy Symons, who represented the EPA on Dick Cheney's energy task force, the industry-studded group that met in secret to craft the administration's energy policy. 'They have a single-minded determination to do nothing—while making it look like they are doing something.' . . .

The CEQ became Cheney's shadow EPA, with industry calling the shots. To head up the council, Cheney installed James Connaughton, a former lobbyist for industrial polluters, who once worked to help General Electric and ARCO skirt responsibility for their Superfund waste sites.

...two weeks after Bush took office - ExxonMobil's top lobbyist, Randy Randol, demanded a housecleaning of the scientists in charge of studying global warming. . .

...Exxon's wish was the CEQ's command. [10]

Political pressure on scientists

Also according to testimony taken by the U.S. House of Representatives, the Bush White House pressured American scientists to suppress discussion of global warming. [11] [12]

"High-quality science" was "struggling to get out," as the Bush administration pressured scientists to tailor their writings on global warming to fit the Bush administration's skepticism, in some cases at the behest of an ex-oil industry lobbyist. "Nearly half of all respondents perceived or personally experienced pressure to eliminate the words 'climate change,' 'global warming' or other similar terms from a variety of communications."

Similarly, according to the testimony of senior officers of the Government Accountability Project, the White House attempted to bury the report "National Assessment of the Potential Consequences of Climate Variability and Change," produced by U.S. scientists pursuant to U.S. law. [13] Some U.S. scientists resigned their jobs rather than give in to White House pressure to underreport global warming. [11]

Also, the White House removed key portions of a Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) report given to the U.S. Senate Environment and Public Works Committee about the dangers to human health of global warming. [14] According to one CDC official familiar with both the CDC version and the version given to the Senate, the version given to the Senate was "eviscerated." The White House prevented the Senate and thus the public from receiving key CDC estimates in the report about diseases likely to flourish in a warmer climate, increased injuries and deaths from severe weather such as hurricanes, more respiratory problems from drought-driven air pollution, an increase in waterborne diseases including cholera, increases in vector-borne diseases including malaria and hantavirus, mental health problems such as depression and post-traumatic stress, and how many people might be adversely affected because of increased warming.

US officials, such as Philip Cooney, have repeatedly edited scientific reports from US government scientists, [15] many of whom, such as Thomas Knutson, have been ordered to refrain from discussing climate change and related topics. [16] [17] [18]

Climate scientist James E. Hansen, director of NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies, claimed in a widely cited New York Times article [19] in 2006 that his superiors at the agency were trying to "censor" information "going out to the public." NASA denied this, saying that it was merely requiring that scientists make a distinction between personal, and official government, views in interviews conducted as part of work done at the agency. Several scientists working at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration have made similar complaints; [20] once again, government officials said they were enforcing long-standing policies requiring government scientists to clearly identify personal opinions as such when participating in public interviews and forums.

In 2006, the BBC's long-running current affairs series Panorama investigated the issue, and was told that "scientific reports about global warming have been systematically changed and suppressed." [21]

According to an Associated Press release on January 30, 2007,

...climate scientists at seven government agencies say they have been subjected to political pressure aimed at downplaying the threat of global warming. The groups presented a survey that shows two in five of the 279 climate scientists who responded to a questionnaire complained that some of their scientific papers had been edited in a way that changed their meaning. Nearly half of the 279 said in response to another question that at some point they had been told to delete reference to "global warming" or "climate change" from a report. [22]

Critics writing in the Wall Street Journal editorial page claim that the survey [23] was itself unscientific. [24]

Attempts to suppress scientific information on global warming and other issues have been described by Chris Mooney as constituting a Republican War on Science.

In 2008, Jason Burnett, who was senior adviser on climate change in the EPA, claimed Dick Cheney's office had sought to remove references to climate change in a testimony given to Congress by CDC Director Julie Gerberding. [25] [26] [27]

Attempts to undermine U.S. and state efforts

The Bush administration worked to undermine state efforts to mitigate global warming. Mary Peters, the transportation secretary at that time, personally directed US efforts to urge governors and dozens of members of the House of Representatives to block California's first-in-the-nation limits on greenhouse gases from cars and trucks, according to e-mails obtained by Congress. [28]

See also

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The Global Climate Coalition (GCC) (1989–2001) was an international lobbyist group of businesses that opposed action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and engaged in climate change denial, publicly challenging the science behind global warming. The GCC was the largest industry group active in climate policy and the most prominent industry advocate in international climate negotiations. The GCC was involved in opposition to the Kyoto Protocol, and played a role in blocking ratification by the United States. The coalition knew it could not deny the scientific consensus, but sought to sow doubt over the scientific consensus on climate change and create manufactured controversy.

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The Kyoto Protocol (Japanese: 京都議定書, Hepburn: Kyōto Giteisho) was an international treaty which extended the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) that commits state parties to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, based on the scientific consensus that global warming is occurring and that human-made CO2 emissions are driving it. The Kyoto Protocol was adopted in Kyoto, Japan, on 11 December 1997 and entered into force on 16 February 2005. There were 192 parties (Canada withdrew from the protocol, effective December 2012) to the Protocol in 2020.

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Although it is a worldwide treaty, the Kyoto Protocol has received criticism.

The Kyoto Protocol was an international treaty which extended the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. A number of governments across the world took a variety of actions.

The Kyoto Protocol was an international treaty which extended the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Timeline of international climate politics</span>

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References

  1. ↑ Revkin, Douglas Jehl With Andrew C. (March 14, 2001). "Bush, in Reversal, Won't Seek Cut In Emissions of Carbon Dioxide". The New York Times. Retrieved July 4, 2023.
  2. ↑ "U.S. Won't Follow Climate Treaty Provisions, Whitman Says". The New York Times. March 28, 2001. Retrieved July 7, 2024.
  3. ↑ "U.S. Aims to Pull Out of Warming Treaty". The Washington Post. March 28, 2001. Retrieved July 7, 2024.
  4. ↑ "US blow to Kyoto hopes". BBC News. March 28, 2001. Retrieved February 28, 2023.
  5. ↑ "Bush Will Continue to Oppose Kyoto Pact on Global Warming". The New York Times. June 12, 2001. Retrieved July 7, 2024.
  6. ↑ "Bush Turns His Back on Global Warming Treaty". Los Angeles Times. June 12, 2001. Retrieved July 7, 2024.
  7. ↑ Bush unveils voluntary plan to reduce global warming Archived December 12, 2008, at the Wayback Machine , CNN.com, 2002-02-14.
  8. ↑ Vidal, John (June 8, 2005). "Revealed: how oil giant influenced Bush". The Guardian. London. Retrieved January 24, 2010.
  9. ↑ Dickinson, Tim (June 8, 2007). "The Secret Campaign of President Bush's Administration To Deny Global Warming". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on June 26, 2007. Retrieved January 24, 2010.
  10. ↑ "Dan Froomkin - Cheney: Neither Here Nor There?". The Washington Post . June 21, 2007. ISSN   0190-8286 . Retrieved April 28, 2023.
  11. 1 2 Reuters, January 30, 2007, free archived version at http://www.commondreams.org/headlines07/0130-10.htm Archived 2007-02-02 at the Wayback Machine , last visited Jan. 30, '07
  12. ↑ Written testimony of Dr. Grifo before the Committee on Oversight and Government Reform of the U.S. House of Representatives on January 30, 2007, archived at "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on August 5, 2009. Retrieved December 15, 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  13. ↑ written testimony of Rick Piltz before the Committee on Oversight and Government Reform of the U.S. House of Representatives on January 30, 2007, archived at http://oversight.house.gov/Documents/20070130113813-92288.pdf Archived 2007-01-31 at the Wayback Machine last visited Jan. 30, 07
  14. ↑ Associated Press, Oct. 24, 2007, http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/G/GLOBAL_WARMING_HEALTH?SITE=NVREN&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT; also archived at http://www.commondreams.org/archive/2007/10/24/4772/ Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine
  15. ↑ Campbell, D. (June 20, 2003) "White House cuts global warming from report" Guardian Unlimited
  16. ↑ Donaghy, T., et al. (2007) "Atmosphere of Pressure:" Archived June 14, 2007, at the Wayback Machine a report of the Government Accountability Project (Cambridge, Mass.: UCS Publications)
  17. ↑ Rule, E. (2005) "Possible media attention" Email to NOAA staff, July 27. Obtained via FOIA request on July 31, 2006. Archived August 7, 2008, at the Wayback Machine and Teet, J. (2005) "DOC Interview Policy" Email to NOAA staff, September 29. Originally published by Alexandrovna, L. (2005) "Commerce Department tells National Weather Service media contacts must be pre-approved" Archived 2006-10-19 at the Wayback Machine The Raw Story, October 4. Accessed December 22, 2006
  18. ↑ Zabarenko, Deborah (March 8, 2007). "'Don't discuss polar bears:' memo to scientists", Reuters
  19. ↑ Revkin, Andrew C. (January 29, 2006). "Climate Expert Says NASA Tried to Silence Him". The New York Times . Retrieved April 14, 2007.
  20. ↑ Eilperin, Julie (April 6, 2006). "Climate Researchers Feeling Heat From White House". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 24, 2010.
  21. ↑ "Climate chaos: Bush's climate of fear". BBC Panorama. June 1, 2006. Retrieved April 14, 2007.
  22. ↑ "Groups Say Scientists Pressured On Warming". CBS News and Associated Press. January 30, 2007. Retrieved April 14, 2007.
  23. ↑ Donaghy, Timothy; Jennifer Freeman; Francesca Grifo; Karly Kaufman; Tarek Maassarani; Lexi Shultz (February 2007). "Appendix A: UCS Climate Scientist Survey Text and Responses (Federal)" (PDF). Atmosphere of Pressure – Political Interference in Federal Climate Science (PDF). Union of Concerned Scientists & Government Accountability Project . Retrieved April 14, 2007.
  24. ↑ Taranto, James (February 1, 2007). "They Call This Science?". OpinionJournal.com . Retrieved April 14, 2007.
  25. ↑ "Cheney's office accused of editing climate change testimony". The New York Times. July 9, 2008. Retrieved July 7, 2024.
  26. ↑ "Cheney accused of EPA interference". Los Angeles Times. July 9, 2008. Retrieved July 7, 2024.
  27. ↑ "Ex-Aide: Cheney Nixed CDC Report Testimony". CBS News. July 8, 2008. Retrieved July 7, 2024.
  28. ↑ "How the White House Worked to Scuttle California's Climate Law", San Francisco Chronicle, September 25, 2007 http://www.commondreams.org/archive/2007/09/25/4099/ Archived 2013-06-17 at the Wayback Machine
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