July 1925

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July 20, 1925: The Scopes trial in Tennessee captures the attention of the U.S. public; Scopes if found guilty the next day of illegally teaching the theory of evolution

The following events occurred in July 1925:

July 1, 1925 (Wednesday)

• The Kuomintang proclaimed a new national government for the Republic of China with a capital at its base in Guangzhou (at the time, referred to in the west as Canton). From there, Kuomintang leader Chiang Kai-shek let the Northern Expedition in reunifying the Republic, which had been fragmented in 1916 into various states ruled by warlords. ^[1]
• Voting was held in the Netherlands for all 100 seats of the Tweede Kamer der Staten-Generaal, the lower house (second chamber) of the States General. The coalition government led by Prime Minister Charles Ruijs de Beerenbrouck of the Algemeene Bond and its partners of the ARP and the CHU saw its majority fall from 59 seats to 54 seats, and a new government was formed. ^[2]
• The first International Congress of Radiology opened in London. ^[3]

The Australian Model T

• The first model produced by the Ford Australia factory in Geelong, Victoria was produced, as the Ford Model T came off the assembly line.
• Born:
  • Art McNally, American sports official and referee, Director of Officiating for the National Football League (1968 to 1991) and the first referee to be inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame (d.2023) ^[4]
  • Farley Granger, American film actor known for Strangers on a Train , Rope and Edge of Doom ; in San Jose, California (d. 2011) ^[5]
• Died:
  • Erik Satie, 59, French composer
  • George B. Churchill, 52, U.S. Representative for Massachusetts, died of a hemorrhage caused by stomach ulcers, less than three months after taking office. Elected in November 1924, Churchill had only gone to Washington to be sworn in, but the first session of the 69th U.S. Congress wasn't scheduled to open until December 7, so Churchill never cast a vote on legislation. ^[6]

July 2, 1925 (Thursday)

• The last Prime Minister of the Russian Empire, Nikolai Golitsyn, was executed by the Soviet Union on charges of participating in a "counter-revolutionary monarchist organization". Golitsyn, who had been appointed by Tsar Nicholas II, had been given an opportunity by the Bolsheviks to leave, but had elected to stay in the Soviet Union. ^[7]
• Harry Greb retained the World Middleweight Title, defeating Mickey Walker by decision at the Polo Grounds in New York.

Freedom activists Medgar Evers and Patrice Lumumba

• Born:
  • Medgar Evers, American civil rights activist; in Decatur, Mississippi (killed 1963)
  • Patrice Lumumba, Congolese politician and independence activist who was the first prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo; as Isaïe Tasumbu Tawosa; in Katakokombe, Congo-Kasaï, Belgian Congo (now Sankuru, Democratic Republic of the Congo) (assassinated 1961)
  • Pietro Forquet, Italian contract bridge cardplayer and part of the "Blue Team" that won 15 world titles between 1957 and 1975; in Naples (d.2023) ^[8]
  • U.S. Army Corporal Mitchell Red Cloud Jr. who posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor for valor in the Korean War; in Hatfield, Wisconsin (killed in action, 1950) ^[9]
  • Philip Liner, English-born New Zealand radio broadcaster on the RNZ National network for 20 years; in Northampton (d.2019)
  • David Webb, American jewelry designer and businessman known for creating exclusive accessories for female celebrities; in Asheville, North Carolina (d. from pancreatic cancer, 1975) ^[10]

July 3, 1925 (Friday)

• The German government sent a strong protest note to the Soviet Union over the sentencing of three German students to death for "high treason and spying". Numerous German newspapers called for a break in diplomatic relations between the two countries as many were convinced that the charges were trumped up in order to arrange for an exchange of prisoners. ^[11]
• Suzanne Lenglen of France defeated Joan Fry of the United Kingdom in the Women's Singles Final at Wimbledon. ^[12]
• Born:
  • Michael Oliver, Welsh cardiologist; in Borth, Dyfed (d.2015) ^[13]
  • Henry F. Dobyns, American anthropologist who had calculated the pre-Columbian population of North American natives as being at least 9.8 million people and its decrease during the 16th century as being 90 percent; in Tucson, Arizona (d.2009) ^[14]
• Otto von Sadovszky, Hungarian-born American anthropologist known for his "Cal-Ugrian theory" of a linguistic link between languages spoken in Siberia to the Penutian languages of the North American western coast; in Hungary (d. 2004) ^[15]

July 4, 1925 (Saturday)

• The collapse of the Pickwick Club in Boston killed 44 people, most of them party-goers at an event that had started the night before to celebrate the Fourth of July. ^[16] At 3:30 in the morning, about 120 people were dancing on the second floor of the former Hotel Dreyfus when the ceiling above them fell, followed by a wall and then the floor beneath them. ^{[17] [18]}
• Police in Rome reported that the treasury of St. Peter's Basilica was robbed of 5–7 million lira worth of valuables, including gold crosses and other religious objects. ^[19]
• René Lacoste defeated fellow French tennis player Jean Borotra in the Men's Singles Final at Wimbledon. ^[16]
• Fighting while in pain from a visit to a dentist earlier in the day, and distracted by an ulcerated tooth, world flyweight boxing champion Pancho Villa (real name Francisco Villaruel) lost a decision to Jimmy McLarnin at Emeryville, California, though the fight was not for the title and Villa retained his championship for the last 10 days of his life. Villa, who earned a record of 90 wins, 8 losses and 4 draws, had three more teeth extracted days later, ignored medical advice to get bed rest, was found to have an infection that spread to his throat and to his heart. He went into a coma after emergency surgery on July 13 and never woke up. ^[20]

July 5, 1925 (Sunday)

• The Charley Chase short comedy film Isn't Life Terrible? was released.
• Born:
  • Herbie Seneviratne, Sri Lankan filmmaker; in Kurunegala, British Ceylon (d. 1998) ^[21]
  • Fernando de Szyszlo, Peruvian sculptor; in Lima (d. 2017 from falling down steps) ^[22]
• Jean Raspail, French explorer and novelist; in Chemillé-sur-Dême, Indre-et-Loire département (d.2020)
• Died: Hjalmar Borgstrøm, 61, Norwegian composer ^[23]

July 6, 1925 (Monday)

• Numerous arrests were made and stolen items were recovered in the St. Peter's Basilica robbery case. Six workmen who were doing repairs in the vicinity of the treasury room were among those arrested. ^[24]
• The city of Mayfield, California came to an end as the incorporated community was absorbed into the neighboring city of Palo Alto by a 1,094 to 441 vote of citizens of both communities. ^{[25] [26]}

Merv Griffin and Bill Haley

• Born:
  • Merv Griffin, American television personality and media mogul; in San Mateo, California (d. 2007)
  • Bill Haley, American rock and roll musician known for his group Bill Haley and the Comets; in Highland Park, Michigan (d. 1981)
  • Ruth Cracknell, Australian comic actress on stage, radio TV and film; in Maitland, New South Wales (d.2002)
  • Edwin A. Dawes, British biochemist known also for his books regarding the history of stage magic; in Goole, West Riding of Yorkshire (d.2023) ^[27]
  • Kjell Aartun, Norwegian theologian and linguist known for his expertise on Semitic languages and his controversial theories on runic interpretation and on Minoan civilization; in Sjernarøy (d.2023) ^[28]
  • Clarence Scharbauer Jr., American horse breeder, oil company owner and philanthropist, inductee to the Horse Racing Hall of Fame; in Midland, Texas (d.2014) ^[29]

July 7, 1925 (Tuesday)

• In the U.S., the Boeing Airplane Company test flew its first passenger aircraft, the Boeing Model 40. ^[30]
• Loyola College, Chennai, a private Catholic college was founded in India in Madras by the French Jesuit priest, Francis Bertram, along with other European Jesuits, with 75 undergraduates. ^[31] It would have more than 10,000 students in its 100th year. ^[32]
• William Jennings Bryan arrived by train in Dayton, Tennessee to a hero's welcome as national anticipation of the Scopes Trial accelerated. Bryan gave a fiery speech saying the trial would be a "duel to the death". ^[33]
• Died:
  • Helen Carruthers, 33, American silent film actress who later become a socialite as the wife of a baron, was accidentally killed when she fell from the 7th floor of The Ritz Carlton Hotel in New York City. Carruthers was hosting some friends on the day before she was to sail on a cruise and lost her balance when she opened a window during a hot summer day. ^{[34] [35] [36]}
  • Clarence H. White, 54, American photographer, had a fatal heart attack while teaching students in Mexico City. ^[37]

July 8, 1925 (Wednesday)

Ralph Samuelson demonstrating his invention, waterskiing

• In the U.S., Ralph Samuelson, later celebrated as "The Father of Waterskiing" ^[38] became the first person to perform a ski jump on water, performing at a water carnival at Lake Pepin in Minnesota as a speedboat guided him up a ramp with a 30-degree incline and into the air. After his first attempt failed because the ramp was too rough, Samuelson greased the surface with lard and made the first successful jump. ^[39]
• The Riffians launched a new offensive against the city of Fes in the Rif War. ^[40]
• Defense lawyer Clarence Darrow arrived in Dayton, Tennessee to much less fanfare than that afforded Bryan the previous day. ^[41]
• In the ongoing gang war between Al Capone's North Side Gang and the Genna crime family, Antonio Genna became the third member of the Genna brothers to be shot to death in less than two months. Angelo Genna had been killed on May 27, followed by Mike Genna's death on June 13 during a gun battle with police. ^[42]
• Born: Leonard Neff, American psychiatrist, PTSD expert and hostage negotiator; in Peoria, Illinois (d.2006) ^[43]

July 9, 1925 (Thursday)

• The Palazzo del Viminale was opened in Rome to serve as the office building of the Prime Minister of Italy, Benito Mussolini. ^[44]
• The Carillo-Diez de Medina Treaty was signed between Bolivia (by Foreign Minister Eduardo Díez de Medina) and Argentina (represented by that nation's ambassador to Bolivia, Horacio Carrillo to end a border dispute between the two South American nations. Argentina ceded the city of Yacuiba to Bolivia in accordance with drawing a new border line.
• The French Chamber of Deputies approved an additional 183 million francs to fight the Rif War. ^[45]
• Born:
  • Guru Dutt (stage name for Vasanth Padukone), Indian film actor, producer and director; in Padukone, Madras Presidency, British India (present-day Karnataka state) (died of a drug overdose, 1964) ^[46]
  • Sukhbir (pen name for Balbir Singh), Indian novelist and short story writer; in Bombay, British India (now Mumbai)
• Died: René Quinton, 58, controversial French pseudoscientist who marketed a "sérum de Quinton", made from seawater, as a substitute for blood in order to treat or prevent illness. He also theorized what he called the Loi de constance as an alternative to the theory of evolution. ^[47]

July 10, 1925 (Friday)

• In Quito, Ecuador's president Gonzalo Córdova was arrested and removed from office by the Military League, a group of officers led by Major Carlos Guerrero of the Ecuadorian Army, accompanied by eight officers and 50 soldiers of the Pichinca Battalion. ^[48]

"TASS: Information Agency of Russia"

• TASS, the official news agency for the government of the Soviet Union and now one of the largest news agencies in the world, was established by decree of the Presidium on the Supreme Soviet, taking the duties of ROSTA, the "central information agency" of the Russian SFSR and operating from Moscow. ^{[49] [50]} While the name was originally an acronym which stood for Telegrafnoye agentstvo Sovetskogo Soyuza ("Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union"), it would be renamed Telegrafnoye agentstvo svazi i soobshcheniya ("Telegraph Agency of Communication and Messages") after the fall of Communism.
• In Italian Somaliland, administered as a protectorate by the Fascist government of Italy, Governor Cesare Maria De Vecchi began a campaign to disarm and to take control of the semi-autonomous sultanates, after having been given authorization by Italy's Premier Benito Mussolini. ^[51]
• The Scopes Monkey Trial began in Dayton, Tennessee with jury selection. ^[52]
• Born:
  • Mahathir Mohamad, Prime Minister of Malaysia 1981 to 2003, and 2018 to 2020; in Alor Setar (alive in 2025) ^[53]
  • Mildred Kornman, the last surviving U.S. silent film actress, known for being cast in the "Our Gang" short films during her infancy, starting with Thundering Fleas (1926); in Beverly Hills, California (d.2022) ^[54]
  • Dixie Cockerton, New Zealand netball goal keep and national team coach from 1960 to 1963; in Hāwera (d. 1998) ^[55]

July 11, 1925 (Saturday)

• France and Spain agreed to coordinate their efforts in the Rif War. ^[56]
• At the age of 17, Phyllis Green of London's Peckham High School for Girls broke the world record for the women's high jump, becoming the first female competitor to jump higher than five feet, clearing the bar at 1.524 meters at an athletics competition held by the Women's Amateur Athletic Association. ^[57]
• Born:
  • Ted Taylor, American theoretical physicist known for having designed and developed smaller and more efficient fission weapons in the atomic bomb program; to American parents in Mexico City in Mexico (d.2004) ^[58]
  • Almaz Monasypov, Russian composer of Tatar symphonic music; in Kazan, Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union (d.2008)
  • Sid Smith, Canadian NHL ice hockey player, winner of the Lady Byng Trophy in 1952 and 1955; in Toronto (d. 2004) ^[59]
  • Menhat Helmy, Egyptian artist; in Helwan, Cairo (d.2004)
  • Jules Henri Saiset, French existentialist philosopher; in Paris (d.1995)
  • David Graham, English voice actor; in London (d. 2024)

July 12, 1925 (Sunday)

• The first radio network in Japan, Nippon Hōsō Kyōkai (NHK, the Japan Broadcasting Corporation) went on the air as its first station, NHK Radio 1, began broadcasting.
• In what is now called the Toledo Incident, a mob of 200 white residents of the logging town of Toledo, Oregon kidnapped 29 residents of Asian descent, forced them into trucks and cars, and transported them to a train station at Oregon. The group— 22 Japanese employees of the Pacific Spruce Corporation sawmill, four Filipino workers and one Korean, along with two wives and three American-born children— were placed on a train bound for Portland. ^[60] In an unusual outcome to the racist action, the Lincoln County sheriff's department and the Toledo police arrested five of the mob leaders. ^[61] Eight men and a woman would be sued for violating the civil rights of one of the workers, Tamakichi Ogura, and a year later, judgment would be rendered in Ogura's favor for $2,500 in damages ^[62] (equivalent to $45,000 a century later).
• The Greek-language Turkish newspaper Apoyevmatini was founded.
• Born:
  • Roger Smith, U.S. automotive executive, Chairman and CEO of General Motors 1981 to 1990, title subject of the 1989 Michael Moore documentary Roger & Me ; in Columbus, Ohio (d. 2007)
  • Rosie Harris, Welsh author of romantic novels; in Cardiff (alive in 2024)
• Died: H. J. Lawson, 63, British inventor and auto executive who founded the Daimler Company in 1910, now part of the Jaguar Cars motor group. ^[63]

July 13, 1925 (Monday)

• In Turkey, Archbishop Vasileios Georgiadis was elected by his peers as the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople, leader of the Christians of the Eastern Orthodox Church. He took the name Basil III and would serve until his death in 1929. ^[64]
• One of the oldest ceramic figurines in the world, the Věstonická venuše was discovered by archaeologists in what is now the Czech Republic, at a site near Dolní Věstonice. ^[65] Dating from the Upper Paleolithic era, the 4.4 inches (11 cm) artifact was estimated to have dated from before at least 24000 B.C. and was possibly as old as 31,000 years. ^[66]
• The film The Lucky Devil starring Richard Dix was released.
• Walt Disney married Lillian Bounds in Idaho.

July 14, 1925 (Tuesday)

• The Supreme Council of State of Siam (the Aphiratthamontrisapha), a step away from an absolute monarchy in what is now Thailand, was set up by King Prajadhipok, as a cabinet of five senior princes, each of whom was one of the King's brothers and each a minister of a government department.
• The Tân Việt Revolutionary Party, a non-Communist revolutionary political party advocating independence from France of a "New Vietnam", was founded by Nguyễn Thị Minh Khai.
• The Occupation of the Ruhr began to wind down as the first French and Belgian troops evacuated. ^[3]
• Born: Hugh Gillin, actor, in Galesburg, Illinois (d. 2004)
• Died: Francisco Guilledo, 23, Filipino boxer known by his ring name "Pancho Villa" and world flyweight boxing champion 1922 to 1925, died of a tooth infection 10 days after losing the title to Jimmy McLarnin.

July 15, 1925 (Wednesday)

• A petition carrying 460,000 signatures was presented in the Reichstag calling for Prohibition (Alkoholverbot) of the sale of alcohol to be enacted in Germany. ^[67] No law was enacted or voted upon despite the petition.
• Born:
  • Badal Sarkar, Indian dramatist and theatre director; in Calcutta, British India (d. 2011)
  • Philip Carey, American TV actor best known for his role for 28 seasons as Asa Buchanan, the antagonist of the soap opera One Life to Live from 1980 to 2008; in Hackensack, New Jersey (d.2011) ^[68]
  • Baaron Pittenger, American sports administrator who served as executive director of the USOC and of USA Hockey; in Kansas City, Missouri (d.2021) ^[69]
  • Creed Black, American newspaper publisher and investigative reporter; in Harlan, Kentucky (d.2011) ^[70]

July 16, 1925 (Thursday)

• The Canadian province of Saskatchewan repealed the Prohibition Act of 1916. The government resumed control of outlets for the selling and distribution of alcohol. ^{[71] [72]}
• U.S. President Calvin Coolidge issued Executive Order 4268, titled "Remission of Further Payments of Installments of the Chinese Indemnity", ending the indemnity payments owed by China following the 1900 Boxer Rebellion. ^[73]

July 17, 1925 (Friday)

• Almost 80 people were killed in Hong Kong when three days of heavy rains and a landslide caused the collapse of flood wall. The waters swept away or destroyed multiple residences in the Sheung Wan section of the city. ^{[74] [75]}
• A joint manifesto calling for the British government to give home rule to India and signed by 40 prominent Indians, was published. ^[76]
• The Svalbard Act was passed into law by the Parliament of Norway, establishing Norwegian sovereignty and laws over what had formerly been known as the Spitzbergen Islands of the Arctic Ocean. ^[77]
• Born: Wolfgang Kaiser German experimental physicist known for the development of the ruby laser and his innovations on use of lasers; in Nuremberg (d.2023) ^[78]
• Died: Lovis Corinth, 66, German painter, died of pneumonia

July 18, 1925 (Saturday)

The first edition of Mein Kampf

• Adolf Hitler published Volume 1 of his autobiographical manifesto Mein Kampf .
• Flooding in Seoul, Korea killed hundreds of people as dikes broke on the third straight day of heavy rain. ^[79]
• Operated by the General Electric Company in the U.S., WGY of Schenectady, New York became the first radio station to be authorized by the Federal Radio Commission to broadcast at 50,000 watts of power on the AM radio band. ^[80]
• Born: Friedrich Zimmermann, West German politician who served as Minister of the Interior 1982 to 1989, then as the transport minister for Germany, 1989 to 1991; in Munich (d. 2012)
• Died:
  • Cardinal Louis-Nazaire Bégin, 85, Roman Catholic Archbishop of Quebec since 1888
  • Amos Chapman, 86, Native American hero of the American Indian Wars, and one of the few persons to be awarded the Medal of Honor and then to have it revoked. Chapman had been in service with the U.S. Army as a scout and an interpreter of the Cheyenne language, and had lost a leg while rescuing fellow soldiers in a battle in 1874. His medal, awarded in 1907, was revoked in 1917 because he was not in the military, but would be restored in 1989. ^[81]

July 19, 1925 (Sunday)

• Italian cyclist Ottavio Bottecchia won the Tour de France for the second straight year.
• Born:
  • Jack Petchey, British billionaire and philanthopist; in Plaistow, Newham, London (d.2024) ^{[82] [83]}
  • Raja Dinesh Dingh, Indian Minister of External Affairs from 1969 to 1970 and 1993 to 1995, Raja of Kalakankar from 1933 until the abolition of princely states in 1947; in Kalakankar, United Provinces of Agra and Oudh (now Uttar Pradesh), British India (d. 1995) ^[84]
  • Pierre Debeaux, French architect; in Mazères-sur-Salat, Haute-Garonne département (d.2001)

July 20, 1925 (Monday)

• Druze rebels captured the French Army garrison at Salkhad and forced officials of the French Mandate of Syria to flee. The Mandate's Governor would retaliate the next day with the arrest of other Druze leaders. ^[85]
• Italy and Yugoslavia signed the Treaty of Nettuno, permitting Italians to freely emigrate to Dalmatia. Ratification would be held up in the Yugoslav parliament for three years as the Croatian Peasant Party staunchly opposed it. The agreement was a followup to the Treaty of Rome that had been signed on January 27, 1924. ^[86]
• Near Montecatini Terme in Italy, a gang of Fascists attacked opposition leader Giovanni Amendola, ambushing his car in the dead of night and beating him savagely. ^[87] Details of the attack were censored in government-controlled media to avoid another outcry along the lines of the Matteotti scandal. ^[88] Amendola, who had founded the Unione Nazionale Party after the 1924 murder of Giacomo Matteotti died of his injuries nine months later. ^[87] Amendola,
• Boise City, Oklahoma, was incorporated after 17 years as the unincorporated seat of Cimarron County, Oklahoma.
• Born:
  • Jacques Delors, French economist; in Paris (d. 2023)
  • Frantz Fanon, Martinican psychiatrist and philosopher; in Fort-de-France, Martinique, France (d. 1961)
  • Joan Long, Australian film producer and screenwriter best known for the popular 1976 movie Caddie ; in Rushworth, Victoria (d.1999). ^[89]

July 21, 1925 (Tuesday)

• The Scopes Trial ended with John Scopes being found guilty of violating the Butler Act and fined $100, which both William Jennings Bryan and the American Civil Liberties Union offered to pay for him. After the verdict was read Scopes made his only statement during the trial, vowing to "oppose this law in any way I can. Any other action would be in violation of my ideal of academic freedom — that is, to teach the truth as guaranteed in our constitution, of personal and religious freedom." ^[52]
• The Great Syrian Revolt against the French occupation of the Mandate of Syria was started as General Maurice Sarrail, the High Commissioner of the Levant, ordered the arrest of nine delegates and their deportation to Palmyra, including three who had come to his office on June 6 to present requests for appointment of a Durze governor for the Jabal Druze State. In response to the arrest, Sultan al-Atrash called for the Arab uprising. ^[90]
• The Council of People's Commissars passed a resolution mandating use of the metric system throughout the Soviet Union. ^[91] Among the units of measure to be phased out were the arshin (71.12 centimetres (2 ft 4.00 in), the milya (7.4676 kilometres (4.6402 mi)), the zolotnik (4.2658 grams (0.15047 oz) and the pood (16.37 kilograms (36.1 lb)).

July 22, 1925 (Wednesday)

• The Battle of al-Kafr began in the Great Syrian Revolt, as Druze revolutionaries shot down a French military aircraft and ambushed a column of French soldiers, killing 111 out of 174 members. ^[92]
• The Ethel Smyth comic opera Entente Cordiale was first performed at the Royal College of Music in London. The performance was broadcast on the BBC. ^[93]
• The Ben Travers comedy farce A Cuckoo in the Nest premiered its first of 376 performances at the Aldwych Theatre in London. ^[94]
• Born:
  • Paul Henson, American telecommunications executive who built the Sprint Corporation from a small telephone company into the largest provider of fiber optic network service; in Lincoln, Nebraska (d.1997) ^[95]
  • Magdalena Caballero, Mexican luchadora and women's wrestling champion known by her ring name "La Dama Enmascarada" ("The Masked Lady"); in Mexico City (d.2006) ^[96]
  • Tony Andruzzi (stage name for Tom Palmer), American stage magician and comedian known for his "Bizarre Magick" show; as Timothy McGuire in Cheyenne, Wyoming (d.1991)
• Died: Albert Jaegers, 57, German-born American sculptor, died from heart disease. ^[97]

July 23, 1925 (Thursday)

• The Miners' Federation of Great Britain called for a miners' strike starting on July 31. ^[98]
• Born:
  • Tajuddin Ahmad, first Prime Minister of Bangladesh, from 1971 to 1972; in Dardaria, Bengal Presidency, British India (now Kapasia Upazila, Bangladesh); (assassinated 1975) ^[99]
  • Quett Masire, President of Botswana from 1980 to 1998; in Kanye, Bechuanaland Protectorate, ^{[100] [101]}
  • Gloria DeHaven, American stage, film and TV actress; in Los Angeles (d. 2016)
• Died:
  • Alberto Valenzuela Llanos, 55, Chilean painter ^[102]
  • Subramaniya Siva, 40, Indian independence activist and advocate for the Tamil people, died from leprosy. ^[103]

July 24, 1925 (Friday)

• Britain enacted the first Palestinian Citizenship Order, 1925, officially outlining the legal definition of a Palestinian for the first time. ^[104]

July 25, 1925 (Saturday)

• The Temporary Slavery Commission of the League of Nations filed their report on their global investigation of slavery and slave trade, preparing the ground for the introduction of the 1926 Slavery Convention. ^[105]
• The Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union was established.

July 26, 1925 (Sunday)

• The French team of Robert Benoist and Albert Divo won the 1925 French Grand Prix, though the race was marred by the death of Antonio Ascari.
• Petrovsky Stadium opened in Leningrad.
• Born:
  • Joseph Engelberger, U.S. physicist, engineer and entrepreneur; in Brooklyn, New York City (d. 2015)
  • Ana María Matute, Spanish writer (d. 2014)
• Died:
  • William Jennings Bryan, 65, American politician who was the Democratic Party nominee in the 1896, 1900 and 1908 U.S. presidential elections
  • Antonio Ascari, 36, Italian race car driver killed in the French Grand Prix)
  • Gottlob Frege, 76, German mathematician and philosopher

July 27, 1925 (Monday)

• George Seldes, an American correspondent for the Chicago Tribune , was ordered to leave Italy for refusing to alter the tone of his dispatches which displeased the Mussolini government. ^[106]

July 28, 1925 (Tuesday)

• Wilhelm II, the last Kaiser of Germany, issued a statement to the United Press agency that he believed the Treaty of Versailles should be scrapped. The former monarch, who had been stripped of his powers in 1918, said through his spokesman Hubert von Rebeur-Paschwitz, "The criminal and impossible treaty of Versailles has disarmed Germany and left Europe and the world bereft of the greatest factor of peace. You will agree that the greatest danger to Europe and the United States of America lies in the fact that the thus disarmed central Europe is surrounded by a number of nations all armed to the teeth and continually increasing their armaments." ^[107]
• Born:
  • Baruch S. Blumberg, American scientist and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine; in Brooklyn, New York City (d. 2011)
  • Juan Alberto Schiaffino, Uruguayan footballer who played for the Uruguay national football team and helped it win the 1950 World Cup, then played for the Italy national team in 1954 and 1958; in Montevideo (d. 2002)

July 29, 1925 (Wednesday)

• The Vatican newspaper L'Osservatore Romano printed a long list of Fascist offenses against Catholics. ^[108]
• A new law was announced in a semi-official Italian publication stating that any newspaper publishing attacks on the government that were "too strong and too frequent" would receive two warnings, after which the paper would no longer be recognized, ^[108]
• Born:
  • Ted Lindsay, Canadian NHL hockey player and Hockey Hall of Fame inductee; in Renfrew, Ontario (d. 2019)
  • Shivram Dattatreya Phadnis, Indian cartoonist and illustrator, in Bhoj, Bombay Presidency, British India (alive in 2024)
  • Mikis Theodorakis, Greek songwriter; in Chios (d. 2021)

July 30, 1925 (Thursday)

• Negotiations between the British government and representatives of the country's nearly one million coal miners entered their final hours before a nationwide miner's strike over wages was set to begin at midnight. Leaders of the railway and transport workers issued notices to their workers telling them not to handle coal when the strike began as a gesture of solidarity with the miners. ^[109]
• "All the workers in this country have got to take reductions in wages to help put industry on its feet", British Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin stated. ^[110]
• Born: Alexander Trocchi, Scottish novelist; in Glasgow (d. 1984)
• Died: William Wynn Westcott, 76, British Freemason, Supreme Magus of the Societas Rosicruciana in Anglia since 1891

July 31, 1925 (Friday)

• In what would become known in Britain as "Red Friday" as a positive opposite to a previous "Black Friday", the government of Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin averted a coal miners' strike by agreeing to provide a subsidy to maintain the miners' wages until a commission could study the situation. ^[111]
• With the Giacomo Matteotti murder trial still pending, the Italian government issued a decree granting amnesty for those arraigned on charges of "premeditated political murder" in the event that it could not be proven whether the murder was premeditated or had happened under "unforeseen circumstances". ^[112]
• Born: Carmel Quinn, Irish singer and performer; in Dublin, Irish Free State (d. 2021)

References

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