June 1925

1925

January

February

March

April

May

June

July

August

September

October

November

December

<<	June 1925					>>
Su	Mo	Tu	We	Th	Fr	Sa
	01	02	03	04	05	06
07	08	09	10	11	12	13
14	15	16	17	18	19	20
21	22	23	24	25	26	27
28	29	30

The following events occurred in June 1925:

June 6, 1925: The Chrysler Motor Company is incorporated in the U.S. (pictured, the 1925 Chrysler Roadster)

June 2, 1925: Lou Gehrig gets opportunity for stardom when Wally Pipp gets a headache.

June 1, 1925 (Monday)

• The U.S. Supreme Court rendered its landmark decision in Pierce v. Society of Sisters , expanding the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution to apply to personal civil liberties within U.S. states. The unanimous holding struck down the 1922 Oregon Compulsory Education Act, which required all school age children in the state had to attend public school]]. ^{[1] [2]}
• Babe Ruth returned to the New York Yankees for his first game of the season after a long illness. He went 0-for-2 with a walk as the visiting Washington Senators won 5–3. ^[3] Lou Gehrig's consecutive games-played record streak began in the same game, as the Yankees' Gehrig was sent in as a pinch-hitter for Pee-Wee Wanninger for the first of 2,130 games in a row.
• Canada's Minister of the Interior, Charles Stewart, announced to the House of Commons that Canada claimed all land between Alaska and Greenland up to the North Pole, with the exception of Wrangel Island. ^{[4] [5]}
• An intense and deadly heat wave began in parts of the United States. ^[6]
• American hotel owner Raymond Orteig revived the Orteig Prize of $25,000— equivalent to $451,000 in 2025— to be awarded to the first aviator, or aviators, who could fly non-stop by airplane between New York City and Paris. The five-year term of the original prize had expired on May 22, 1924. Orteig deposited $25,000 in negotiable securities at the Bryant Bank, to be controlled by a seven-member board of trustees and available to anyone who could make the crossing by May 31, 1930. ^[7]
• Union City, New Jersey, was created in the U.S. by the merger of Union Hill and West Hoboken Township. ^[8]
• Born: Dilia Díaz Cisneros, Venezuelan teacher and poet, in El Hatillo (d. 2017)
• Died:
  • Thomas R. Marshall, 71, Vice President of the United States from 1913 to 1921
  • Lucien Guitry, 64, French stage actror

June 2, 1925 (Tuesday)

• The Elections were held for the 92-member Philippine House of Representatives and for 11 members of the 24-member Philippine Senate. While the Nacionalista Party had been split into two factions before reuniting, and the party lost Senate seats to the Democrata Party, the Nacionalistas retained a 12 to 10 majority in the Senate and had a 64-22 majority in the House. ^[9]
• The New York Yankees' starting first baseman, Wally Pipp arrived at a game with a severe headache, and after asking for two aspirins, was replaced by the relatively unknown Lou Gehrig, who played so well that he permanently took Pipp's position and went on to a Hall of Fame career. Pipp would later be quoted to have said, "I took the two most expensive aspirin in history." ^{[10] [11]}
• Eddie Collins of the Chicago White Sox became only the sixth player in major league baseball history to get 3,000 hits in his career, doing so on a pitch from Warren "Rip" Collins (no relation) of the Detroit Tigers, in a 12 to 7 Chicago win. During the historic hit, the Tigers had Ty Cobb, who had gotten his 3,000th hit in 1921, playing centerfield. ^[12]
• Born:
  • Melvin J. Glimcher, American biomedical engineer known for developing the Boston Arm, the electronically-operated artificial limb; in Brookline, Massachusetts (d.2014) ^[13]
  • Gertrude Michelson, American business executive and the first woman to serve on the Board of Directors of multiple Fortune 500 corporations; in Jamestown, New York (d.2015) ^[14]
  • Michael P. W. Stone, British-born U.S. Secretary of the Army from 1989 to 1993, veteran of the British Royal Navy before moving to the U.S.; in London (d.1995) ^[15]
• Died:
  • Lue Gim Gong, Chinese-born American farmer known for revolutionizing the citrus fruit industry in Florida with his cross-breeding and pollination techniques on improving oranges, grapefruits, apples and tomatoes ^[16]
  • John Kennedy Tod, 72, Scottish-born American banker and railway executive, formerly a rugby union player for the Scottish national team ^[17]
  • James Ellsworth, 75, American mine owner and banker ^[18]

June 3, 1925 (Wednesday)

• Turkey's Progressive Republican Party (Terakkiperver Cumhuriyet Fırkası), led by Kâzım Karabekir, was ordered closed by an Independence Tribunal on grounds that the party had supported the protection of Islamic religious customs that had caused the recently-suppressed Sheikh Said rebellion. ^{[19] [20] [21]} Karabekir and other 82 other members of the Terakkiperver were arrested two days later on June 5. ^[22]
• The Australian Labor Party won the Tasmanian state election.
• Born:
  • Tony Curtis American film actor known for Some Like It Hot , The Defiant Ones and The Great Impostor  ; as Bernard Schwartz in New York City (d. 2010) ^[23]
  • Air Marshal David Evans, Chief of Staff of the Royal Australian Air Force from 1982 to 1985; in Paddington, New South Wales (d.2020) ^[24]

June 4, 1925 (Thursday)

• An insane man shot to death eight members of his family in a mass shooting in Hamilton, Ohio, then attempted suicide by shooting himself in the chest. Floyd Russel, 43, waited until the family was asleep and killed his mother, his brother, and the brother's wife and five of six children. Russel told police that he was afraid that the family would be evicted and believed that there was a past due mortgage on the family home. ^{[25] [26]}
• Banco Venezolano de Crédito, the oldest private bank in Venezuela, was established in Caracas by bankers Henrique Pérez Dupuy, Santiago Alfonso Rivas, Félix Guerrero, Juan Santos González and Alejandro Lara and introduced credit to the South American nation's commerce." ^[27]
• Born:
  • Odette Ferreira, Portuguese microbiologist known for her identification of the HIV-2 virus and for coordinating the Portuguese health campaign to end AIDS; in Lisbon (d.2018)
  • György Harag, Romanian actor and director; in Marghita (d.1985)
• Died:
  • John Addison Fordyce, 67, American dermatologist and professor, kown for his identification of the Fordyce's spot and for Fox–Fordyce disease ^[28]
  • V. V. S. Aiyar, 44, Tamil Indian independence activist and short story writer, drowned in the Ambasamudram waterfall of the Thamirabarani River while trying to save his daughter Subhadra. ^{[29] [30]}

June 5, 1925 (Friday)

• In Germany, the Rentenmark, which had been issued in 1923 in an attempt to control the problem of hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic, became obsolete as the deadline for exchanging the currency for the new Reichsmark was reached.
• In British India, Jiwajirao Scindia became the last Maharaja of the princely state of Gwalior upon the death of his father, the Maharaja Madho Rao Scindia. Knighted in British India as Sir George Jiwajirao Scindia, he ruled until May 28, 1948, when the Gwalior State was absorbed into what is now the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. ^[31]
• Scottish pro Willie Macfarlane won the U.S. Open golf tournament.
• Aristotle University of Thessaloniki was founded. ^[32]
• Born:
  • Jephsis Hitler (stage name for José Francisco Leitaõ), Indian comedian, playwright and stage actor; in Chinchinim, Goa, Portuguese India (d.1997)
  • Maharani Wisma Susana Siregar, British-born Indonesian wife of President Sukarno who served as the First Lady of Indonesia from 1958 to 1962; in Liverpool
• Died: Jenny Apolant, 60, German Jewish feminist and politician, died from heart disease. ^[33]

June 6, 1925 (Saturday)

The original Chrylser logo

• The U.S. automaker Chrysler Corporation was incorporated by Walter P. Chrysler, who had acquired the assets of the defunct Maxwell Motor Company. ^[34]
• The Great Syrian Revolt against the French occupation of the Mandate of Syria was triggered when representatives of the Jabal Druze State were treated poorly by the French administrator. ^[35] The Druze delegation arrived in Beirut in the French Mandate of Lebanon to present their request to General Maurice Sarrail, the High Commissioner of the Levant. Rather than listening to a request that a Druze governor be appointed to replace the French Governor Carbillet, General Sarrail ordered the delegation to leave Beirut or to be arrested and exiled to the Syrian city of Palmyra. Sarrail had the nine delegates arrested on July 21 and the Sultan al-Atrash called for the Arab uprising.
• Norway sent out two planes and two steamships to search for the North Pole seaplane expedition of Roald Amundsen which had been missing for over two weeks. ^[36]
• Sergei Prokofiev's Symphony No. 2 in D minor was performed for the first time, premiering in Paris as part of the Concdrts Koussevitzky conducted by Serge Koussevitzky. ^[37]
• Born: Michael ffolkes (stage name for Brian Davis), British illustrator and cartoonist; (d.1988) ^[38]
• Died: Pierre Louÿs, 54, French poet and writer

June 7, 1925 (Sunday)

• At the Waldstadion in Frankfurt, 1. FC Nürnberg defeated FSV Frankfurt, 1 to 0 after extra time, to win the Viktoria Trophy, the championship of German fußball at the end of a 16-team playoff that had started on May 3. ^[39]
• The Beaumont-Hamel Newfoundland Memorial was unveiled in France on grounds where the Battle of the Somme was fought in July 1916, commemorating the Dominion of Newfoundland forces who were killed in the Great War.
• German mass murderer Wilhelm Brückner committed suicide after killing nine members of his family overnight.
• Born:
  • John Biddle, American yachting cinematographer; in Philadelphia (d. 2008)
  • Alan R. Pearlman, American engineer and founder of ARP Instruments, manufacturer of musical synthesizers; in New York City (d.2019)
• Died: Fredrik Rosing Bull, 42, Norwegian information technology scientist known for his improvement of the technology for punched card data reading, died of cancer. ^[40]

June 8, 1925 (Monday)

• The U.S. Supreme Court issued its decision in the landmark case of Gitlow v. New York , holding that the 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution extended the First Amendment protections of freedom and speech and freedom of the press to individual state governments. Specifically, the Court upheld a New York law that made it a crime to advocate the overthrow of a government by force. ^[41]
• An explosion in a coal mine in Sturgis, Kentucky killed 17 people. ^[42]
• The Noël Coward comic play Hay Fever opened at the Ambassadors Theatre in the City of Westminster, England.
• Born:
  • Barbara Bush, First Lady of the United States from 1989 to 1993, wife of President George H. W. Bush and mother of President George W. Bush; as Barbara Pierce in New York City (d. 2018) ^{[43] [44]}
  • Del Ennis, American baseball player, 1950 National League leader with 126 runs batted in for the Philadelphia Phillies; in Philadelphia (d. 1996)
  • Eddie Gaedel, American variety artist known for being (at 3'7" or 1.09 m) the shortest player in Major League Baseball history; in Chicago (died of injuries sustained in a beating, 1961). ^[45] Gaedel made a single appearance at bat, for the St. Louis Browns against the Detroit Tigers on August 19, 1951, as part of a publicity stunt by Browns' owner Bill Veeck

June 9, 1925 (Tuesday)

• The United States heat wave eased after an estimated 500 deaths nationwide. ^[46]
• Ten people were killed and 48 injured in Australia at Traveston, Queensland, when a train derailed and plunged off of a trestle bridge. ^[47]
• Born: V. J. P. Saldanha, Indian novelist and short-story writer; in Mangalore, Bombay Presidency, British India (d.2000) ^[48]

June 10, 1925 (Wednesday)

• The United Church of Canada was created by the merger of the Methodist Church, Canada and the Congregational Union of Ontario and Quebec, as well as most of the congregations of the Presbyterian Church in Canada, and the Association of Local Union Churches, to create the largest Protestant denomination in Canada. The merger took place in a meeting of leaders and representatives of the churches at the Mutual Street Arena in Toronto.<ref">Lewis, Charles (May 14, 2011). "The split in the United Church". National Post. Toronto. Archived from the original on July 13, 2012. Retrieved May 15, 2011.</ref>
• Worn-out brake linings and excessive oil on brake drums contributed to the deaths of seven pople in the derailment of a train in England as it went out of control down a steep hill near Hebden, North Yorkshire. A witness reported that the driver commented that "the brake has been burnt out" before hitting it three times with a hammer and declaring "it's all right now." ^[49]
• Born:
  • Major General Fortunato Abat, Commander of the Phillipine Army 1976-1981, National Defense Secretary of the Philippines 1997-1998; in San Juan, La Union (d.2018) ^[50]
  • Diana Maggi, Italian-born Argentine film actress; in Milan (d.2022) ^[51]
  • James Salter (pen name for James Arnold Horowitz), American novelist and short story writer known for The Hunters ; in Passaic, New Jersey (d.2015)Verongos, Helen T. (June 19, 2015). "James Salter, a 'Writer's Writer' Short on Sales but Long on Acclaim, Dies at 90". The New York Times. Retrieved 22 July 2015.</ref>

June 11, 1925 (Thursday)

• In a treaty with the Empire of Japan, the Republic of China agreed to help Japanese soldiers in removing Korean immigrants from China's northeastern provinces, which had become a haven for Korean independence agitators. ^[52]
• In Canada, rioting by coal miners took place in New Waterford, Nova Scotia, after some of the security guards of British Empire Steel and Coal Company (BESCO) got drunk and rode on horseback through town, knocking down any bystanders, including several schoolchildren. ^[53] A crowd of 3,000 United Mine Workers members and their families walked to the Waterford Lake power plant and confronted a group of 100 BESCO guards and police and attacked them. The guards then fired into the crowd and killed one miner, William Davis as well as wounding others. June 11 is now William Davis Miners' Memorial Day in Nova Scotia, recognizing all miners killed on the job in the province.
• Born:
  • William Styron, American novelist known for The Confessions of Nat Turner (1967) and Sophie's Choice (1979); in Newport News, Virginia (d. 2006) ^[54]
  • Felisa Vanoff, American dancer, choreographer, and philanthropist; as Phyllis Caputo in Ambridge, Pennsylvania (d.2014) ^[55]
• Died: William Davis, 38, Anglo-Canadian miner

June 12, 1925 (Friday)

• UCLA, the University of California, Los Angeles, still referred to at the time as the "Southern Branch of the University of California", awarded its first Bachelor of Arts degrees to 128 graduates, 98 of whom were women. ^[56]
• After Mexico's President Plutarco Calles threatened to have the government seize possession of the oil fields owned by U.S. and European companies, U.S. Secretary of State Frank B. Kellogg threatened to break relations. ^[57]
• French Prime Minister Paul Painlevé flew to Morocco to assess the front line situation in the Rif War. ^[58]
• The Roman Catholic Church granted leave for Dr. Anna Maria Dengel to form what would become the Medical Mission Sisters. ^[59]
• Born: Dick Miles, American table tennis player and 10-time U.S. national champion between 1945 and 1962, described in his obituary as "perhaps the greatest table tennis player the United States has ever produced"; in Manhattan, New York City (d.2010) ^[60]
• Died:
  • Warren S. Stone, 65, American union leader who had been president of the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers since 1903, died from kidney disease. ^[61]
  • Gustave Garcia, 88, Italian baritone opera singer
  • Calvin Demarest, 39, former amateur billiards champion of the U.S. in 1908, died in an insane asylum.

June 13, 1925 (Saturday)

Jenkins and his "Radio Vision" system

• Charles Francis Jenkins demonstrated synchronized transmission of pictures and sound at the Jenkins Labs in Washington, D.C.Jenkins publicly demonstrated the synchronized transmission of silhouette pictures. Jenkins used a Nipkow disk and transmitted the silhouette image of a toy windmill in motion, over a distance of 5 mi (8.0 km) (from a naval radio station in Maryland to his laboratory in Washington, D.C.), using a lensed disk scanner with a 48-line resolution. ^{[62] [63]} He was granted U.S. patent 1,544,156 (Transmitting Pictures over Wireless) 17 days later on June 30.
• Police in Chicago engaged in a gunbattle against Mike Genna, John Scalise and Albert Anselmi of Chicago's Genna crime family after the Genna gang had attempted at hit against Bugs Moran and Vincent Drucci of the North Side Gang in retaliation for the May 27 killing of Mike's brother Angelo Genna. At the intersection of Western Avenue and 60th Street, the police had overtaken Mike Genna. In the gunfight, officers Harold Olsen and Charles Walsh were killed and Michael Conway was seriously wounded. Police officer William Sweeney shot and killed Mike Genna, and other police captured Scalise and Anselmi.
• Born: Burton Watson, American translator known for translating Chinese and Japanese literature into English; in New Rochelle, New York (d. 2017) ^[64]

June 14, 1925 (Sunday)

Kahanamoku

• Hawaiian surfer and 1912 Olympic gold medalist swimmer Duke Kahanamoku saved the lives of eight people off of the coast of Newport Beach, California and another four were rescued from drowning by other swimmers, after the fishing yacht Thelma was capsized by a large wave. Another five passengers on the yacht drowned. ^{[65] [66]}
• In a spontaneous reaction against the dictatorship of Miguel Primo de Rivera, the crowd at an FC Barcelona game against the Catalonian club Jupiter jeered Spain's national anthem, the "Marcha Real", and applauded the English anthem "God Save the King" as performed by an English marching band. The FC Barcelona soccer football club was fined and shut down for six months in reprisal, and owner Joan Gamper, was forced into exile. He committed suicide five years later. ^{[67] [68]}
• A significant German art exhibition of the Neue Sachlichkeit (New Objectivity) movement opened in Mannheim, with paintings by George Grosz, Otto Dix, Max Beckmann, Rudolf Schlichter and others. ^{[5] [69]}
• Born: Pierre Salinger, American journalist, U.S. Senator and White House Press Secretary for U.S. Presidents Kennedy and Johnson; in San Francisco(d. 2004) ^[70]
• Died: A. C. Dixon, 70, American evangelist, known for founding the Christian fundamentalism movement and for the publication of the 1915 book The Fundamentals: A Testimony To The Truth ^[71]

June 15, 1925 (Monday)

• Stranded near the North Pole since May 22, the Amundsen Polar Expedition team of six explorers was able to depart on Amundsen's Dornier Wal N-25 seaplane. The six men had landed on the ice in two airplanes at latitude 87°43' N, further north than any humans in history, become stranded, and had spent their time since then using tools to chisel a primitive runway to fly again. Barely managing to take off from their makeshift airstrip in the N-25, the explorers had to leave behind the other aircraft, an N-24 Wal seaplane. ^[72]
• The Philadelphia Athletics tied the record for greatest comeback in a major league baseball game, after trailing the Cleveland Indians by 12 runs. ^[73] Trailing 14 to 2, after six innings, the Athletics scored 13 runs in the eighth inning to win, 17 to 15. While no team has come back from being down by more than 12 runs, the 1925 game tied the record set on June 18, 1911 by the Detroit Tigers against the Chicago White Sox (down 13 to 1, came back to win 16 to 15) and would be tied again on August 5, 2001 by the Cleveland Indians (down 14 to 2, came back to win 15 to 14) against the Seattle Mariners. ^[74]
• Born: Vasily Golubev, Soviet Russian painter; in Medvezhje, Yaroslavl Oblast, USSR (d. 1985)

June 16, 1925 (Tuesday)

• A train derailment in the U.S. killed 47 people and severely injured 23 others near Hackettstown, New Jersey, after a violent storm washed debris upon a grade crossing. ^{[75] [76]} The train, operated by the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad had departed from Chicago on June 14 with 182 passengers, nearly all of whom were German-born or Austrian-born Americans and their families who were scheduled to travel on the ocean liner Pacific for a visit to Germany. Less than 60 miles (97 km) from the harbor at Hoboken, the locomotive struck debris and the first three cars with passengers impacted and ruptured the locomotive's boiler. Many of the people who survived the initial impact were scalded and burned to death by the boiling water and steam that swept through broken windows. ^[77]
• The first of the Soviet Union's Young Pioneer camps, Artek, was opened at the town of Gurzuf on the Black Sea, initially as a health camp for children with tuberculosis. Until the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991, a stay at the camp in the summer was a privilege for outstanding members of the Young Pioneers, the Communist Party's youth organization for children aged 9 to 14.
• Roald Amundsen and the crew of his attempt to fly over the North Pole landed safely in their N25 seaplane near Nordaustlandet, Svalbard in Norway. ^{[78] [79]}
• The International Mercantile Marine Officers' Association was founded at Antwerp in Belgium as a federation of merchant marine trade unions from Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Norway, Spain, and the United States. The affiliated member unions of the IMMOA would merge into the International Transport Workers' Federation in 1946, though the organization itself would exist until 1964. ^[80]
• Born:
  • Jean d'Ormesson, French novelist, director of the newspaper Le Figaro (1974-1977), and dean of the Académie Française from 2009 until his death; in Paris (d.2017) ^[81]
  • Ifigenia Martínez y Hernández, Mexican politician and economics professor who served as leader of Mexico's Chamber of Deputies for 35 days when she was 99 years old; in Mexico City (d.2024) ^[82]
  • Bebe Barron, American musician known for teaming with her husband, engineer Louis Barron, to create the first electronic music recording, as well as the first electronic film score (for the MGM movie Forbidden Planet ) in 1956; as Charlotte May Wind in Minneapolis (d.2008) ^[83]
• Died:
  • Chittaranjan Das, 54, Bengali activist in the Indian Independence Movement ^[84]
  • Emmett Hardy, 22, American jazz cornetist, died of tuberculosis. ^[85]

June 17, 1925 (Wednesday)

• The Geneva Protocol, officially the "Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare", was signed in Switzerland by representatives of 38 nations. The signers represented the major parties in the First World War or their successors (Austria, Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Hungary, Japan, the Netherlands, Russia, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States), as well as by Brazil, Bulgaria, Chile, Denmark, Egypt, El Salvador, Estonia, Ethiopia, Greece, British India, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Nicaragua, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Siam, Uruguay and Venezuela. ^[86] It entered into force on February 8, 1928, as a general prohibition on chemical weapons and biological weapons in international armed conflicts. ^[87]
• The first National Spelling Bee in the United States, sponsored by the The Courier Journal , the morning newspaper of Louisville, Kentucky, was held in Washington, D.C. with nine finalists, each of whom had won the spelling bee in their home states. The six girls and three boys met U.S. President Calvin Coolidge before the competition, which was won by 11-year-old Frank Neuhauser of Louisville. The spelling bee came down to Neuhauser competing against Edna Stover of Trenton, New Jersey, on the word "gladiolus", with third place for Helen Fischer of Akron, Ohio and fourth for Mary Daniel of Hartford, Connecticut. Neuhauser won $500 (equivalent to more than $9,000 in 2025) in gold coins. ^{[88] [89]}
• The Mastaba of Kaninisut, the tomb of Egyptian state official Ka-ni-nisut who died in the 25th century BC, was opened to the public at the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna, more than 12 years after it had been discovered, dismantled and reassembled. ^{[90] [91] [92]}
• In the U.S., George A. Parks became the first Alaska resident to serve as Governor of the Alaska Territory. After growing up in Colorado, Parks had moved to Alaska when he was 24 and would serve until 1933, then live and work there for the rest of his life. ^[93]
• Viscount Prosper Poullet became Prime Minister of Belgium after the general council of his Socialist Party voted 40 to 26 to approve his formation of a new coalition government. ^[94]
• The Detroit Tigers set a Major League Baseball record by scoring 11 runs in a single inning in a 19 to 1 win over the New York Yankees. ^[95] The record would stand until 1953.
• Born:
  • Wolfgang Hildemann, German classical music composer known for his use of the twelve-tone technique, a means of ensuring that all 12 notes of the chromatic scale are sounded equally often in a piece of music while preventing the emphasis of any one note.(d.1995) ^[96]
  • Alexander Shulgin, American biochemist and pharmacologist; in Berkeley, California (d. 2014) ^[97]
  • Yvon Gattaz, French businessman who co-founded the electronics manufacturer Radiall and served as president of the Conseil national du patronat français from 1981 to 1986; in Bourgoin-Jallieu, Isère département (d.2024) ^[98]
  • Irwin "Sonny" Fox, American educator, movie producer and television host known for the children's TV series Wonderama ; in Brooklyn (d.2021) ^[99]
• Died: Adolf Pilar von Pilchau, 74, Baltic German politician who was formerly the self-proclaimed regent of the short-lived United Baltic Duchy.

June 18, 1925 (Thursday)

• Germany's supreme court, the Reichsgericht , struck down a law for the purpose of confiscation of all the demesne lands of the Dukes of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, ruling it was unconstitutional. The decision caused much public resentment in Germany and the question of expropriation of the dynastic properties of the former ruling houses of the German Empire became a contentious political subject. ^[100]
• In the U.S. town of Price, Utah, a lynch mob and a crowd of about 1,000 men, women and children had gathered outside the Carbon County Courthouse after learning that African-American Robert Marshall was being brought by Deputy Sheriff Henry East to be placed in jail. ^[101] Marshall had been arrested for the murder of white mine watchman James Burns. Warned that members of the crowd were planning to carry out the lynching of Marshall, East exited the police car and left Marshall inside. A group of men then took the car, followed by a procession of at least 100 more cars, drove Marshall to a nearby farm in order to carry out his hanging. Marshall was still breathing after being rescued by three deputies, and five men from the lynch mob hanged him a second time, breaking his neck and killing him instantly. While 11 members of the mob were arrested, they were freed after posting bail on June 30. Nobody was willing to testify against them and no charges were brought.

"Fighting Bob" La Follette

• Died: Robert M. La Follette, Sr., 70, liberal U.S. Senator for Wisconsin since 1906 and Governor from 1901 to 1906, died seven months after having won 13 electoral votes in the 1924 U.S. presidential election as the third party candidate for the Progressive Party. Nicknamed "Fighting Bob", "the name by which he was known to political friends and enemies alike" ^[102] La Follette, "considered one of the most powerful orators of his time", ^[102] had contracted a cold in 1923 and remained away from the Senate afterward, with the exception of his presidential campaign and a brief return in March to vote against the confirmation of Charles R. Warren as Attorney General. ^[102]

June 19, 1925 (Friday)

Bauersfeld's geodesic dome

• In Germany, engineer Walther Bauersfeld was awarded Patent No. 415395 for his invention of what is now called a geodesic dome, after having applied on November 9, 1922. ^[103] The dome was constructed for the roof of the Zeiss-Planetarium, which would open on July 18, 1926 in Jena ^[104] Almost 30 years after Bauersfeld's patent, American architect R. Buckminster Fuller would receive U.S. Patent No. 2,682,235 for the dome, though he popularized the idea rather than conceiving it first.
• After he had committed his sixth armed robbery, bank robber Everett Bridgewater and two of his accomplices (Clinton Simms and William A. Zander) were arrested in Indianapolis. ^[105] Bridgewater confessed to the robbery of at least $33,000 in cash and more than $60,000 in securities from four banks (in Upland, Marion, Kokomo and New Harmony), and entered a guilty plea to charges on the Kokomo robbery the next day. He was then sentenced to spend at least 10 years in prison. ^[106]
• Born:
  • Dr. David Tyrrell, British virologist who discovered the first human coronavirus, initially while researching the viruses that cause the common cold; in Ashford, Middlesex (d.2005) ^[107]
  • Charlie Drake (stage name for Charles Springall), popular English comedian and television personality; in the Elephant and Castle section of South London (d.2006) ^[108]
• Died: Hiroshi Koshiba, 40, founder (in 1921) of the first youth scouting group in Japan, the Tokyo Shōnengun (Boys' Army), died from heart disease.

June 20, 1925 (Saturday)

Mussolini harvesting wheat as part of publicizing the Battle for Grain

• Italy's Prime Minister Benito Mussolini launched what he labeled "The Battle for Grain" ("La battaglia del grano"), aimed at increasing Italy's wheat production to the point of becoming completely self-sufficient and no longer needing to import grain. ^[109] In order to decrease consumption of grain, Mussolini's policy attempted to persuade Italian families to consume grains other than wheat, which was in short supply, but which was the primary ingredient in both bread and pasta. Over the next 10 years, in a campaign to "liberate Italy from the slavery of foreign bread", Mussolini advocated consumption of rice and rice-based substitutes for traditional Italian foods. ^[110]
• The first radio station in the South American nation of Peru, OAX-AM, began broadcasting from the capital, Lima. ^[111]
• The Australian comedy film The Adventures of Algy was released.
• Born:
  • Audie Murphy, the most-decorated hero of World War II, and later a film actor; in Kingston, Texas (killed in plane crash, 1971)
  • Robert L. Breeden, chief editor of National Geographic magazine, and Chairman of the White House Historical Association and of the United States Capitol Historical Society; in Montgomery, West Virginia. ^[112]

June 21, 1925 (Sunday)

• The Vietnamese Revolutionary Youth League was formally established, marking the beginning of the history of Communism in Vietnam. ^[113]
• Born:
  • Maureen Stapleton, American stage, film and TV actress, winner of two Tony Awards, an Academy Award and a Primetime Emmy Award; in Troy, New York (d. 2006) ^[114]
  • Larisa Avdeyeva, Soviet Russian mezzo-soprano for the Bolshoi Opera; in Moscow (d.2013) ^[115]
  • Peter H. Clark, 96, African-American educator, speaker and Socialist politician ^[116]
• Died:
  • George Ashdown Audsley, 86, American artist and engineer known for designing the Wanamaker Organ, the largest fully functioning pipe organ in the world ^[117]
• An all-white baseball team representing the racist Ku Klux Klan lost a baseball game to an all-black team, the Wichita Monrovians, 10 to 8 in Wichita, Kansas. ^[118]

June 22, 1925 (Monday)

• The National Fascist Party of Italy ended its fourth and final party congress in Rome. Such conferences had become increasingly unnecessary as the Fascist Party expanded its power and became essentially the state. ^[119] In Benito Mussolini's closing speech he first used the word "totalitarian" when he referred to "our ferocious totalitarian will." ^[120]
• Born: Saul Holiff, Canadian music promoter known for serving as the agent and business manager for U.S. country music singer Johnny Cash from 1960 to 1973; in London, Ontario (d.2005) ^[121]
• Died:
  • Felix Klein, 76, German mathematician and theorist in non-Euclidean geometry, known for the Klein bottle and the Kleinian group ^[122]
  • Edwin F. Ladd, 65, U.S. Senator for North Dakota since 1921 ^[123]

June 23, 1925 (Tuesday)

Strikers in Canton

• As Chinese protests against imperialism spread to a strike and boycott known as the Canton–Hong Kong strike, The Shaji Massacre occurred when British troops fired from Shamian Island across the river to Guangzhou, killing 52 people and wounding 117. ^[124]
• The Soviet Union created the Lenin Prize for accomplishments relating to science, literature, arts, architecture and technology.
• The Irish Free State held its first local elections since becoming independent and since the passage of the Local Government Act 1925.
• The massive Gros Ventre landslide occurred in the U.S. state of Wyoming near Jackson following heavy rains over a period of several weeks and the day after a 4.0 magnitude earthquake. Approximately 38,000,000 m³ (1.3×10⁹ cu ft) of sedimentary rock came down from the Teton Mountains and dammed up a river, creating the Lower Slide Lake. ^[125]
• Born:
  • Oliver Smithies, British geneticist and 2007 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine laureate for his discovery of homologous recombination of transgenic DNA with genomic DNA; in Halifax, West Yorkshire (d. 2017) ^[126]
  • John Shepherd-Barron, co-inventor of the automated teller machine (ATM); in Shillong, Assam Province (now Meghalaya state), British India (d.2010) ^{[127] [128]}
  • Bijaya Malla, Nepali novelist; in Om Bahal, Kathmandu (d. 1999)

June 24, 1925 (Wednesday)

• The United States and Hungary signed a Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Consular Rights. ^[129]
• The Five Sisters window at York Minster was dedicated to the women who lost their lives in the line of service during World War I ^[130]
• Died: Francis Rule, 88, Cornish British mining engineer and businessman who developed pumping equipment techniques to exploit flooded and abandoned silver mines ^[131]

June 25, 1925 (Thursday)

General Pangalos

• General Theodoros Pangalos led a bloodless coup d'etat overthrowing the government of the Second Hellenic Republic. The next day, installed himself as the leader of Greece.
• In Germany, the government of the Free State of Saxony reached an agreement with its last monarch, King Friedrich August III and other members of the family of the House of Wettin on future use of their manors.
• Born:
  • June Lockhart, American film and TV actress, known primarily as the co-star of Lassie from 1958 to 1964, and of Lost in Space from 1965 to 1968; in New York City (alive in 2025)
  • Alistair Te Ariki Campbell, novelist and poet of the Cook Islands; in Rarotonga (d. 2009) ^[132]
  • Robert Venturi, American architect; in Philadelphia (d. 2018) and 1991 Pritzker Prize in Architecture recipient; in Philadelphia ^[133]
  • Dr. Samavedam Srinivasa Sriramacharyulu, Indian pathologist and physician; in Visakhapatnam, Madras Province, British India (now Andhra Pradesh state) ^[134] (d.2009)

June 26, 1925 (Friday)

• The president of Greece, Pavlos Kountouriotis, was forced to dismiss Prime Minister Andreas Michalakopoulos after the military takeover of the government. General Pangalos, leader of the coup d'etat, was appointed as the new prime minister and given control of the nation.
• In the capital of the British-ruled Colonial Nigeria, Ibikunle Akitoye was elected by the Lagos Ruling House as the Oba of Lagos, the monarch of the Yoruba people. Akitoye, who would be approved by the British government on August 9, replaced Eshugbayi Eleko, who had been deposed by the Ruling House on June 10, 1925. ^[135]
• All nine people on the Canadian tugboat Ocean King were killed after it veered into the path of the Canadian Pacific Lines ocean liner Marloch on the Saint Lawrence River. Struck by the bow of Marloch, Ocean King (which had been directed to tow the larger ship) capsized and its boilers exploded as it sank. ^[136]
• The Charlie Chaplin film The Gold Rush premiered at Grauman's Egyptian Theatre in Hollywood. ^[137]
• Jim Barnes won the British Open golf tournament.
• Born:
  • Pavel Belyayev, Soviet cosmonaut on the 1965 Voskhod 2 mission; in Chelishchevo, Russian SFSR (d. 1970 from peritonitis following surgery)
  • Richard X. Slattery, American film and TV actor and former NYPD officer, known primarily for roles of police or military officers; in The Bronx, New York City (d. 1997)

June 27, 1925 (Saturday)

• A 6.6 magnitude earthquake struck near Townsend, Montana. ^[138] There were no casualties but damage was estimated at $150,000. ^[139]
• The United Union of German Railway Workers (Einheitsverband der Eisenbahner Deutschlands) was formed by a merger of the German Railway Union (Deutscher Eisenbahner-Verband) and the National Union of German Railway Officials and Trainees (Reichsgewerkschaft deutscher Eisenbahnbeamten und anwärter), with almost 200,000 members led by Franz Scheffel. ^[140] The United Union would exist until June 26, 1933 when it would be banned along with other labor unions. ^[141]
• Born:
  • Doc Pomus (stage name for Jerome Felder), American rhythm and blues singer and songwriter known for "Save the Last Dance for Me" and "Suspicion"; posthumous inductee to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, the Songwriters Hall of Fame and the Blues Hall of Fame; in Brooklyn (d.1991)Holden, Stephen (March 15, 1991). "Jerome (Doc) Pomus, 65, Lyricist For Some of Rock's Greatest Hits". NYTimes. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
  • Willy Burgdorfer, Swiss-born American medical entomologist known for discovering the bacterial pathogen for Lyme disease; in Basel ^[142]
  • Andrew Foster, deaf African-American educator and founder of the Christian Mission for Deaf Africans; in Ensley, Alabama (d.1987) ^[143]

June 28, 1925 (Sunday)

• The Independence Tribunal of Diyarbekir, established to conduct trials of the Kurdish participants in the Sheikh Said rebellion against the government of Turkey, issued death sentences to 47 of rebels, including Sheikh Said himself. The sentence was carried out in public the next day with mass hangings from scaffolds erected at the Mountain Gate of Diyarbakir at Dağkapı Square. In all, the tribunals prosecuted more than 5,000 rebels, convicted 2,300 of them and hanged 420 of them. ^[144]
• In an exchange of territories, Albania ceded Shën Naumit to Yugoslavia, where it was renamed "Sveti Naum" and included the 920-year old Monastery of Saint Naum and is now in North Macedonia. In exchange, Yugoslavia ceded Starovo, which was renamed Peshkëpi. ^[145]
• F.C. Porto defeated Sporting CP of Lisbon, 2 to 1, to win the Campeonato de Portugal, the knockout playoff for soccer football in Portugal. ^[146]
• Born:
  • Esther Cailingold, British-born heroine of the 1948 Arab-Israeli War; in Whitechapel, London (killed in battle, 1948) ^[147]
  • Katinka Mann, American artist and sculptor; in New York City (d.2022) ^[148]
• Died:
  • Josef Peer, 61, Austrian lawyer who served as the Landesverweser (head of government) of Liechtenstein from 1920 to 1921. ^[149]
  • George A. Dodd, 72, U.S. Army Brigadier General known for leading his troops to victory in the 1916 Battle of Guerrero over Mexican rebels during the Pancho Villa Expedition of John J. Pershing. ^[150]

June 29, 1925 (Monday)

• An 6.8 magnitude earthquake killed 13 people in Santa Barbara, California and caused at least eight million dollars in damage. ^[151] The earthquake caused buildings downtown to collapse or to become unsafe for habitation, but struck at 6:44 in the morning before most people had arrived for work. ^[152] Further casualties were prevented by the quick actions of William Engle in cutting electrical power, and Henry Ketz and William Pflegling in shutting the main valves of the natural gas pipelines. ^[153]
• Born:
  • Giorgio Napolitano, President of Italy from 2006 to 2015; in Naples (d. 2023) ^[154]
  • Cara Williams (stage name for Bernice Kamiat), American film and TV actress known for The Defiant Ones in 1958, and as Gladys on the television show Pete and Gladys ; in Brooklyn (d.2021) ^[155]
  • R. S. Manohar, Indian film actor and playwright; in Rasipuram, Madras Province, British India (now in Tamil Nadu state (d. 2006) ^[156]
• Died:
  • Christian Michelsen, 68, the first Prime Minister of Norway after its independence, from 1905 to 1907
  • John Milholland, 65, American businessman, philanthropist and civil rights activist, and the first treasurer of the NAACP ^[157]

June 30, 1925 (Tuesday)

• The Svenska Teatern in Stockholm, Sweden's national theater and the largest (with 1,100 seats) in the Scandinavian kingdom since its opening in 1875, was destroyed by fire. It was never rebuilt.
• American engineer Charles Francis Jenkins received U.S. Patent No. 1,544,146 for his invention "Transmitting Pictures over Wireless", which he had applied for on March 13, 1922 for a practical system of television. Using his Phantoscope" He would make the first commercial broadcasts in the U.S. from a studio in his laboratories in Washington D.C. on July 2, 1928.
• The Lions Club U.S. service organization formally launched its signature mission of assistance to the blind and the visually-impaired, after a speech by Helen Keller at its international convention at Cedar Point, Ohio. ^[158]
• Edith Nourse Rogers defeated Eugene N. Foss in a special election to replace her late husband as the U.S. Representative for the 5th District of Massachusetts, ^[159] an office which she would hold for the next 35 years. Rogers, the sixth woman to be elected to the U.S. Congress, filled out the unexpired term of her husband, Congressman John Jacob Rogers, who had died on March 28, and would be re-elected 16 times.
• Born:
  • Don Hayward, Welsh rugby league player with 15 caps for the Wales national team and three for the British Lions; in Pontypool, Monmouthshire (d. 1999)
  • Ros Mey, Cambodian-born American Buddhist monk and founder of the first Khmer Buddhist monastery; in Kandal province French protectorate of Cambodia (d. 2010) ^[160]
• Died: Major General Firudin bey Vazirov, Azerbaijani-born former Imperial Russian Army officer

References

1. Pierce v. Society of Sisters , 268 U.S. 510 (1925).
2. Nicole L. Mandel (2012-03-12). "The Quiet Bigotry of Oregon's Compulsory Public Education Act". pp. 4–5. Retrieved 2019-01-08.
3. "June 1, 1925 Washington Senators at New York Yankees". Baseball Reference . Retrieved January 2, 2015.
4. "Canada Asserts CLaim to All Land Up To North Pole— Concedes Little Territory to Others", The Evening Star (Washington DC), June 2, 1925, p.1
5. Mercer, Derrik (1989). Chronicle of the 20th Century. London: Chronicle Communications Ltd. p. 331. ISBN   978-0-582-03919-3.
6. Gelber, Ben (2002). The Pennsylvania Weather Book. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press. p. 103. ISBN   0-8135-3056-3.
7. Bak, Richard (2011). The Big Jump - Lindbergh and the Great Atlantic Air Race . Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. p. 41. ISBN   978-0-471-47752-5.
8. Snyder, John P. The Story of New Jersey's Civil Boundaries: 1606–1968, Bureau of Geology and Topography; Trenton, New Jersey; 1969. p. 148. Accessed May 30, 2024.
9. Dieter Nohlen; Florian Grotz; Christof Hartmann; Graham Hassall; Soliman M. Santos (15 November 2001). Elections in Asia and the Pacific: A Data Handbook: Volume II: South East Asia, East Asia, and the South Pacific. OUP Oxford. ISBN   9780199249596.
10. Walfoort, Cleon (March 21, 1957). "One Minute Interviews: Mantle's big Asset ... Pipp's Costly Headache". The Milwaukee Journal . pp. 2–17. Retrieved April 19, 2014.^{[ permanent dead link ‍]}
11. Anderson, Bruce (June 29, 1987). "A Pipp of a Legend: The Man Who Was Benched in Favor of Iron-Horse Lou". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved January 7, 2018.
12. "The 3,000 Hit Club: Eddie Collins, Baseball Hall of Fame
13. "Dr. Melvin J. Glimcher, Prosthetics Innovator, Dies at 88". The New York Times . May 31, 2014. p. B8. Retrieved 2018-09-14.
14. Slater, Elinor; Slater, Robert (1994). Great Jewish women. Middle Village, New York: Jonathan David Publishers. p.  334. ISBN   0-8246-0370-2. OCLC   29386813.
15. "Michael P. Stone - Former Under Secretary Army". www.army.mil. Archived from the original on 2004-06-27.
16. "Chinese Fruit Wizard Dies: Lue Gim Gong, Who Made Millions for Others, Poor at the End". New York Times: 17. June 5, 1925.
17. "Charity and Friends Share in Tod Estate; Retired Banker's Will Divides About $2,000,000 Among His Relatives" (PDF). The New York Times. June 11, 1925. Retrieved August 7, 2019.
18. "Founder of Ellsworth Dies at Florence, Italy". The Daily Republican. Monongahela, Pennsylvania. June 4, 1925.
19. "3 Haziran 1925: Terakkiperver Cumhuriyet Fırkası kapatıldı".
20. Hassan, Mona. Longing for the Lost Caliphate: A Transregional History. Princeton University Press. p. 169.
21. Fendrick, Raymond (June 5, 1925). "Turk Dictator Crushes Enemy Party". Chicago Daily Tribune . p. 16.
22. Karpat, Kemal H. (2015-12-08). Turkey's Politics: The Transition to a Multi-Party System. Princeton University Press. pp. 47–48. ISBN   978-1-4008-7942-7.
23. Kehr, Dave (September 30, 2010). "Tony Curtis, Hollywood Leading Man, Dies at 85". The New York Times . Retrieved October 1, 2010.
24. "Vale Air Marshal Selwyn David Evans AC, DSO, AFC (Ret'd)". RAAF Staff College Association. 3 September 2020. Retrieved 10 September 2020.
25. "Maniac Kills Eight Relatives; Taken After Wounding Self— Girl of Nine Is Only Survivor", The Cincinnati Enquirer, June 5, 1925, p.1
26. "Fear of Eviction Leads to Death of Eight, by Lunatic". The Independent-Record . Associated Press. June 5, 1925. p. 1. Retrieved June 18, 2024.
27. Banco Venezolano de Credito: Our History"
28. "John Addison Fordyce". www.whonamedit.com. Retrieved 27 April 2023.
29. ""V.V. Subramaniam's death anniversary: June 4, 1925", Maalaminar, June 4, 2017
30. Dr. C. Sethuraman (10 July 2011). "The Father of the Tamil Short Story" . Thinnai . Retrieved 5 June 2016
31. Maharaja of Gwalior, Sir George Jiwajirao Scindia (29 October 2024). "Last ruling Maharaja of Gwalior". Royal Archives. Retrieved 29 October 2024.
32. "Brief History". Aristotle University of Thessaloniki . Retrieved January 2, 2015.
33. "Jenny Apolant | Jewish Women's Archive". jwa.org. Retrieved 2019-01-15.
34. Vincent Curcio, Chrysler: The Life and Times of an Automotive Genius (Oxford University Press, 2000) pp.332-333
35. Daniel Neep, Occupying Syria under the French mandate: insurgency, space and state formation (Cambridge University Press, 2012), pp. 101–130.
36. "Norway Sends Planes to Hunt Polar Flyers". Chicago Daily Tribune . June 7, 1925. p. 3.
37. Prokofiev, Sergei. "Prokofiev Biography: America and Europe". prokofiev.org. Archived from the original on 2007-06-10. Retrieved 2007-06-21.
38. Heneage, Simon (2004). "Davis, Brian [pseud. Michael ffolkes] (1925–1988), cartoonist and illustrator". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/57151.(Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
39. "Germany 1924/25", by Adri van Veen, Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation (April 10, 2023)
40. Uttersrud, Ulf. "Fredrik Rosing Bull" (in Norwegian). Høgskolen i Oslo. Archived from the original on 2008-10-28. Retrieved 2009-05-10.
41. "Gitlow Loses Fight in Highest Court to Annul Anarchy Law" (PDF). New York Times. 9 June 1925.
42. Greenberg, Michael I. (2006). Encyclopedia of Terrorist, Natural, and Man-made Disasters. Sudbury, Massachusetts: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. p. 186. ISBN   978-0-7637-3782-5.
43. Bush, Barbara (2015-05-26). Barbara Bush: A Memoir. Simon and Schuster. ISBN   978-1-5011-1778-7.
44. "Former first lady Barbara Bush dies at age 92". ABC News. Archived from the original on April 18, 2018. Retrieved June 27, 2020.
45. "Eddie Gaedel", by Brian McKenna, Society for American Baseball Research
46. "Heat Wave Abated". The Daily News . Perth, Western Australia: 5. June 10, 1925.
47. The Traveston Smash, Australian Railway Historical Society Bulletin (December 1969) pp.282-286
48. D'Souza, Edwin J. F. (2004). V.J.P. Saldanha (Makers of Indian literature). Sahitya Akademi. ISBN   978-81-260-2028-7 . Retrieved 16 June 2008.
49. "Yorkshire Motor Coach Accident". The Times (London). No. 44002. 1 July 1925. p. 13.
50. "Former defense secretary Fortunato Abat dies", Rappler.com, March 8, 2018
51. "Falleció Diana Maggi, figura del espectáculo". Diario Popular. 15 September 2022. Retrieved 15 September 2022.
52. Sun Chunri (孙春日) (2011). 《中国朝鲜族移民史》. Beijing: 中华书局. pp. 316–321. ISBN   978-7-101-06535-0.
53. "The Nova Scotia Coal Strikes of 1922 to 1925". gcnws. Parks Canads. October 13, 2017. Retrieved 2021-02-21.
54. Lehmann-Haupt, Christopher (November 2, 2006). "William Styron, Novelist, Dies at 81". The New York Times. Retrieved November 23, 2024.
55. Dagan, Carmel (10 June 2014). "Felisa Vanoff, Dancer, Patron of the Arts, Dies at 89". Variety . Retrieved 7 July 2014.
56. Dundjerski, Marina (2011). UCLA: The First Century. Los Angeles: Third Millennium Publishing. p. 33. ISBN   9781906507374 . Retrieved 21 February 2021.
57. Enrique Krauze, Mexico: Biography of Power, A History of Modern Mexico, 1810–1996 (New York: HarperCollins, 1997) p.417.
58. "Painleve at Front to Study Riff War". New York Evening Post : 9. June 13, 1925.
59. "Medical Mission Sisters History". www.mmssouthindia.org. Retrieved 2023-01-17.
60. "Dick Miles, Record-Setting U.S. Table Tennis Player, Dies at 85", by Bruce Weber, The New York Times , October 23, 2010. Accessed October 26, 2010.
61. "Warren S. Stone, Labor Leader, Dies". New York Times. June 12, 1925. Retrieved 2013-07-29.
62. "'Radio Vision' Shown First Time In History by Capital Inventor". The Evening Star (Washington). June 14, 1925. p. 1.
63. Glinsky, Albert (2000). Theremin: Ether Music and Espionage . Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. pp. 41–45. ISBN   978-0-252-02582-2.
64. Grimes, William (May 5, 2017). "Burton Watson, 91, Influential Translator of Classical Asian Literature, Dies". The New York Times . p. A25. Retrieved May 15, 2017.
65. "Five Are Drowned When Waves Capsize Yacht— Twelve More Narrowly Escape as Swimmers Bring Victims to Shore on Surf Boards", The Los Angeles Times, June 15, 1925, p.17
66. Patrick Moser, Waikiki Dreams: How California Appropriated Hawaiian Beach Culture (University of Illinois Press, 2024)
67. Seal, Brian (June 14, 2014). "4 June 1925 – They Seem To Have Recovered Fully By Now". This Day in Football History. Retrieved January 2, 2015.
68. Rab MacWilliam, Life in La Liga: The Story of Spanish Club Football (Arena Sport, 2019)
69. Kaes, Anton; Jay, Martin; Dimendberg, Edward, eds. (1994). The Weimar Republic Sourcebook. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 476. ISBN   0-520-06775-4.
70. Purdum, Todd S. (October 18, 2004). "Pierre Salinger, Press Secretary to Kennedy, Dies at 79". The New York Times. Retrieved May 22, 2010.
71. "A. C. Dixon, 1854 - 1925", Preacher Biographies, Sword of the Lord.com
72. Czech, Kenneth P. (June 12, 2006). "Roald Amundsen and the 1925 North Pole Expedition". Historynet.com. Retrieved January 2, 2015.
73. "Indians Lose, 17–15, When A's Tally 13 Runs in 8th Inning", Cleveland Plain Dealer, June 16, 1925, p.1
74. "The Biggest Comebacks in Major League Baseball History", by Craig Haley, TheAnalyst.com, November 1, 2024
75. "34 Die, 70 Hurt as Jersey Train Hits Landslides", The Philadelphia Inquirer, June 17, 1925, p.1
76. "View of Wreckage in New Jersey Rail Disaster", photograph in The Philadelphia Inquirer, June 17, 1925, p.1
77. Historians mark 85th anniversary of Warren County's deadliest accident, a train derailment that made international headlines
78. "ALL SIX AMUNDSEN POLE FLYERS RETURN SAFELY— Anxiety Dispelled by Spitzbergen Word", The Indianapolis News, June 18, 1925, p.1
79. Amundsen Back Safe in Spitzbergen; Planes Landed 150 Miles From Pole by Edwin L. James, The New York Times, June 19, 1925, p.1
80. "Ships' Officers' International to be dissolved" (PDF). International Transport Workers' Journal. No. 2. February 1964. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
81. "Jean d'Ormesson, an 'immortal' of the Académie Française, dies at 92". The Washington Post. December 5, 2017. Retrieved December 7, 2017.
82. "Ifigenia Martínez habría fallecido a los 99 años, según datos de la Gaceta Parlamentaria". Aristegui Noticias (in Spanish). 2024-10-06. Retrieved 7 October 2024.
83. "Bebe Barron: Co-composer of the first electronic film score, for". The Independent. 2008-05-08. Retrieved 2019-02-18.
84. "Remembering Chittaranjan Das on his 97th death anniversary: Know lesser-known facts about 'Deshbandhu'". Mumbai: The Free Press Journal . Retrieved 22 September 2022.
85. Colin Larkin, ed. (1992). The Guinness Who's Who of Jazz (First ed.). Guinness Publishing. p. 189. ISBN   0-85112-580-8.
86. "Signing of Accords Ends Arms Parley", The New York Times, June 18, 1925, p.4
87. "Protocole concernant la prohibition d'emploi à la guerre de gaz asphyxiants, toxiques ou similaires et de moyens bactériologiques, fait à Genève le 17 juin 1925" (in French). Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs of France. Archived from the original on 2 December 2008. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
88. "Louisville Boy Wins National Spelling Bee— Neuhauser Defeats Eight State Champions to Get Title", by Joseph Humphreys, The Courier Journal (Louisville), June 18, 1925, p.1
89. "Kentucky Boy Crowned King of U.S. Spellers", Associated Press report in San Antonio Light, June 18, 1925
90. Hermann Junker, Gîza II. Grabungen auf dem Friedhof des Alten Reiches bei den Pyramiden von Giza (Leipzig: Hölder-Pichler-Tempsky, 1932) pp.132–153
92. Gustav Reisner, A History of the Giza Necropolis I (Cambridge University Press, 1942)
93. "Territorial Governor George Parks Dies". Anchorage Daily News. May 12, 1984. p. B1.
94. "Socialists Approve New Belgian Cabinet", The Evening Star (Washington DC), June 18, 1925, p.15
95. "Tigers Smear Yanks, 19-1 —Ouch!", Daily News (New York)
96. "Komponist: Wolfgang Hildemann". Verlag Dohr.
97. Weber, Bruce (7 June 2014). "Alexander Shulgin, Psychedelia Researcher, Dies at 88". The New York Times.
98. Noblecourt, Michel (12 December 2024). "Yvon Gattaz, le patron des patrons sous François Mitterrand, est mort à l'âge de 99 ans". Le Monde. Retrieved 12 December 2024.
99. Hia, Rivka (October 26, 2015). "From Brooklyn To Broadway, And Back Again". The Jewish Week. New York City. Retrieved November 23, 2016.
100. Stentzel, Rainer (2000). "Zum Verhältnis von Recht und Politik in der Weimarer Republik. Der Streit um die sogenannte Fürstenenteignung" [On the relationship between law and politics in the Weimar Republic: The dispute aver the expropriation of the Princes' property]. Der Staat (in German). 39th year (2): 278.
101. Gerlach, Larry R. (Fall 1998). "Justice Denied: The Lynching of Robert Marshall". Utah Historical Quarterly . 66 (4): 355–364. doi:10.2307/45062634. JSTOR   45062634 – via Issuu.
102. "La Follette Dies of Heart Failure After Long Fight; Cheerful to Last", The Evening Star (Washington DC), June 18, 1925, p.1
103. Reichspatentamt Patentschrift Nt. 415395
104. "Geschichte". Zeiss-Planetarium Jena (in German). January 6, 2022. Retrieved September 22, 2022.
105. "Bridgewater Is Turned Over to Kokomo Police", The Indianapolis Times, June 20, 1925, p.1
106. "Desperado Given Prison Sentence— Everett Bridgewater on Way to State Reformatory Less Than 24 Hours After His Arrest", The South Bend Tribune, June 21, 1925, p.1
107. Kerr, J. R.; Taylor-Robinson, D. (2007). "David Arthur John Tyrrell. 19 June 1925 – 2 May 2005: Elected FRS 1970". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society . 53. Royal Society: 349–363. doi:10.1098/rsbm.2007.0014. PMID   18543468. S2CID   73300843.
108. "Charlie Drake". The Independent. 2006-12-26. Retrieved 2023-05-27.
109. Clark, Martin (2014). Mussolini: Profiles in Power . New York: Routledge. p.  131. ISBN   978-0-582-06595-6.
110. Diana Garvin, Feeding Fascism: The Politics of Women's Food Work (University of Toronto Press, 2022) p.18
111. "Así Ocurrió: En 1925 se inicia la radiodifusión en el Perú", El Comercio (Lima), June 20, 2014
112. U.S. Capitol Historical Society. "In Memoriam: Robert L. Breeden, 1925-2013". USCHS.org. U.S. Capitol Historical Society.
113. Hue-Tam Ho Tai, Radicalism and the Origins of the Vietnamese Revolution (Harvard University Press, 1992) p.176
114. Bernstein, Adam (2006-03-14). "Maureen Stapleton; Esteemed Actress Of Stage, Film, TV". The Washington Post . ISSN   0190-8286 . Retrieved 2024-09-28.
115. Macy, Laura Williams (2008). The Grove Book of Opera Singers. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN   978-0-19-533765-5.
116. Nikki M. Taylor, America's First Black Socialist: The Radical Life of Peter H. Clark. Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky, 2013
117. "George Ashdown Audsley - Dictionary of Scottish Architects". scottisharchitects.org.uk. Retrieved 16 February 2014.
118. "Beating the Klan: Baseball Coverage in Wichita Before Integration, 1920–1930 – Society for American Baseball Research".
119. Gentile, Emilio (2005). The Origins of Fascist Ideology 1918–1925. New York: Enigma Books. p. 352. ISBN   1-929631-18-9.
120. Roberts, David D. (2006). The Totalitarian Experiment in Twentieth-Century Europe . New York: Routledge, Inc. p.  526. ISBN   0-415-19278-1.
121. Chadwick, Julie (2017). The Man Who Carried Cash. Dundurn Group. ISBN   978-1-45973-723-5.
122. "Felix C. Klein (1849–1925)". Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 22 July 2015.
123. • United States Congress. "June 1925 (id: L000012)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress .
124. Ke-wen, Wang (1998). Modern China: An Encyclopedia of History, Culture and Nationalism. New York: Spon Press. p. 42. ISBN   0-419-22160-3.
125. "A Brief History of the Gros Ventre Slide Geological Site" (PDF). Gros Ventre Slide Geologic Area. United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service. Retrieved March 31, 2016.
126. Williams, R. (2011). "Oliver Smithies: Born Inventor". Circulation Research. 108 (6): 650–652. doi: 10.1161/RES.0b013e318216f105 . ISSN   0009-7330. PMID   21415407.
127. "ATM installed at Shillong hospital where inventor was born 96 years ago". Sumir Karmakar. Deccan Herald. 10 August 2021. Retrieved 10 August 2021.
128. "ATM inventor John Shepherd-Barron dies at 84". The Los Angeles Times, 19 May 2010. 19 May 2010.
129. Bevans, Charles I. (1971). Treaties and Other International Agreements of the United States of America 1776–1949, Volume 8. United States Department of State. p. 1132.
130. "Women's War Memorial". The British Medical Journal (Vol. 2 No. 3366 ed.). London, UK: BMJ. 4 July 1925. p. 25.
131. Sara Montes Romero (2016), La Casa Rule (PDF), Museo Virtual de Pachuca, retrieved 11 August 2016
132. "Alistair Te Ariki Campbell", New Zealand Electronic Poetry Centre
133. Bernstein, Fred A. (19 September 2018). "Robert Venturi, Architect Who Rejected Modernism, Dies at 93". The New York Times.
134. Obituary: Dr. Samavedam Srinivasa Sriramacharyulu (1925-2009), Institute of Pathology Newsletter
135. Allister Macmillan (1993). The Red Book of West Africa: Historical and Descriptive, Commercial and Industrial Facts, Figures & Resources. Spectrum Books. p. 113. ISBN   9789782461735 . Retrieved 30 July 2017.
136. "Liner Sinks Quebec Tug With Nine Aboard; Boilers Explode as Tiny Craft Is Cut in Two" . The New York Times. June 27, 1925. p. 1. Retrieved November 15, 2020.
137. Hale, Georgia (1999). Charlie Chaplin: Intimate Close-Ups. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press, Inc. p. xv. ISBN   978-1-4616-5737-8.
138. "Montana Shaken by Earthquakes over Wide Area", AP report in Sunday World-Herald (Omaha NE), June 28, 1925, p.1 ("Nearly two-thirds of the state of Montana was shaken vigorously by two series of earthquake shocks early tonight, the first at 6:23 o'clock and the second at 7:07.")
139. Gunn, Angus M. (2008). Encyclopedia of Disasters: Environmental Catastrophes and Human Tragedies . Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p.  302. ISBN   978-0-313-34002-4.
140. Jochade, Hermann (1931). Einheitsverband der Eisenbahner Deutschlands. ADGB. pp. 423–424. Retrieved 1 June 2020.
141. Mielke, Siegfried; Heinz, Stefan (2017). Eisenbahngewerkschafter im NS-Staat. Verfolgung – Widerstand – Emigration (1933–1945). Berlin: Metropol. ISBN   9783863313531.
142. Langer, Emily (September 21, 2013). "Stephen E. Malawista, Yale researcher who helped discover Lyme disease, dies at 79". Washington Post . Retrieved 2013-10-14.
143. "Visionary Leader-May 2014, Andrew Foster". Gallaudet University. Retrieved August 23, 2022.
144. Üngör, Ugur Ümit. "Young Turk Social Engineering : mass violence and the nation state in eastern Turkey, 1913- 1950" (PDF). University of Amsterdam. pp. 240–242. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
145. Pearson, Owen (2004). Albania and King Zog: independence, republic and monarchy 1908–1939. IB Tauris. p. 248. ISBN   978-1845110130.
146. "Taça de Portugal 1924/1925 - Final" [Cup of Portugal 1924/1925 - Final]. ForaDeJogo. Retrieved 10 September 2014.
147. Asher Cailingold, An Unlikely Heroine (Valentine Mitchell, 2000)
148. "In Memoriam: Katinka Mann, 1925–2022". EFA Studio Program. 30 August 2022. Retrieved 2 September 2022.
149. "Ehemaliger Regierungschef Josef Peer tot ("Former head of government Josef Peer dead")". Liechtensteiner Volksblatt (in German). 4 July 1925. p. 1.
150. "General Dodd Dies at Florida Home", The Atlanta Constitution, June 30, 1925, p.8
151. Hough, S.E.; Martin, S.S. (2018), "A proposed rupture scenario for the 1925 MW 6.5 Santa Barbara, California, earthquake", Tectonophysics, 747–748, Elsevier: 211–224, doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2018.09.012
152. "12 DIE, $10,000,000 DAMAGE AS QUAKE, FLOOD AND FIRE WRECK SANTA BARBARA— 300 Guests Trapped in Ruins as Hotel Arlington Collapses", Oakland Tribune, June 29, 1925, p.1
153. "Earthquake - Day 1, Part 1", by Neal Graffy, June 27, 2010, edhat.com, archived by archive.org
154. "I presidenti emeriti– Giorgio Napolitano". Presidency of Italy – Presidenza della Repubblica. 2023. Retrieved September 27, 2023.
155. "https://web.archive.org/web/20221203065042/https://outsider.com/american-entertainment/cara-williams-star-defiant-ones-pete-gladys-dies-96/amp/%7CCara Williams, Star of 'The Defiant Ones' and 'Pete and Gladys,' Dies at 96]", by Jonathan Howard, "American Entertainment" at Outsider.com
156. cinesouth. "Dailynews - The once great villain R.S.Manohar passes away". Cinesouth.com. Archived from the original on January 13, 2006. Retrieved 2012-11-17.
157. "J. E. Milholland, Publicist, dead". The New York Times. July 1, 1925. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 2020-03-27.
158. "Lions Clubs to Aid Blind Welfare Work— Helen Keller Given Great Ovation by International Association", AP report in The Springfield (MA) Union, July 1, 1925, p.4
159. "Widow Wins Seat of Her Husband in Congress, 23 to 9— Mrs. Edith Rogers Gets 23,614 to Male Opponent's 9,521", The Post-Star (Glens Falls, New York), July 1, 1925, p.1
160. Zinner, Karen Lee (2010-12-15). "R.I. Cambodian community mourns Buddhist leader". Providence Journal . Retrieved 2010-12-29.