G-funk

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Example of a g-funk instrumental

G-funk, short for gangsta funk, (or funk rap [5] ) is a sub-genre of gangsta rap that emerged from the West Coast scene in the early 1990s. The genre is heavily influenced by the synthesizer-heavy 1970s funk sound of Parliament-Funkadelic (aka P-Funk), often incorporated through samples or re-recordings. [4] It is represented by commercially successful albums such as Dr. Dre's The Chronic (1992) and Snoop Dogg's Doggystyle (1993).

Contents

Characteristics

G-funk, which uses funk with an artificially altered tempo, incorporates multi-layered and melodic synthesizers, slow hypnotic grooves, a deep bass, heavy use of the snare drum, background female vocals, the extensive sampling of P-Funk tunes, and a high-pitched portamento saw wave synthesizer lead. G funk is typically set at between 90 and 100 BPM. [6] The lyrical content depended on the artist and could consist of sex, drug use (especially marijuana), love for a city, love for friends. There was also a slurred "lazy" or "smooth" way of rapping in order to clarify words and stay in rhythmic cadence. Many R&B and pop singles of the 1990s incorporated the G-funk sound to their music.

The trademark West Coast G-funk style of hip-hop was a very defining element of the region's music and helped distinguish it from the rivaling rap scene on the East Coast. In essence, the smooth, slow-tempo sound of G-funk accompanied the perceived "laid-back" stereotype of Californian culture whereas East Coast hip-hop typically featured more aggressive attitudes alongside a fast-paced tempo (e.g. hardcore hip hop). [7] [8]

Unlike other earlier rap acts that also utilized funk samples (such as EPMD and the Bomb Squad), G-funk often utilized fewer, unaltered samples per song. [9] Music theorist Adam Krims has described G-funk as "a style of generally West Coast rap whose musical tracks tend to deploy live instrumentation, heavy on bass and keyboards, with minimal (sometimes no) sampling and often highly conventional harmonic progressions and harmonies". [10] Dr. Dre, a pioneer of the G-funk genre, normally uses live musicians to replay the original music of sampled records. This enabled him to produce music that had his own sounds, rather than a direct copy of the sample. [11]

History and origins

1989–1992: Beginnings

Early examples of the genre began to show up in 1989 with The D.O.C.'s "It's Funky Enough" and "The Formula", [12] [13] the former was an early minor hit for the genre, reaching No. 12 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. [14] Two years later, in 1991, N.W.A. released another early example of the genre with their album Niggaz4Life , [15] which reached No. 1 on the Billboard 200, [16] and No. 2 on Billboard's Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums. [17] The same year, Ice Cube's diss track towards N.W.A., "No Vaseline", was made in the style. [18] Dr. Dre, who produced No One Can Do It Better and Niggaz4Life, is often seen as the originator/creator of the G-funk sound. [19] [1] Though these claims have been disputed with Cold 187um, a member of Above the Law, claiming that he came up with the name and sound. [20]

1992–1997: Mainstream peak

1992 was the breakout year for the genre, with Dr. Dre dropping his album The Chronic . The album was a massive success, having three top 40 singles: "Nuthin' but a 'G' Thang", the Eazy-E diss "Dre Day", and "Let Me Ride." [21] It also reached No. 3 on the Billboard 200, [22] and No. 1 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart. [23] The album was eventually certified Triple Platinum by the RIAA in 1993 for selling three-million copies, [24] it has also been selected by the Library of Congress for preservation in the National Recording Registry for being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant". [25] Though G-funk had previously existed, Dr. Dre's The Chronic is often seen as the beginning of the genre. [26] [1]

Dr. Dre, considered a pioneer of G-funk. Dr. Dre in 2011.jpg
Dr. Dre, considered a pioneer of G-funk.

The following year had numerous successful songs and albums, Ice Cube's songs "It Was a Good Day" and "Check Yo Self" both made it to the top 20, peaking at No. 15 and No. 20 respectively, [27] and were both certified at least gold. [28] "It Was a Good Day" is commonly placed high on best of lists for the genre, being considered "one of the best G-Funk tracks ever made". [29] [18] Snoop Dogg released his first album Doggystyle , which debuted at No. 1 on the Billboard 200, [30] and contained the hits "Gin and Juice" and "What's My Name?", both songs reached No. 8 on the Hot 100. [31] The album was certified Quadruple Platinum, and both singles were certified gold. [32] Eazy-E released the G-funk-influenced album It's On (Dr. Dre) 187um Killa , [33] which reached No. 5 on the Billboard 200, [34] and contained the No. 42 hit "Real Muthaphuckkin G's", [35] which was made as a response to Dre's song "Dre Day" from the previous year. [36]

The genre's popularity grew even bigger in 1994, especially because of Warren G's song "Regulate", which was featured on the Above The Rim soundtrack. The single reached the top 10 peaking at No. 2. [37] His album Regulate... G Funk Era which also contained the song, and another top 10 hit "This D.J.", reached No. 2 on the Billboard 200. [38] Popular rapper MC Hammer went for a more gangsta image and G-funk sound on his album The Funky Headhunter , [39] [40] which contained the No. 26 single "Pumps and a Bump". [41] The G-funk group Thug Life, featuring 2Pac released their first and only album, Thug Life: Volume 1 , it peaked at No. 42 on the Billboard 200, [42] it had one minor hit single with "Cradle to the Grave", it charted on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs and on the Hot Rap Songs charts, at No. 91 on the former and No. 25 on the latter. [43] [44] Westcoast rapper Coolio released his debut album It Takes a Thief in 1994. The album peaked at No. 8, [45] it contains the Top-10 hit "Fantastic Voyage". [46]

In 1995, 2Pac released the album Me Against the World which although not entirely G-funk, has been described as having "half the record [resound] to the boom and bap of New York" while having "the rest [shimmer] in a G-funk haze". The album reached No. 1 on the Billboard 200, [47] and was certified Double Platinum. [48] Later in the year, [49] he released the G-funk classic [18] "California Love" which as a double A-side with "How Do U Want It", hit No. 1 on the Hot 100. [50] In October 1995, Tha Dogg Pound released their debut album Dogg Food and it debuted at number 1# on the billboard, continuing G-funk's dominance in the mainstream with the top 50 singles "New York, New York" and "Let's Play House".

In 1996, the super-group Westside Connection released Bow Down . It had two hit singles, "Bow Down" and "Gangstas Make the World Go Round", which peaked at No. 21 and No. 40, respectively. [51] The album itself peaked at No. 2 on the Billboard 200, [52] and was certified Platinum by the RIAA in 1997. [53] 2Pac released his album All Eyez on Me , which has been described as "lush G-funk" and as having a "commercial G-funk sheen". [54] [55] The album hit No. 1. [47] In 1997 Warren G released his second album, Take a Look Over Your Shoulder , which peaked at No. 11 on the Billboard 200; [38] it had two Top-40 singles, a cover of "I Shot the Sheriff" and "Smokin' Me Out". [37]

Although the majority of G-funk music has come out of California, the overall sound has been utilized by additional US rappers and hip-hop groups that were based in other states across the U.S. during the time of the style's popularity in the 1990s. [56] Some of the most notable of these artists include Outkast (Georgia), [57] G-Slimm (Louisiana), [58] [59] Bone Thugs-n-Harmony (Ohio), [60] [61] [62] Tela (Tennessee), [63] Top Authority (Michigan), [64] [65] E.S.G. (Texas) [66] [67] and DMG (Minnesota). [68]

In the 1990s, Houston, Texas had a small, but noteworthy G-funk scene at the peak of the genre's popularity with artists such as the Geto Boys, Blac Monks, E.S.G., 5th Ward Boyz, Street Military, Big Mello, Scarface, Ganksta N-I-P, Bushwick Bill, Big 50, 5th Ward Juvenilez and South Circle. [69] [70]

1997–present: Influences on modern hip hop

In the late 1990s and 2000s, G-funk music significantly declined in mainstream popularity. [71] [72] Dr. Dre's 1999 album 2001 , produced by Mel-Man, was noted as "reinvent[ing] his sound, moving away from G-funk to something more gothic and string-heavy." [73]

In 2001 Warren G released his fourth studio album, The Return of the Regulator , including "Here Comes Another Hit" including Nate Dogg and Mista Grimm and Lookin' at You with LaToiya Williams. The album can be considered a return to the roots of G-funk West Coast gangsta music, but it sold less than the rapper's two previous albums.

Midwestern rapper Tech N9ne made use of the G-funk style on his early releases, most notably his second studio album, The Worst (2000). [74] [75] His 2001 follow-up album, Anghellic , incorporated the subgenre's characteristics to a much lesser extent. [76]

Most recently, into the 2010s and onward, many contemporary West Coast rappers have released albums which contain strong G-funk influences, including Kendrick Lamar with Good Kid, M.A.A.D City as well as To Pimp a Butterfly , YG with Still Brazy , Schoolboy Q with Blank Face LP , Nipsey Hussle with Victory Lap , Buddy with Harlan & Alondra and Tech N9ne with The Gates Mixed Plate . [77] [78] [79] [80] [81]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dr. Dre</span> American rapper (born 1965)

Andre Romell Young, known professionally as Dr. Dre, is an American rapper, record producer, record executive, and actor. He is the founder and CEO of Aftermath Entertainment and Beats Electronics, and co-founder of Death Row Records. Dre began his career as a member of the World Class Wreckin' Cru in 1984, and later found fame with the gangsta rap group N.W.A. The group popularized explicit lyrics in hip hop to detail the violence of street life. During the early 1990s, Dre was credited as a key figure in the crafting and popularization of West Coast G-funk, a subgenre of hip hop characterized by a synthesizer foundation and slow, heavy production.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Warren G</span> American rapper, record producer, and DJ (born 1970)

Warren Griffin III is an American rapper, record producer, and DJ who helped popularize West Coast hip hop during the 1990s. A pioneer of G-funk, he attained mainstream success with his 1994 single "Regulate". He is credited with discovering Snoop Dogg, having introduced the then-unknown rapper to record producer Dr. Dre.

West Coast hip hop is a regional genre of hip hop music that encompasses any artists or music that originated in the West Coast of the United States. West Coast hip hop began to dominate from a radio play and sales standpoint during the early to-mid 1990s with the birth of G-funk and the emergence of record labels such as Suge Knight and Dr. Dre's Death Row Records, Ice Cube's Lench Mob Records, the continued success of Eazy-E's Ruthless Records, Dr. Dre's Aftermath Entertainment, and others.

<i>The Chronic</i> 1992 studio album by Dr. Dre

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<i>Doggystyle</i> 1993 studio album by Snoop Doggy Dogg

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<i>Dogg Food</i> 1995 studio album by Tha Dogg Pound

Dogg Food is the debut studio album by American hip hop duo Tha Dogg Pound, released on October 31, 1995, by Death Row Records, Interscope Records and Priority Records. The album features guest appearances from Snoop Dogg, Nate Dogg, Michel'le, The Lady of Rage, Tray Deee, and Mr. Malik. Two singles were released from the album: "Let's Play House" and "New York, New York".

<i>Murder Was the Case</i> 1994 soundtrack album by various artists

Murder Was the Case is a 1994 short film and soundtrack album starring and performed by Snoop Doggy Dogg. The 18 minute film was directed by Dr. Dre and Fab Five Freddy and chronicles the fictional death of Snoop Dogg and his resurrection after making a deal with the Devil. The film's title comes from Snoop's song of the same name from his debut album, Doggystyle, which had been released a year earlier.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gin and Juice</span> 1994 single by Snoop Doggy Dogg

"Gin and Juice" is a song by American rapper Snoop Dogg. It was released on January 18, 1994, as the second single from his debut album, Doggystyle (1993). The song was produced by Dr. Dre and contains an interpolation from Slave's "Watching You" in its chorus and a sample from "I Get Lifted" by George McCrae. Tony Green created its bassline; additional vocalists on the song include Dat Nigga Daz, Jewell, Heney Loc, and Sean "Barney" Thomas. "Gin and Juice" peaked at number eight on the Billboard Hot 100 in the United States. It earned a gold certification from the RIAA and sold 700,000 copies.

<i>2001</i> (Dr. Dre album) 1999 studio album by Dr. Dre

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<i>No One Can Do It Better</i> 1989 studio album by The D.O.C.

No One Can Do It Better is the debut studio album by The D.O.C., released on July 13, 1989, by Ruthless Records and Atlantic Records. It reached no. 1 on the US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart for two weeks, while peaking in the Top 20 on the Billboard 200 chart. The album was certified Gold by the RIAA three months after it was released, and Platinum on April 21, 1994. This was the only solo album The D.O.C. was able to record before a car accident resulted in crushing his larynx and permanently changing his voice. In recent years, however, he has been undergoing vocal surgery. He would not release another album until 7 years later, with Helter Skelter (1996), also released by Warner Music Group, but on Giant Records rather than Atlantic. "The Formula" has been seen as the song that invented G-funk.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nuthin' but a 'G' Thang</span> 1993 single by Dr. Dre featuring Snoop Doggy Dogg

"Nuthin' but a 'G' Thang" is a song by American rapper Dr. Dre, featuring fellow American rapper Snoop Dogg, on Dre's debut solo album, The Chronic (1992). As the album's first single it reached number 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 on March 20, 1993, behind "Informer" by Snow, outperforming The Chronic's other singles, "Fuck wit Dre Day ", which peaked at number 8, and "Let Me Ride", which peaked at number 34. The single also reached number 1 on Billboard's Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks chart, and was a number 31 hit in the UK. Its music video was directed by Dr. Dre himself.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Real Muthaphuckkin G's</span> 1993 single by Eazy-E featuring Dresta and B.G. Knocc Out

"Real Muthaphuckkin G's," or "Real Compton City G's" in its radio edit, is a diss track released as a single in August 1993 by American rapper Eazy-E with guest rappers Gangsta Dresta and B.G. Knocc Out. Peaking at #42 on Billboard's Hot 100, and the most successful of Eazy's singles as a solo artist, it led an EP, also his most successful, It's On 187um Killa. This diss track answers Eazy's former N.W.A bandmate Dr. Dre and his debuting, guest rapper Snoop Dogg, who had dissed Eazy on Dre's first solo album, The Chronic.

<i>Tha Blue Carpet Treatment</i> 2006 studio album by Snoop Dogg

Tha Blue Carpet Treatment is the eighth studio album by West Coast hip hop recording artist Snoop Dogg. It was released on November 21, 2006, by Doggystyle Records and Geffen Records. Recording sessions took place from November 2005 to September 2006 in several recording studios and artists such as Dr. Dre, The Neptunes, DJ Battlecat, DJ Pooh, Timbaland, Danja, Mark Batson, Terrace Martin, and Mr. Porter appear on the album, among others.

<i>Its On (Dr. Dre) 187um Killa</i> 1993 extended play by Eazy-E

It's On 187um Killa is the second EP released by American rapper Eazy-E and the last project to be released during his lifetime. It was released on October 19, 1993 via Relativity Records and Eazy-E's Ruthless Records, as a response to Dr. Dre's debut solo album The Chronic, which repeatedly attacks Eazy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Regulate (song)</span> 1994 single by Warren G featuring Nate Dogg

"Regulate" is a song performed by American rapper Warren G featuring American singer Nate Dogg. It was released in the spring of 1994 as the first single on the soundtrack to the film Above the Rim and later Warren G's debut album, Regulate... G Funk Era (1994). It became an MTV staple and the song reached No. 2 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and No. 8 on the R&B/Hip-Hop chart. "Regulate" was number 98 on VH1's 100 Greatest Songs of Hip Hop and number 108 on Pitchfork Media's "Top 200 Tracks of the 90s".

<i>All Eyez on Me</i> 1996 studio album by 2Pac

All Eyez on Me is the fourth and final studio album by American rapper 2Pac to be released during his lifetime. Released on February 13, 1996, by Death Row and Interscope Records, the album features guest appearances from Dr. Dre, Snoop Doggy Dogg, Redman, Method Man, Nate Dogg, Kurupt, Daz Dillinger, E-40, K-Ci & JoJo, and the Outlawz, among others.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Warren G discography</span>

This discography of American rapper Warren G consists of 6 studio albums, 1 EP, 17 singles, 1 soundtrack album, and 19 music videos.

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