Electron affinity (data page)

This page deals with the electron affinity as a property of isolated atoms or molecules (i.e. in the gas phase). Solid state electron affinities are not listed here.

Elements

Electron affinity can be defined in two equivalent ways. First, as the energy that is released by adding an electron to an isolated gaseous atom. The second (reverse) definition is that electron affinity is the energy required to remove an electron from a singly charged gaseous negative ion. The latter can be regarded as the ionization energy of the –1 ion or the zeroth ionization energy. ^[1] Either convention can be used. ^[2]

Negative electron affinities can be used in those cases where electron capture requires energy, i.e. when capture can occur only if the impinging electron has a kinetic energy large enough to excite a resonance of the atom-plus-electron system. Conversely electron removal from the anion formed in this way releases energy, which is carried out by the freed electron as kinetic energy. Negative ions formed in these cases are always unstable. They may have lifetimes of the order of microseconds to milliseconds, and invariably autodetach after some time.

† A quantum offset of the velocity imaging-based measurements was revealed in 2025, ^[3] which could make a revision of all electron affinities marked with a dagger ^† necessary. The value of the downward correction to be applied is determined by the intensity of the electric field that was used in the experiment, which was not published with the original measurements, but can be estimated to be of the order of -20 μeV.

Z	Element	Name	Electron affinity (eV)	Electron affinity (kJ/mol)	References
1	1H	Hydrogen	0.754 195(19)	72.769(2)	[4]
1	2H	Deuterium	0.754 67(4)	72.814(4)	[5]
2	He	Helium	−0.5(2)	−48(20)	est. [6]
3	Li	Lithium	0.618 049(22)	59.632 6(21)	[7]
4	Be	Beryllium	−0.5(2)	−48(20)	est. [6]
5	B	Boron	0.279 723(25)	26.989(3)	[8]
6	12C	Carbon	1.262 122 6(11)	121.776 3(1)	[9]
6	13C	Carbon	1.262 113 6(12)	121.775 5(2)	[9]
7	N	Nitrogen	−0.07	−6.8	[6]
8	16O	Oxygen	1.461 112 97(9)	140.975 970(9)	[10]
8	17O	Oxygen	1.461 108(4)	140.975 5(3)	[11]
8	18O	Oxygen	1.461 105(3)	140.975 2(3)	[11]
9	F	Fluorine	3.401 189 8(24)	328.164 9(3)	[12] [13]
10	Ne	Neon	−1.2(2)	−116(19)	est. [6]
11	Na	Sodium	0.547 926(25)	52.867(3)	[14]
12	Mg	Magnesium	−0.4(2)	−40(19)	est. [6]
13	Al	Aluminium	0.432 83(5)	41.762(5)	[15]
14	Si	Silicon	1.389 521 2(8)	134.068 4(1)	[16]
15	P	Phosphorus	0.746 609(11)	72.037(1)	[17]
16	32S	Sulfur	2.077 104 2(6)	200.410 1(1)	[16]
16	34S	Sulfur	2.077 104 5(12)	200.410 1(2)	[18]
17	Cl	Chlorine	3.612 725(28)	348.575(3)	[19]
18	Ar	Argon	−1.0(2)	−96(20)	est. [6]
19	K	Potassium	0.501 459(13)	48.383(2)	[20]
20	Ca	Calcium	0.024 55(10)	2.37(1)	[21]
21	Sc	Scandium	0.179 380(23)†	17.307 6(22)	[22]
22	Ti	Titanium	0.075 54(5)†	7.289(5)	[23]
23	V	Vanadium	0.527 66(20)†	50.911(20)	[24]
24	Cr	Chromium	0.675 928(27)†	65.217 2(26)	[22]
25	Mn	Manganese	−0.5(2)	−50(19)	est. [6]
26	Fe	Iron	0.153 236(35)†	14.785(4)	[25]
27	Co	Cobalt	0.662 255(47)†	63.897 9(45)	[26]
28	Ni	Nickel	1.157 16(12)	111.65(2)	[27]
29	Cu	Copper	1.235 78(4)	119.235(4)	[28]
30	Zn	Zinc	−0.6(2)	−58(20)	est. [6]
31	Ga	Gallium	0.301 166(15)†	29.058 1(15)	[29]
32	Ge	Germanium	1.232 676 4(13)	118.935 2(2)	[30]
33	75As	Arsenic	0.804 486(3)	77.621 1(3)	[3]
34	Se	Selenium	2.020 604 7(12)	194.958 7(2)	[31]
35	Br	Bromine	3.363 588(3)	324.536 9(3)	[12]
36	Kr	Krypton	−1.0(2)	−96(20)	est. [6]
37	Rb	Rubidium	0.485 916(21)	46.884(3)	[32]
38	Sr	Strontium	0.052 06(6)	5.023(6)	[33]
39	Y	Yttrium	0.311 29(22)†	30.035(21)	[22]
40	Zr	Zirconium	0.433 28(9)†	41.806(9)	[34]
41	Nb	Niobium	0.917 40(7)†	88.516(7)	[35]
42	Mo	Molybdenum	0.747 23(8)†	72.097(8)	[22]
43	Tc	Technetium	0.55(20)	53(20)	est. [36]
44	Ru	Ruthenium	1.046 27(2)†	100.950(3)	[22]
45	Rh	Rhodium	1.142 89(20)	110.27(2)	[27]
46	Pd	Palladium	0.562 14(12)	54.24(2)	[27]
47	Ag	Silver	1.304 47(3)	125.862(3)	[28]
48	Cd	Cadmium	−0.7(2)	−68(20)	est. [6]
49	In	Indium	0.383 92(6)	37.043(6)	[37]
50	Sn	Tin	1.112 070(2)	107.298 4(3)	[38]
51	Sb	Antimony	1.047 401(19)	101.059(2)	[39]
52	Te	Tellurium	1.970 875(7)	190.161(1)	[40]
53	127I	Iodine	3.059 046 5(37)	295.153 1(4)	[41]
53	128I	Iodine	3.059 052(38)	295.154(4)	[42]
54	Xe	Xenon	−0.8(2)	−77(20)	est. [6]
55	Cs	Caesium	0.4715983(38)	45.5023(4)	[43]
56	Ba	Barium	0.144 62(6)	13.954(6)	[44]
57	La	Lanthanum	0.557 546(20)†	53.795(2)	[45]
58	Ce	Cerium	0.600 160(27)†	57.906 7(26)	[46]
59	Pr	Praseodymium	0.109 23(46)†	10.539(45)	[47]
60	Nd	Neodymium	0.097 49(33)†	9.406(32)	[47]
61	Pm	Promethium	0.129	12.45	[48]
62	Sm	Samarium	0.162	15.63	[48]
63	Eu	Europium	0.116(13)	11.2(13)	[49]
64	Gd	Gadolinium	0.212(30)†	20.5(29)	[22]
65	Tb	Terbium	0.131 31(80)†	12.670(77)	[47]
66	Dy	Dysprosium	0.015(3)	1.45(30)	[50]
67	Ho	Holmium	0.338	32.61	[48]
68	Er	Erbium	0.312	30.10	[48]
69	Tm	Thulium	1.029(22)	99(3)	[51]
70	Yb	Ytterbium	−0.02	−1.93	est. [36]
71	Lu	Lutetium	0.238 8(7)†	23.04(7)	[52]
72	Hf	Hafnium	0.178 0(7)†	17.18(7)	[53]
73	Ta	Tantalum	0.328 859(23)†	31.730 1(22)	[22]
74	W	Tungsten	0.816 500(82)†	78.780 3(80)	[22]
75	Re	Rhenium	0.060 396(64)†	5.827 3(62)	[54]
76	Os	Osmium	1.077 661(24)†	103.978 5(24)	[22]
77	Ir	Iridium	1.564 057(12)†	150.908 6(12)	[55]
78	Pt	Platinum	2.125 10(5)	205.041(5)	[56]
79	Au	Gold	2.308 610(25)	222.747(3)	[57]
80	Hg	Mercury	−0.5(2)	−48(20)	est. [6]
81	Tl	Thallium	0.320 053(19)	30.880 4(19)	[58]
82	Pb	Lead	0.356 721(2)	34.418 3(3)	[59]
83	Bi	Bismuth	0.942 362(13)	90.924(2)	[60]
84	Po	Polonium	1.40(7)	136(7)	calc. [61]
85	At	Astatine	2.415 78(7)	233.087(8)	[62]
86	Rn	Radon	−0.7(2)	−68(20)	est. [6]
87	Fr	Francium	0.486	46.89	est. [63] [36]
88	Ra	Radium	0.10	9.648 5	est. [64] [36]
89	Ac	Actinium	0.35	33.77	est. [36]
90	Th	Thorium	0.607 69(6)†	58.633(6)	[65]
91	Pa	Protactinium	0.55	53.03	est. [66]
92	U	Uranium	0.314 97(9)†	30.390(9)	[67]
93	Np	Neptunium	0.48	45.85	est. [66]
94	Pu	Plutonium	−0.50	−48.33	est. [66]
95	Am	Americium	0.10	9.93	est. [66]
96	Cm	Curium	0.28	27.17	est. [66]
97	Bk	Berkelium	−1.72	−165.24	est. [66]
98	Cf	Californium	−1.01	−97.31	est. [66]
99	Es	Einsteinium	−0.30	−28.60	est. [66]
100	Fm	Fermium	0.35	33.96	est. [66]
101	Md	Mendelevium	0.98	93.91	est. [66]
102	No	Nobelium	−2.33	−223.22	est. [66]
103	Lr	Lawrencium	−0.31	−30.04	est. [66]
111	Rg	Roentgenium	1.565	151.0	calc. [68]
113	Nh	Nihonium	0.69	66.6	calc. [69]
115	Mc	Moscovium	0.366	35.3	calc. [69]
116	Lv	Livermorium	0.776	74.9	calc. [69]
117	Ts	Tennessine	1.719	165.9	calc. [69]
118	Og	Oganesson	0.080(6)	7.72(58)	calc. [70]
119	Uue	Ununennium	0.662	63.87	calc. [63]
120	Ubn	Unbinilium	0.021	2.03	calc. [71]
121	Ubu	Unbiunium	0.57	55	calc. [36]

Molecules

The electron affinities E_ea of some molecules are given in the table below, from the lightest to the heaviest. Many more have been listed by Rienstra-Kiracofe et al. (2002). The electron affinities of the radicals OH and SH are the most precisely known of all molecular electron affinities.

Molecule	Name	Eea (eV)	Eea (kJ/mol)	References
Diatomics
16OH	Hydroxyl	1.827 6488(11)	176.3413(2)	Goldfarb et al. (2005)
16OD		1.825 53(4)	176.137(5)	Schulz et al. (1982)
C2	Dicarbon	3.269(6)	315.4(6)	Ervin & Lineberger (1991)
BO	Boron oxide	2.508(8)	242.0(8)	Wenthold et al. (1997)
NO	Nitric oxide	0.026(5)	2.5(5)	Travers, Cowles & Ellison (1989)
O2	Dioxygen	0.450(2)	43.42(20)	Schiedt & Weinkauf (1995)
32SH	Sulfhydryl	2.314 7283(17)	223.3373(2)	Chaibi et al. (2006)
F2	Difluorine	3.08(10)	297(10)	Janousek & Brauman (1979)
Cl2	Dichlorine	2.35(8)	227(8)	Janousek & Brauman (1979)
Br2	Dibromine	2.53(8)	244(8)	Janousek & Brauman (1979)
I2	Diiodine	2.524(5)	243.5(5)	Zanni et al. (1997)
IBr	Iodine monobromide	2.512(3)	242.4(4)	Sheps, Miller & Lineberger (2009)
LiCl	Lithium chloride	0.593(10)	57.2(10)	Miller et al. (1986)
FeO	Iron(II) oxide	1.4950(5)	144.25(6)	Kim, Weichman & Neumark (2015)
CN	Cyano radical	3.862(4)		[72]
Triatomics
NO2	Nitrogen dioxide	2.273(5)	219.3(5)	Ervin, Ho & Lineberger (1988)
O3	Ozone	2.1028(25)	202.89(25)	Novick et al. (1979)
SO2	Sulfur dioxide	1.107(8)	106.8(8)	Nimlos & Ellison (1986)
Larger polyatomics
CH2CHO	Vinyloxy	1.8248(+2-6)	176.07(+3-7)	Rienstra-Kiracofe et al. (2002) after Mead et al. (1984)
C6H6	Benzene	−0.70(14)	−68(14)	Ruoff et al. (1995)
C6H4O2	p-Benzoquinone	1.860(5)	179.5(6)	Schiedt & Weinkauf (1999)
BF3	Boron trifluoride	2.65(10)	256(10)	Page & Goode (1969)
HNO3	Nitric acid	0.57(15)	55(14)	Janousek & Brauman (1979)
CH3NO2	Nitromethane	0.172(6)	16.6(6)	Adams et al. (2009)
POCl3	Phosphoryl chloride	1.41(20)	136(20)	Mathur et al. (1976)
SF6	Sulfur hexafluoride	1.03(5)	99.4(49)	Troe, Miller & Viggiano (2012)
C2(CN)4	Tetracyanoethylene	3.17(20)	306(20)	Chowdhury & Kebarle (1986)
WF6	Tungsten hexafluoride	3.5(1)	338(10)	George & Beauchamp (1979)
UF6	Uranium hexafluoride	5.06(20)	488(20)	NIST chemistry webbook after Borshchevskii et al. (1988)
C60	Buckminsterfullerene	2.6835(6)	258.92(6)	Huang et al. (2014)

Second and third electron affinity

Z	Element	Name	Electron affinity (eV)	Electron affinity (kJ/mol)	References
7	N−	Nitrogen	-6.98	-673	[73]
7	N2−	Nitrogen	-11.09	-1070	[73]
8	O−	Oxygen	-7.71	-744	[73]
15	P−	Phosphorus	-4.85	-468	[73]
15	P2−	Phosphorus	-9.18	-886	[73]
16	S−	Sulfur	-4.73	-456	[73]
33	As−	Arsenic	-4.51	-435	[73]
33	As2−	Arsenic	-8.31	-802	[73]
34	Se−	Selenium	-4.25	-410	[73]

Bibliography

• Janousek, Bruce K.; Brauman, John I. (1979), "Electron affinities", in Bowers, M. T. (ed.), Gas Phase Ion Chemistry, vol. 2, New York: Academic Press, p. 53.
• Rienstra-Kiracofe, J.C.; Tschumper, G.S.; Schaefer, H.F.; Nandi, S.; Ellison, G.B. (2002), "Atomic and molecular electron affinities: Photoelectron experiments and theoretical computations", Chem. Rev., vol. 102, no. 1, pp. 231–282, doi:10.1021/cr990044u, PMID   11782134 .
• Updated values can be found in the NIST chemistry webbook for around three dozen elements and close to 400 compounds.

Specific molecules

• Adams, C.L.; Schneider, H.; Ervin, K.M.; Weber, J.M. (2009), "Low-energy photoelectron imaging spectroscopy of nitromethane anions: Electron affinity, vibrational features, anisotropies, and the dipole-bound state", J. Chem. Phys., 130 (7): 074307, Bibcode:2009JChPh.130g4307A, doi:10.1063/1.3076892, PMID   19239294
• Borshchevskii, A.Ya.; Boltalina, O.V.; Sorokin, I.D.; Sidorov, L.N. (1988), "Thermochemical quantities for gas-phase iron, uranium, and molybdenum fluorides, and their negative ions", J. Chem. Thermodyn., 20 (5): 523, doi:10.1016/0021-9614(88)90080-8
• Chaibi, W.; Delsart, C.; Drag, C.; Blondel, C. (2006), "High precision measurement of the ³²SH electron affinity by laser detachment microscopy", J. Mol. Spectrosc., 239 (1): 11, Bibcode:2006JMoSp.239...11C, doi:10.1016/j.jms.2006.05.012
• Chowdhury, S.; Kebarle, P. (1986), "Electron affinities of di- and tetracyanoethylene and cyanobenzenes based on measurements of gas-phase electron-transfer equilibria", J. Am. Chem. Soc., 108 (18): 5453, doi:10.1021/ja00278a014
• Ervin, K.M.; Ho, J.; Lineberger, W.C. (1988), "Ultraviolet photoelectron spectrum of nitrite anion", J. Phys. Chem., 92 (19): 5405, doi:10.1021/j100330a017
• Ervin, K.M.; Lineberger, W.C. (1991), "Photoelectron spectra of C⁻
  ₂ and C₂H⁻", J. Phys. Chem., 95 (3): 1167, doi:10.1021/j100156a026
• George, P.M.; Beauchamp, J.L. (1979), "The electron and fluoride affinities of tungsten hexafluoride by ion cyclotron resonance spectroscopy", Chem. Phys., 36 (3): 345, Bibcode:1979CP.....36..345G, doi:10.1016/0301-0104(79)85018-1
• Goldfarb, F.; Drag, C.; Chaibi, W.; Kröger, S.; Blondel, C.; Delsart, C. (2005), "Photodetachment microscopy of the P, Q, and R branches of the OH⁻(v=0) to OH(v=0) detachment threshold", J. Chem. Phys., 122 (1): 014308, Bibcode:2005JChPh.122a4308G, doi:10.1063/1.1824904, PMID   15638660
• Huang, Dao-Ling; Dau, Phuong Diem; Liu, Hong-Tao; Wang, Lai-Sheng (2014), "High-resolution photoelectron imaging of cold C⁻
  ₆₀ anions and accurate determination of the electron affinity of C₆₀", J. Chem. Phys., 140 (22): 224315, Bibcode:2014JChPh.140v4315H, doi:10.1063/1.4881421, PMID   24929396, S2CID   1061364
• Kim, J.B.; Weichman, M.L.; Neumark, D.M. (2015), "Low-lying states of FeO and FeO⁻ by slow photoelectron spectroscopy", Mol. Phys., 113 (15–16): 2105, Bibcode:2015MolPh.113.2105K, doi:10.1080/00268976.2015.1005706, S2CID   13868986
• Mathur, B.P.; Rothe, E.W.; Tang, S.Y.; Reck, G.P. (1976), "Negative ions from phosphorus halides due to cesium charge exchange", J. Chem. Phys., 65 (2): 565, Bibcode:1976JChPh..65..565M, doi:10.1063/1.433109
• Mead, R.D.; Lykke, K.R.; Lineberger, W.C.; Marks, J.; Brauman, J.I. (1984), "Spectroscopy and dynamics of the dipole-bound state of acetaldehyde enolate", J. Chem. Phys., 81 (11): 4883, Bibcode:1984JChPh..81.4883M, doi:10.1063/1.447515
• Miller, T.M.; Leopold, D.G.; Murray, K.K.; Lineberger, W.C. (1986), "Electron affinities of the alkali halides and the structure of their negative ions", J. Chem. Phys., 85 (5): 2368, Bibcode:1986JChPh..85.2368M, doi:10.1063/1.451091
• Nimlos, Mark R.; Ellison, G. Barney (1986), "Photoelectron spectroscopy of sulfur-containing anions (SO⁻
  ₂, S⁻
  ₃, and S₂O⁻)", J. Phys. Chem., 90 (12): 2574, doi:10.1021/j100403a007
• Novick, S.E.; Engelking, P.C.; Jones, P.L.; Futrell, J.H.; Lineberger, W.C. (1979), "Laser photoelectron, photodetachment, and photodestruction spectra of O⁻
  ₃", J. Chem. Phys., 70 (6): 2652, Bibcode:1979JChPh..70.2652N, doi:10.1063/1.437842
• Page, F. M.; Goode, G. C. (1969), Negative ions and the magnetron, John Wiley & Sons ^[74]
• Ruoff, R.S.; Kadish, K.M.; Boulas, P.; Chen, E.C.M. (1995), "Relationship between the Electron Affinities and Half-Wave Reduction Potentials of Fullerenes, Aromatic Hydrocarbons, and Metal Complexes", J. Phys. Chem., 99 (21): 8843, doi:10.1021/j100021a060
• Schiedt, J.; Weinkauf, R. (1995), "Spin-orbit coupling in the O⁻
  ₂ anion", Z. Naturforsch. A, 50 (11): 1041, Bibcode:1995ZNatA..50.1041S, doi: 10.1515/zna-1995-1110 , S2CID   197275321
• Schiedt, J.; Weinkauf, R. (1999), "Resonant photodetachment via shape and Feshbach resonances: p-benzoquinone anions as a model system", J. Chem. Phys., 110 (1): 304, Bibcode:1999JChPh.110..304S, doi:10.1063/1.478066
• Schulz, P.A.; Mead, R.D.; Jones, P.L.; Lineberger, W.C. (1982), "OH⁻ and OD⁻ threshold photodetachment", J. Chem. Phys., 77 (3): 1153, Bibcode:1982JChPh..77.1153S, doi:10.1063/1.443980
• Sheps, L.; Miller, E.M.; Lineberger, W.C. (2009), "Photoelectron spectroscopy of small IBr⁻(CO₂)_n(n=0–3) cluster anions", J. Chem. Phys., 131 (6): 064304, Bibcode:2009JChPh.131f4304S, doi:10.1063/1.3200941, PMID   19691385
• Travers, M.J.; Cowles, D.C.; Ellison, G.B. (1989), "Reinvestigation of the electron affinities of O₂ and NO", Chem. Phys. Lett., 164 (5): 449, Bibcode:1989CPL...164..449T, doi:10.1016/0009-2614(89)85237-6
• Troe, J.; Miller, T.M.; Viggiano, A.A. (2012), "Communication:Revised electron affinity of SF₆ from kinetic data", J. Chem. Phys., 136 (2): 121102, Bibcode:2012JChPh.136l1102T, doi: 10.1063/1.3698170 , hdl: 11858/00-001M-0000-000F-A0CD-D , PMID   22462826
• Wenthold, P.G.; Kim, J.B.; Jonas, K.-L.; Lineberger, W.C. (1997), "An Experimental and Computational Study of the Electron Affinity of Boron Oxide", J. Phys. Chem. A, 101 (24): 4472, Bibcode:1997JPCA..101.4472W, CiteSeerX   10.1.1.497.1352 , doi:10.1021/jp970645u
• Zanni, M.T.; Taylor, T.R.; Greenblatt, B.J.; Soep, B.; Neumark, D.M. (1997), "Characterization of the I⁻
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