List of European Union member states by political system

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Freedom House ratings for European Union and surrounding states, as of 2019. .mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{} Free Partly free Not free EU member states are marked by a brighter color. European Union neighbour states by freedom.svg
Freedom House ratings for European Union and surrounding states, as of 2019.
  Free
  Partly free
  Not free
EU member states are marked by a brighter color.

Member states of the European Union use various forms of democracy. The European Union (EU) is a sui generis supranational union of states. At a European Council Summit held in Copenhagen, Denmark, on 21 June and 22 June 1993, [2] the European Union defined the Copenhagen criteria regarding the conditions a candidate country has to fulfill to be considered eligible for accession to the European Union:

Contents

Membership criteria require that the candidate country must have achieved:

Consequently, all member states have direct elections, nominally democratic states that are considered to be "free" or "partly free" according to the criteria of Freedom House. As of 2020, there is no expert consensus on how to classify Hungary's regime type; Freedom House considers it a hybrid regime. [5] [6] [7] As of 2015, all European Union member states are representative democracies; however, they do not all have the same political system, with most of the differences arising from different historical backgrounds.

Many of the states in the neighbourhood of the European Union are not considered to be "free" by the same criteria. [1] Most European states neighbouring the European Union are considered to be "free" or "partly free" by Freedom House, with the exceptions of Azerbaijan, Belarus and Russia. On the other hand, almost all of the states in North Africa and Southwest Asia that neighbour the European Union are not considered to be "free", with the exceptions of Israel and Tunisia. [1]

Monarchism and republicanism

monarchy republic European Union member states by head of state.svg
   monarchy
   republic

At present, there are twelve monarchies in Europe, of which six are members of the European Union: Belgium, Denmark, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Spain and Sweden, and six are not: Andorra, Liechtenstein, Monaco, Norway, the United Kingdom and the Vatican City. All six monarchies in the European Union are constitutional monarchies. In all six monarchies that are in the EU, the monarch is legally not vested with political power, or the monarch does not utilise the political powers vested in the office by convention. At the dawn of the 20th century, France was the only republic among the future members states of the European Union; the ascent of republicanism to the political mainstream only started at the beginning of the 20th century. In Belgium, the monarchy enjoys a lower degree of support than in other European monarchies, and is often questioned. [8] Popular support for the monarchy has historically been higher in Flanders and lower in Wallonia; however, in recent decades these roles have reversed. [9]

Form of government

presidential republic Semi-presidential republic parliamentary republic parliamentary constitutional monarchy European Union member states by form of government.svg

There are three types of government systems in European politics: in a presidential system, the president is the head of state and the head of government; in a semi-presidential system, the president and the prime minister share a number of competences; finally, in a parliamentary republic, the president is a ceremonial figurehead who has few political competences. As with the definition of constitutional monarchies, sometimes the president does have non-ceremonial competences, but does not use them by constitutional convention; this is the case in Austria, for instance.

By definition, modern democratic constitutional monarchies are parliamentary, as there is no elected head of state who could assume non-ceremonial competences; of the twenty one republican member states of the European Union, only one is a presidential republic (Cyprus) and four are semi-presidential republics (France, Lithuania, Portugal and Romania). These four (semi-)presidential republics elect their president by direct popular vote. Among the sixteen parliamentary republics, nine do the same (namely Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Finland, Ireland, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia), whereas in the remaining seven (Estonia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia and Malta), the president is elected by parliament or other special representative body such as the German Bundesversammlung .

Degree of self-governance

unitary state devolved state federacy federation European Union member states by internal structure.svg
   federacy

Most of the European Union's member states are unitary states, which means that most of the competences lie with the central government and only minor or local issues are within the authority of regional governments. However, three states are federations (Austria, Belgium and Germany) of states or regions with equal competences, and six other states have either devolved certain powers to special regions or are federacies (or both):

Parliamentary chambers

unicameral bicameral European Union member states by number of houses.svg
   bicameral

A further distinction is the number of chambers in the national legislature; unicameral systems with one chamber or bicameral ones with a lower house and an upper house. Federations and countries with strong regional differences or regional identities are normally bicameral, to reflect the regions' interests in national bills. The states with the larger populations, from the Netherlands upwards, all have a bicameral system. Although there is a greater mix among the smaller states (some influenced by their federalist structure), the smallest states are on the whole unicameral.

While there had been legislatures with more than two chambers (tricameral and tetracameral ones), nowadays there are only unicameral and bicameral ones. Additionally, there are also differences in the degree of bicameralism. Whereas Italy is considered as having "perfect bicameralism", with both chambers being equal, most other bicameral systems restrict the upper house's powers to a certain extent. There is a slight trend towards unicameralism; some upper houses have seen their powers reduced or proposals to that end. Belgium's system has been reduced from a perfectly bicameral one to a nowadays de facto unicameral system. In 2009, Romania voted in favour of unicameralism, on a plebiscite, however the country still has a bicameral system, as of 2023. On the other hand, Ireland narrowly voted against abolishing their upper house in 2013, and Italy voted not to reduce its Senate's powers in 2016.

In the member states of the European Union, if the parliament has only one chamber, it is wholly directly elected in all cases. If there are two chambers, the lower house is directly elected in all cases, while the upper house can be directly elected (e.g. the Senate of Poland); or indirectly elected, for example, by regional legislatures (e.g. the Federal Council of Austria); or non-elected, but representing certain interest groups (e.g. the National Council of Slovenia).

Listed by form of government

State Government Self-governance Monarchy/Republic Head of state Head of government
Flag of Bulgaria.svg  Bulgaria parliamentary unitary republic President (Президент) [10] Minister-Chairman (Министър-председател) [11]
Flag of Croatia.svg  Croatia President of the Republic (Predsjednik Republike) President of the Government (Predsjednik Vlade)
Flag of the Czech Republic.svg  Czech Republic President (Prezident) [12] Chairman of the Government (Předseda vlády) [13]
Flag of Estonia.svg  Estonia President (President) [14] Head Minister (Peaminister) [15]
Flag of Greece.svg  Greece President (Πρόεδρος) [16] Prime Minister (Πρωθυπουργός) [17]
Flag of Hungary.svg  Hungary President of the Republic (Köztársasági Elnök) [18] Minister-President (Miniszterelnök) [19]
Flag of Ireland.svg  Ireland President (Uachtarán) [20] Taoiseach [21]
Flag of Latvia.svg  Latvia President (Prezidents) [22] Minister-President (Ministru prezidents) [23]
Flag of Malta.svg  Malta President (President) [24] Prime Minister (Prim Ministru) [25]
Flag of Slovakia.svg  Slovakia President (Prezident) [26] Chairman of the Government (Predseda vlády) [27]
Flag of Slovenia.svg  Slovenia President (Predsednik) [28] President of the Government (Predsednik vlade) [29]
Flag of Luxembourg.svg  Luxembourg constitutional monarchy Grand Duke (Grand-duc / Großherzog / Groussherzog) [30] [31] Prime Minister (Premier ministre / Premierminister / Premierminister) [30] [31]
Flag of Sweden.svg  Sweden King (Kung) [32] Minister of the State (Statsminister) [33]
Flag of Austria.svg  Austria federal republic Federal President (Bundespräsident) [34] Federal Chancellor (Bundeskanzler) [35]
Flag of Germany.svg  Germany Federal President (Bundespräsident) [36] Federal Chancellor (Bundeskanzler) [37] [38]
Flag of Belgium.svg  Belgium constitutional popular monarchy King (Koning / Roi / König) [39] Prime Minister / First Minister (Eerste Minister / Premier Ministre / Premierminister) [40] [41]
Flag of Finland.svg  Finland federate republic President (Presidentti / President) [42] Head Minister / Minister of the State (Pääministeri / Statsminister) [43]
Flag of Denmark.svg  Denmark constitutional monarchy Queen (Dronning) [44] Minister of State (Statsminister) [45]
Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Netherlands King (Koning) [46] Minister-President (Minister-president) [47]
Flag of Italy.svg  Italy devolved republic President (Presidente) [48] President of the Council of Ministers (Presidente del Consiglio dei Ministri) [49] [50]
Flag of Spain.svg  Spain constitutional monarchy King (Rey) [51] President of the Government (Presidente del Gobierno) [52]
Flag of France.svg  France semi-presidential federaterepublic President (Président) [53] Prime Minister (Premier ministre) [54]
Flag of Lithuania.svg  Lithuania unitary President (Prezidentas) [55] Minister-President (Ministras Pirmininkas) [56]
Flag of Poland.svg  Poland President (Prezydent) [57] President of the Council of Ministers (Prezes Rady Ministrów) [58]
Flag of Portugal.svg  Portugal President (Presidente) [59] [60] Prime Minister (Primeiro-Ministro) [61]
Flag of Romania.svg  Romania President (Preşedinte) [62] Prime Minister (Prim-ministru) [63]
Flag of Cyprus.svg  Cyprus presidential President (Πρόεδρος / Cumhurbaşkanı) [64]

Listed by type of parliament

Member stateSystemOverall name of legislature
Lower house (members) Upper house (members)
Flag of Austria.svg  Austria bicameral Austrian Parliament (Österreichisches Parlament),
convened jointly as Federal Assembly (Bundesversammlung) [65]
National Council (Nationalrat) [65] (183) Federal Council (Bundesrat) [65] (61)
Flag of Belgium.svg  Belgium bicameral [I] ,
de facto unicameral		 Federal Parliament (Federaal Parlement / Parlement fédéral / Föderales Parlament),
convened jointly as United Chambers (Verenigde Kamers / Chambres réunies)
Chamber of Representatives
(Kamer van Volksvertegenwoordigers /
Chambre des Représentants /
Abgeordnetenkammer) [66] [67] (150)		 Senate (Senaat / Sénat / Senat) [68] (60)
Flag of Bulgaria.svg  Bulgaria unicameral National Assembly (Народно събрание) [69] (240)
Flag of Croatia.svg  Croatia unicameral Croatian Parliament (Hrvatski sabor) (151)
Flag of Cyprus.svg  Cyprus unicameral House of Representatives (Βουλή των Αντιπροσώπων / Temsilciler Meclisi) [70] (56) [II]
Flag of the Czech Republic.svg  Czech Republic bicameral Parliament (Parlament)
Chamber of Deputies (Poslanecká sněmovna) [71] (200) Senate (Senát) [72] (81)
Flag of Denmark.svg  Denmark unicameral The People's Thing (Folketinget) [73] (179)
Flag of Estonia.svg  Estonia unicameral State Assembly (Riigikogu) [74] (101)
Flag of Finland.svg  Finland unicameral [III] Diet (Eduskunta / Riksdag) [75] (200)
Flag of France.svg  France bicameral Parliament (Parlement), convened jointly as Congress (Congrès) [76]
National Assembly (Assemblée nationale) [77] (577) Senate (Sénat) [78] [79] (348)
Flag of Germany.svg  Germany bicameral— [IV]
Federal Diet (Bundestag) [80] (736) [V] Federal Council (Bundesrat) [81] (69)
Flag of Greece.svg  Greece unicameral Parliament of the Greeks (Βουλή των Ελλήνων) [82] (300)
Flag of Hungary.svg  Hungary unicameral National Assembly (Országgyűlés) [83] (199)
Flag of Ireland.svg  Ireland bicameral National Parliament (Oireachtas) [VI]
Assembly (Dáil) [V] (166) Senate (Seanad) [V] (60)
Flag of Italy.svg  Italy bicameral Parliament (Parlamento) [84] [85]
Chamber of Deputies (Camera dei Deputati) [86] (630) Senate of the Republic (Senato della Repubblica) [85] [87] (315) [VII]
Flag of Latvia.svg  Latvia unicameral Diet (Saeima) [88] (100)
Flag of Lithuania.svg  Lithuania unicameral Diet (Seimas) [89] (141)
Flag of Luxembourg.svg  Luxembourg unicameral Chamber of Deputies (Chambre des Députés / Abgeordnetenkammer / Châmber vun Députéirten) [90] [91] (60)
Flag of Malta.svg  Malta unicameral House of Representatives (Kamra tad-Deputati) [92] (67) [VIII]
Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Netherlands bicameral States–General (Staten–Generaal) [93]
Second Chamber (Tweede Kamer) [94] (150) First Chamber (Eerste Kamer) [95] (75)
Flag of Poland.svg  Poland bicameral National Assembly (Zgromadzenie Narodowe) [IX]
Diet (Sejm) [96] (460) Senate (Senat) [97] (100)
Flag of Portugal.svg  Portugal unicameral Assembly of the Republic (Assembleia da República) [98] (230)
Flag of Romania.svg  Romania bicameral Parliament (Parlamentul), [99]

convened jointly as the Reunited Chambers (Camerele Reunite) [100]

Chamber of Deputies (Camera Deputaţilor) [101] (330) Senate (Senat) [102] (136)
Flag of Slovakia.svg  Slovakia unicameral National Council (Národná rada) [103] (150)
Flag of Slovenia.svg  Slovenia bicameral Parliament (Parlament)
National Assembly (Državni zbor) [104] (90) National Council (Državni svet) [105] (40)
Flag of Spain.svg  Spain bicameral General Courts (Cortes Generales)
Congress of Deputies (Congreso de los Diputados) [106] (350) Senate (Senado) [107] (266)
Flag of Sweden.svg  Sweden unicameral National Diet (Riksdagen) [108] (349)
I ^ : Due to Belgium's complex federal structure the Parliament of the Brussels-Capital Region (Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Parlement / Parlement de la Région de Bruxelles-Capitale) [109] [110] (89, regional assembly), Flemish Parliament (Vlaams Parlement) [111] (124, regional and community assembly), the Walloon Parliament (Parlement wallon) [112] [113] (75, regional assembly), the Parliament of the French Community (Parlement de la Communauté française) [114] (94, community assembly) and the Parliament of the German-speaking Community (Parlament der Deutschsprachigen Gemeinschaft) [115] (25, community assembly) have competences in federal legislation that affects their interests.
II ^ : Only 56 out of 80 are occupied, due to the occupation of Cyprus.
III ^ : In legislation which affects the autonomous region of Åland, its Parliament (Lagting) [116] (30) also has legislative competences.
IV ^ : While there is a Federal Assembly (Bundesversammlung) similar to the Austrian Federal Assembly, it is not simply a joint session of the Federal Diet and the Federal Council and as such not the overall name of the legislature.
V ^ : Technically, the Federal Diet only has 598 seats; the additional thirty-two members are overhang seats resulting from the 2017 election.
VI ^ : The Irish names are used in the English-language version of the Constitution of Ireland, [117] and generally in English-language speech and writing in Ireland. [118] [119]
VII ^ : In addition to the 315 elected members, there are currently five senators for life (senatore a vita); these include former Italian President, who is ex officio senator for life, as well as senators appointed by the President "for outstanding patriotic merits in the social, scientific, artistic or literary field". There can only be five appointed senators in addition to the ex officio ones at any one time.
VIII ^ : Technically, the House of Representatives only has 65 members; the additional two seats are overhang seats to ensure a majority of MPs for the party which gained the most votes in the 2017 election.
IX ^ : The name Zgromadzenie Narodowe is only used on the rare occasions when both houses sit together.

See also

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References

  1. 1 2 3 Freedom House (6 February 2019). "2019". Freedom in the World. Retrieved 6 February 2019.
  2. ↑ European Commission (6 May 2006). "1993". The History of the European Union. Archived from the original on 24 July 2006. Retrieved 30 June 2006.
  3. ↑ European Commission (27 March 2006). "Accession criteria". Understanding enlargement. Archived from the original on 28 August 2006. Retrieved 27 June 2006.
  4. ↑ European Commission. "Accession criteria (Copenhagen criteria)" . Retrieved 5 March 2016.
  5. ↑ Körösényi, András; Illés, Gábor; Gyulai, Attila (15 April 2020). The Orbán Regime: Plebiscitary Leader Democracy in the Making. Routledge. p. 16. ISBN   978-0-429-62441-4. This colourful and wide picture of labelling shows not only the inventive imagination of scholars, but also the lack of scholarly consensus on how to characterise the contemporary regime that has emerged in Hungary
  6. ↑ Drinóczi, Tímea; Bień-Kacała, Agnieszka (2021). Illiberal Constitutionalism in Poland and Hungary: The Deterioration of Democracy, Misuse of Human Rights and Abuse of the Rule of Law. Routledge. pp. 18, 21. ISBN   978-1-032-00730-4. Political scientists call the Hungarian political system a hybrid regime, standing between democracy and authoritarianism, a diffusely defective democracy, and a plebiscitary leader democracy. Lately, Freedom House has labelled Hungary as a transitional or hybrid regime (based on its democracy score).
  7. ↑ Boda, Zsolt; Szúcs, Zoltán Gábor (2021). "When Illiberalism Meets Neoliberalism: State and the Social Sciences in Present Hungary". Political Science in the Shadow of the State: Research, Relevance, Deference. Springer International Publishing. pp. 203–230 [208]. ISBN   978-3-030-75918-6. By now there is widespread agreement on the fact that Hungary is not a democracy anymore (as reflected in the conclusions of V-Dem, Freedom House and a range of global democracy barometers).
  8. ↑ "Prince Philippe, Belgium's New King, Still Has Many Hearts to Win". The Huffington Post. 18 July 2013.
  9. ↑ "Walen zijn veel koningsgezinder dan Vlamingen". deredactie.be. 15 November 2016.
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  11. ↑ Government Information Service (28 December 2006). "Republic of Bulgaria – Council of Ministers / Република България – Министерски Съвет" . Retrieved 28 December 2006.
  12. ↑ FG Forrest (23 June 2006). "Pražský hrad / Prague Castle" . Retrieved 23 June 2006.
  13. ↑ Department of Information and Security Technologies. "Úřad vlády České republiky / The Office of the Czech Republic Government" . Retrieved 4 May 2011.
  14. ↑ Office of the President (23 June 2006). "Eesti Vabariigi president / The President of the Republic of Estonia" . Retrieved 23 June 2006.
  15. ↑ State Chancellery of the Republic of Estonia (23 June 2006). "Eesti Vabariigi Valitsus / The Government of the Republic of Estonia / Правительство Эстонской Республики" . Retrieved 23 June 2006.
  16. ↑ Bouritsa Myrto, Librarian of the Presidency of the Republic (23 June 2006). "Presidency of the Hellenic Republic / Présidence de la République Hellénique / Προεδρία της Ελληνικής Δημοκρατίας". Archived from the original on 5 March 2005. Retrieved 30 June 2005.
  17. ↑ The Prime Minister’s Press Office (23 June 2006). "Prime Minister of the Hellenic Republic / Le Premier Ministre de la République Hellénique / Der Ministerpräsident der Republik Griechenland / Πρωθυπουργός της Ελλάδας". Archived from the original on 15 June 2006. Retrieved 23 June 2006.
  18. ↑ The Office of the President of the Republic of Hungary (23 June 2006). "The Office of the President of the Republic of Hungary / Köztársasági Elnöki Hivatal". Archived from the original on 2 July 2006. Retrieved 23 June 2006.
  19. ↑ The Office of the Prime Minister (23 June 2006). "Prime Minister / Ministerpräsident / Miniszterelnök". Archived from the original on 4 March 2007. Retrieved 23 June 2006.
  20. ↑ Áras an Uachtaráin (23 June 2006). "Áras an Uachtaráin" . Retrieved 23 June 2006.
  21. ↑ Department of the Taoiseach (23 June 2006). "Department of the Taoiseach / Roinn an Taoisigh" . Retrieved 23 June 2006.
  22. ↑ Latvijas Valsts prezidenta kanceleja (23 June 2006). "Chancery of the President of Latvia / Chancellerie de la présidence lettonne / Kanzlei des lettischen Staatspräsidenten / Latvijas Valsts prezidenta kanceleja / Канцелярия президента Латвии" . Retrieved 23 June 2006.
  23. ↑ State Chancellery (23 June 2006). "The Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia / Conseil des ministres de la République de Lettonie / Latvijas Republikas Ministru kabinets / Кабинет министров Латвийской Республики" . Retrieved 23 June 2006.
  24. ↑ Office of the President (14 October 2005). "The President of Malta" . Retrieved 23 June 2006.
  25. ↑ Government of Malta (3 August 2005). "Office of the Prime Minister" . Retrieved 23 June 2006.
  26. ↑ Office of the President of the Slovak Republic (23 June 2006). "President of the Slovak Republic / Prezident Slovenskej republiky" . Retrieved 23 June 2006.
  27. ↑ The Slovak Republic Government Office (23 June 2006). "The Slovak Republic Government Office / Úrad vlády Slovenskej republiky". Archived from the original on 19 July 2006. Retrieved 23 June 2006.
  28. ↑ Office of the President of the Republic (23 June 2006). "President of the Republic of Slovenia / Predsednik Republike Slovenije". Archived from the original on 9 February 2006. Retrieved 23 June 2006.
  29. ↑ Office of the Prime Minister (23 June 2006). "The Prime Minister of the Republic of Slovenia / Predsednik Vlade Republike Slovenije" . Retrieved 23 June 2006.
  30. 1 2 Service Information et Presse (23 June 2006). "Gouvernement du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg" . Retrieved 23 June 2006.
  31. 1 2 Central Intelligence Agency (24 March 2006). "Luxembourg". World Leaders. Archived from the original on 12 June 2007. Retrieved 28 June 2006.
  32. ↑ Information and Press Department (23 June 2006). "Royal Court / Kungahuset". Archived from the original on 15 June 2006. Retrieved 23 June 2006.
  33. ↑ Information Department (23 June 2006). "The Government and the Government Offices / Regeringen och Regeringskansliet" . Retrieved 23 June 2006.
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