List of Nobel laureates affiliated with Princeton University

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As of October 2021, 74 Nobel laureates have been affiliated with Princeton University.The building pictured is Nassau Hall. Nassau-hall-princeton.JPG
As of October 2021, 74 Nobel laureates have been affiliated with Princeton University.The building pictured is Nassau Hall.

This list of Nobel laureates affiliated with Princeton University comprehensively shows the alumni (graduates and attendees), faculty members, researchers, and visiting professors affiliated with Princeton University who were awarded the Nobel Prize or the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences. People who have given public lectures, received honorary degrees or served as administrative staff at the university are excluded from the list. Summer school attendees and visitors are generally excluded from the list, since summer terms are not part of formal academic years.

Contents

The Nobel Prizes are awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Karolinska Institute, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee to individuals who make outstanding contributions in the fields of chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine. [1] They were established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel, which dictates that the awards should be administered by the Nobel Foundation. Another prize, the "Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel" (commonly known as the Nobel Economics Prize), was established in 1968 (first awarded in 1969) by the Sveriges Riksbank, the central bank of Sweden, for contributors to the field of economics. [2]

As of October 2021, 74 Nobel laureates have been affiliated with Princeton University. Among the 74 laureates, 44 are Nobel laureates in natural sciences; [lower-alpha 1] 22 are Princeton alumni (graduates and attendees) and 28 have been long-term academic members of the Princeton faculty; and subject-wise, 30 laureates have won the Nobel Prize in Physics, more than any other subject. In 2021, Princeton scholars and alumni received an unprecedented five Nobel Prizes. [lower-alpha 2]

Woodrow Wilson, the former president of Princeton University, was the first Princeton-affiliated laureate, winning the Nobel Peace Prize in 1919. [3] Five Nobel Prizes (same subject in the same year) were shared by Princeton laureates: James Cronin and Val Logsdon Fitch won the 1980 Nobel Prize in Physics; [4] Russell Alan Hulse and Joseph Hooton Taylor, Jr. won the 1993 Nobel Prize in Physics; [5] David Gross and Frank Wilczek won the 2004 Nobel Prize in Physics; [6] Thomas Sargent and Christopher Sims won the 2011 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics; [7] and David Card and Joshua Angrist won the 2021 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics. [8] In particular, John Bardeen received two Nobel Prizes in Physics, in 1956 and in 1972; since this is a list of laureates, not prizes, he is counted only once. [9]

Summary

All types of affiliations, namely alumni, long-term and short-term academic staff, count equally in the following table and throughout the whole page. [lower-alpha 3]

In the following list, the number following a person's name is the year they received the prize; in particular, a number with asterisk (*) means the person received the award while they were working at Princeton University (including emeritus staff). [lower-alpha 4] A name underlined implies that this person has already been listed in a previous category (i.e., multiple affiliations).

CategoryAlumniLong-term academic staffShort-term academic staff
Total: 74232931
Physics (30)
  1. Jim Peebles - 2019
  2. Kip Thorne - 2017
  3. Frank Wilczek - 2004
  4. Steven Weinberg - 1979
  5. John Bardeen - 1956, 1972
  6. Richard Feynman - 1965
  7. Robert Hofstadter - 1961
  8. Clinton Davisson - 1937
  9. Arthur Compton - 1927
  1. Syukuro Manabe - 2021*
  2. Jim Peebles - 2019*
  3. Duncan Haldane - 2016*
  4. Arthur B. McDonald - 2015
  5. David Gross - 2004
  6. Daniel Tsui - 1998*
  7. Joseph H. Taylor - 1993*
  8. Russell Hulse - 1993*
  9. James Cronin - 1980
  10. Val Fitch - 1980*
  11. Philip W. Anderson - 1977
  12. Eugene Wigner - 1963*
  13. Robert Hofstadter - 1961
  14. Wolfgang Pauli - 1945*
  15. Owen Richardson - 1928
  1. Roger Penrose - 2020
  2. Donna Strickland - 2018
  3. Kip Thorne - 2017
  4. Rainer Weiss - 2017
  5. John M. Kosterlitz - 2016
  6. Riccardo Giacconi - 2002
  7. Arno Penzias - 1978
  8. John van Vleck - 1977
  9. Eugene Wigner - 1963
  10. Robert Hofstadter - 1961
  11. William Shockley - 1956
Chemistry (10)
  1. Frances Arnold - 2018
  2. Richard Smalley - 1996
  3. Edwin McMillan - 1951
  1. David MacMillan - 2021*
  2. John B. Fenn - 2002
  1. Tomas Lindahl - 2015
  2. Osamu Shimomura - 2008
  3. Frank Rowland - 1995
  4. John Polanyi - 1986
  5. Arne Tiselius - 1948
Physiology or Medicine (4)
  1. James Rothman - 2013
  2. Eric Wieschaus - 1995*
  1. Salvador Luria - 1969
  2. Edward C. Kendall - 1950
Economics (23)
  1. David Card - 2021
  2. Joshua Angrist - 2021
  3. Oliver S. Hart - 2016
  4. Lloyd Shapley - 2012
  5. Michael Spence - 2001
  6. James Heckman - 2000
  7. John F. Nash - 1994
  8. Gary Becker - 1992
  1. David Card - 2021
  2. Abhijit Banerjee - 2019
  3. Angus Deaton - 2015*
  4. Christopher Sims - 2011*
  5. Paul Krugman - 2008*
  6. Daniel Kahneman - 2002*
  7. Joseph Stiglitz - 2001
  8. John F. Nash - 1994*
  9. W. A. Lewis - 1979*
  1. Esther Duflo - 2019
  2. Angus Deaton - 2015
  3. Jean Tirole - 2014
  4. Lloyd Shapley - 2012
  5. Thomas Sargent - 2011
  6. Chris Pissarides - 2010
  7. Eric Maskin - 2007
  8. Robert Aumann - 2005
  9. Lawrence Klein - 1980
  10. Tjalling Koopmans - 1975
Literature (5)
  1. Eugene O'Neill - 1936
  1. Toni Morrison - 1993*
  1. Mario Vargas Llosa - 2010
  2. Kenzaburō Ōe - 1994
  3. Saul Bellow - 1976
Peace (2)
  1. Maria Ressa - 2021
  2. Woodrow Wilson - 1919
  1. Woodrow Wilson - 1919

Nobel laureates by category

Nobel laureates in Physics

No.LaureateYearImageAffiliationRationale
30 Syukuro Manabe 2021 Crafoord Prize EM1B0732 (42329290061).jpg Senior Meteorologist [10] "for the physical modeling of Earth’s climate, quantifying variability and reliably predicting global warming.” [11] (shared with Klaus Hasselmann and Giorgio Parisi)
29 Roger Penrose 2020 Roger Penrose at Festival della Scienza Oct 29 2011.jpg Research Fellow; Visiting Researcher [12] "for the discovery that black hole formation is a robust prediction of the general theory of relativity." [13] (shared with Reinhard Genzel and Andrea Ghez)
28 Jim Peebles 2019 Jim Peebles (cropped).jpg Ph.D. (1962); Albert Einstein Professor of Science, Emeritus [14] "for theoretical discoveries in physical cosmology." [15] (shared with Michel Mayor and Didier Queloz)
27 Donna Strickland 2018 Donna Strickland - 2017 (cropped).jpg Researcher, Advanced Technology Center for Photonics and Opto-electronic Materials (1992-1997) [16] "for their method of generating high-intensity, ultra-short optical pulses." [17] (shared with Gérard Mourou and Arthur Ashkin)
26 Kip Thorne 2017 Kip Thorne at Caltech.jpg Ph.D. (1965); Postdoctoral Researcher [18] "for decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and the observation of gravitational waves" [19] (shared with Rainer Weiss and Barry C. Barish)
25 Rainer Weiss 2017 Rainer Weiss - December 2006 (cropped).jpg Postdoctoral Researcher [20] "for decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and the observation of gravitational waves." [21] (shared with Kip Thorne and Barry C. Barish)
24 Duncan Haldane 2016 Duncan Haldane.jpg Eugene Higgins Professor of Physics [22] "for theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter" [23] (shared with David Thouless and J. Michael Kosterlitz)
23 John M. Kosterlitz 2016 Jkosterl.jpg Visiting Professor (1978) [24] "for theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter." [25] (shared with David Thouless and Duncan Haldane)
22 Arthur B. McDonald 2015 Arthur B. McDonald 5193-2015.jpg Professor of Physics [26] "for the discovery of neutrino oscillations, which shows that neutrinos have mass" [27] (shared with Takaaki Kajita)
21 Frank Wilczek 2004 FrankStockholm2004.jpg M.A., Ph.D. (1975) [28] "for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction" [6] (shared with David Gross and H. David Politzer)
20 David Gross 2004 David Gross cropped.JPG Thomas Jones Professor of Mathematical Physics Emeritus [29] "for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction" [6] (shared with H. David Politzer and Frank Wilczek)
19 Riccardo Giacconi 2002 RiccardoGiacconi.jpg Research Associate, Cosmic Ray Laboratory (1958-1959) [30] "for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, which have led to the discovery of cosmic X-ray sources." [31] (shared with Masatoshi Koshiba and Raymond Davis Jr.)
18 Daniel Chee Tsui 1998 Daniel Chee Tsui.jpg Arthur Legrand Doty Professor of Electrical Engineering [32] "for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations" [33] (shared with Robert B. Laughlin and Horst Ludwig Störmer)
17 Joseph Hooton Taylor, Jr. 1993 2008JosephTaylor.jpg James S. McDonnell Distinguished University Professor of Physics [34] "for the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation" [5] (shared with Russell Alan Hulse)
16 Russell Alan Hulse 1993 HD.3A.054 (10541035993).jpg Principal research physicist, Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory [35] "for the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation" [5] (shared with Joseph Hooton Taylor, Jr.)
15 James Cronin 1980 James Watson Cronin 2006.jpg Professor of physics [36] "for the discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons" [4] (shared with Val Logsdon Fitch)
14 Val Logsdon Fitch 1980 Val Fitch.jpg Fogg Brackett Professor of Physics [37] "for the discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons" [4] (shared with James Cronin)
13 Steven Weinberg 1979 Steven-weinberg.jpg Ph.D. (1957) [38] "for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including, inter alia, the prediction of the weak neutral current" [39] (shared with Sheldon Lee Glashow and Abdus Salam)
12 Arno Allan Penzias 1978 Arno Penzias.jpg Visiting lecturer with rank of professor [40] "for their discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation" [41] (shared with Pyotr Kapitsa and Robert Woodrow Wilson)
11 Philip Warren Anderson 1977 Andersonphoto.jpg Joseph Henry Professor of Physics [42] "for their fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems" [43] (shared with Nevill Francis Mott and John Hasbrouck Van Vleck)
10 John van Vleck 1977 JH van Vleck 1974.jpg Visiting Professor, Department of Physics (1937), taught a course for a semester [44] [45] [46] "for their fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems." [47] (shared with Nevill Francis Mott and Philip Warren Anderson)
9 John Bardeen *1972 Bardeen.jpg Ph.D.(1936) [48] (*Another Physics prize in 1956)"for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory" [49] (shared with Leon Cooper and John Robert Schrieffer)
8 Richard Feynman 1965 RichardFeynman-PaineMansionWoods1984 copyrightTamikoThiel bw.jpg Ph.D. (1942) [50] "for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles" [51] (shared with Sin-Itiro Tomonaga and Julian Schwinger)
7 Eugene Wigner 1963 Wigner.jpg Jones Professor of Mathematical Physics; Half-time Research Professor (1931-1934) and Visiting Professor (1934-1936) [52] "for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles" [53] (shared with Maria Goeppert Mayer and J. Hans D. Jensen)
6 Robert Hofstadter 1961 Robert Hofstadter.jpg M.A., Ph.D. (1938); Assistant Professor; Postdoctoral Researcher [54] "for his pioneering studies of electron scattering in atomic nuclei and for his thereby achieved discoveries concerning the structure of the nucleons" [55] (shared with Rudolf Mössbauer)
John Bardeen *1956 Bardeen.jpg Ph.D. (1936) [48] (*Another Physics prize in 1972)"for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect" [56] (shared with William Shockley and Walter Houser Brattain)
5 William Shockley 1956 William Shockley, Stanford University (cropped).jpg Lecturer (1946) [57] "for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect." [58] (shared with John Bardeen and Walter Houser Brattain)
4 Wolfgang Pauli 1945 Wolfgang Pauli.gif Professor [59] "for the discovery of the Exclusion Principle, also called the Pauli Principle." [60]
3 Clinton Davisson 1937 Clinton Davisson.jpg Ph.D (1911) [61] "for their experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals" [62] (shared with George Paget Thomson)
2 Owen Richardson 1928 Owen Richardson.jpg Professor [63] "for his work on the thermionic phenomenon and especially for the discovery of the law named after him." [64]
1 Arthur Compton 1927 Arthur Holly Compton.gif M.A., Ph.D (1916) [65] "for his discovery of the effect named after him" [66] (shared with Charles Thomson Rees Wilson)

Nobel laureates in Chemistry

No.LaureateYearImageAffiliationRationale
10 David MacMillan 2021James S. McDonnell Distinguished University Professor of Chemistry [67] "for for the development of asymmetric organocatalysis" [68] (shared with Benjamin List)
9 Frances Arnold 2018 Frances Arnold 2012.png Class of 1979 (B.S) [69] "for the directed evolution of enzymes" [70] (shared with George P. Smith and Gregory P. Winter)
8 Tomas Lindahl 2015 Tomas Lindahl 0113.jpg Postdoctoral researcher [71] "for mechanistic studies of DNA repair" [72] (shared with Paul L. Modrich and Aziz Sancar)
7 Osamu Shimomura 2008 Osamu Shimomura-press conference Dec 06th, 2008-2.jpg Research associate in biology [73] "for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP" [74] (shared with Martin Chalfie and Roger Tsien)
6 John B. Fenn 2002 John B Fenn01.jpg Professor [75] "for their development of soft desorption ionisation methods for mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules." [76] (shared with Koichi Tanaka and Kurt Wüthrich)
5 Richard Smalley 1996Ph.D. (1974) [77] "for their discovery of fullerenes" [78] (shared with Robert Curl and Harold Kroto)
4 F. Sherwood Rowland 1995 F. Sherwood Rowland.jpg Instructor, Department of Chemistry (1952-1956) [79] "for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone." [80] (shared with Mario J. Molina and Paul J. Crutzen)
3 John Polanyi 1986 John Polanyi.jpg Research Associate (1954-1956) [81] "for their contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes." [82] (shared with Yuan T. Lee and Dudley R. Herschbach)
2 Edwin McMillan 1951 Edwin McMillan Nobel.jpg Ph.D. (1933) [83] "for their discoveries in the chemistry of transuranium elements" [84] (shared with Glenn T. Seaborg)
1 Arne Tiselius 1948 Arne Tiselius.jpg Rockefeller Fellow at H.S. Taylor's laboratory (1936) [85] "for his research on electrophoresis and adsorption analysis, especially for his discoveries concerning the complex nature of the serum proteins." [86]

Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine

No.LaureateYearImageAffiliationRationale
4 James Rothman 2013 James Edward Rothman.jpg Squibb Professor in Molecular Biology [87] "for their discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in our cells" [88] (shared with Randy Schekman and Thomas C. Südhof)
3 Eric F. Wieschaus 1995 Eric F. Wieschaus.jpg Squibb Professor in Molecular Biology [89] "for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development" [90] (shared with Edward B. Lewis and Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard)
2 Salvador Luria 1969 Salvador E. Luria ca.1969 (cropped).jpg Guggenheim Fellow (1943) [91] [92] "for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses." [93] (shared with Max Delbrück and Alfred Hershey)
1 Edward C. Kendall 1950 Edward Calvin Kendall 1940s.jpg Visiting Professor of Chemistry (1951-?) [94] [95] "for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects." [96] (shared with Philip Showalter Hench and Tadeusz Reichstein)

Nobel Memorial Prize laureates in Economics

No.LaureateYearImageAffiliationRationale
23 David Card 2021 David Card - Nobel prize interview screenshot (cropped).png Ph.D. (1983); Professor of Economics (1983–1997) [97] "for his empirical contributions to labor economics." [98] (shared with Joshua Angrist and Guido Imbens)
22 Joshua Angrist 2021Ph.D. (1989) [97] "for their methodological contributions to the analysis of causal relationships." [99] (shared with David Card and Guido Imbens)
21 Esther Duflo 2019 Esther Duflo - Pop!Tech 2009 - 001 (cropped).jpg Visitor (2001–2002) [100] "for their experimental approach to alleviating global poverty." [101] (shared with Michael Kremer and Abhijit Banerjee)
20 Abhijit Banerjee 2019 Abhijit Banerjee FT Goldman Sachs Business Book of the Year Award 2011 (cropped 2).jpg Assistant Professor (1988–1992) [102] "for their experimental approach to alleviating global poverty." [103] (shared with Michael Kremer and Esther Duflo)
19 Oliver Hart 2016 Nobel Laureates 0983 (31117127490).jpg Ph.D. (1974) [104] "for their contributions to contract theory" [105] (shared with Bengt R. Holmström)
18 Angus Deaton 2015 Angus Deaton 5289-2015.jpg Dwight D. Eisenhower Professor of Economics and International Affairs [106] "for his analysis of consumption, poverty, and welfare" [107]
17 Jean Tirole 2014 Jean Tirole (cropped).jpg Visiting Scholar (Spring 2002) [108] "for his analysis of market power and regulation." [109]
16 Lloyd Shapley 2012 Lloyd Shapley 2 2012.jpg Ph.D. (1953); Fine Instructor (1952–1954) [110] "for the theory of stable allocations and the practice of market design" [111] (shared with Alvin E. Roth)
15 Christopher Sims 2011 Nobel Prize 2011-Press Conference KVA-DSC 7720.jpg Harold B. Helms Professor of Economics and Banking [112] "for their empirical research on cause and effect in the macroeconomy" [7] (shared with Thomas Sargent)
14 Thomas Sargent 2011 Nobel Prize 2011-Press Conference KVA-DSC 7770.jpg Visiting professor of economics (Fall 2011, 2010), taught several courses [113] [114] "for their empirical research on cause and effect in the macroeconomy" [7] (shared with Christopher Sims)
13 Chris Pissarides 2010 Christopher Pissarides Wiki MR2013.jpg Visitor, Industrial Relations Section (1984) [115] "for their analysis of markets with search frictions." [116] (shared with Peter Diamond and Dale T. Mortensen)
12 Paul Krugman 2008 Paul Krugman at the German National Library in Frankfurt.jpg Professor of Economics and International Affairs [117] "for his analysis of trade patterns and location of economic activity." [118]
11 Eric Maskin 2007 Eric Maskin at UCI.jpg Visiting lecturer with the rank of professor of economics (2000–2012) [119] "for having laid the foundations of mechanism design theory." [120] (shared with Leonid Hurwicz and Roger Myerson)
10 Robert Aumann 2005 Robert Aumann 2010.jpg Research Associate (1960–1961) [121] "for having enhanced our understanding of conflict and cooperation through game-theory analysis." [122] (shared with Thomas Schelling)
9 Daniel Kahneman 2002 Daniel Kahneman (3283955327) (cropped).jpg Eugene Higgins Professor of Psychology and professor of public affairs [123] "for having integrated insights from psychological research into economic science, especially concerning human judgment and decision-making under uncertainty." [124] (shared with Vernon L. Smith)
8 Michael Spence 2001 A Michael Spence.jpg Class of 1966 (B.A) [125] "for their analyses of markets with asymmetric information." [126] (shared with George Akerlof and Joseph Stiglitz)
7 Joseph Stiglitz 2001 Empfang Joseph E. Stiglitz im Rathaus Koln-1473.jpg Professor of Economics (1979-1988) [127] "for their analyses of markets with asymmetric information." [128] (shared with George Akerlof and Michael Spence)
6 James Heckman 2000 James Heckman.jpg M.A. (1968), Ph.D. (1971) [129] "for his development of theory and methods for analyzing selective samples." [130] (shared with Daniel McFadden)
5 John Forbes Nash 1994 John f nash 20061102 3.jpg Ph.D. (1950); Senior research mathematician [131] "for their pioneering analysis of equilibria in the theory of non-cooperative games." [132] (shared with John Harsanyi and Reinhard Selten)
4 Gary Becker 1992 GaryBecker-May24-2008.jpg Class of 1951 (B.A) [133] "for having extended the domain of microeconomic analysis to a wide range of human behaviour and interaction, including non-market behaviour." [134]
3 Lawrence Klein 1980Visiting Professor (Spring 1966) [135] "for the creation of econometric models and the application to the analysis of economic fluctuations and economic policies." [136]
2 W. Arthur Lewis 1979James Madison Professor of Political Economy [137] "for their pioneering research into economic development research with particular consideration of the problems of developing countries." [138] (shared with Theodore Schultz)
1 Tjalling Koopmans 1975 TjallingKoopmans1967.jpg Research Associate (1940–1941) [139] "for their contributions to the theory of optimum allocation of resources." [140] (shared with Leonid Kantorovich)

Nobel laureates in Literature

No.LaureateYearImageAffiliationRationale
5 Mario Vargas Llosa 2010 Mario Vargas Llosa (2010).jpg Visiting professor of Latin American Studies [141] "for his cartography of structures of power and his trenchant images of the individual's resistance, revolt, and defeat" [142]
4 Kenzaburō Ōe 1994 Paris - Salon du livre 2012 - Kenzaburo Oe - 003.jpg Visiting Lecturer (1997) [143] "who with poetic force creates an imagined world, where life and myth condense to form a disconcerting picture of the human predicament today." [144]
3 Toni Morrison 1993 Toni Morrison 2008-2.jpg Robert F. Goheen Professor in the Humanities [145] "who in novels characterized by visionary force and poetic import, gives life to an essential aspect of American reality" [146]
2 Saul Bellow 1976 Saul Bellow (Herzog portrait).jpg Creative Writing Fellow (1952-1953) [147] [148] "for the human understanding and subtle analysis of contemporary culture that are combined in his work." [149]
1 Eugene O'Neill 1936 Eugene O'Neill 1936.jpg Class of 1910 [150] "for the power, honesty and deep-felt emotions of his dramatic works, which embody an original concept of tragedy" [151]

Nobel Peace Prize laureates

No.LaureateYearImageAffiliationRationale
2 Maria Ressa 2021 Maria Ressa.jpg Class of 1986 [152] Founder of Rappler, former CNN reporter
1 Woodrow Wilson 1919 President Woodrow Wilson portrait December 2 1912.jpg Class of 1879; member of the faculty and president emeritus of the university [153] 28th President of the United States; founder of the League of Nations. [3]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ The total number of laureates in natural sciences: Physics, Chemistry, and Physiology or Medicine.
  2. ↑ For verification, see "Summary".
  3. ↑ This is because, according to Wikipedia policies on no original research and objectivity/neutrality, it is not possible in Wikipedia to subjectively assign various weights to different types of affiliations.
  4. ↑ The table doesn't provide citations or details on entries; for citations and details, see "Nobel laureates by category".

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References

  1. ↑ "Alfred Nobel – The Man Behind the Nobel Prize". Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008-10-18.
  2. ↑ "The Nobel Prize". Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008-10-18.
  3. 1 2 "Nobel Peace Prize 1919". Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008-10-18.
  4. 1 2 3 "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1980". Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008-10-18.
  5. 1 2 3 "Nobel Prize in Literature 1993". Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2018-10-04.
  6. 1 2 3 "The Nobel Prize in Physics 2004". Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008-10-18.;
  7. 1 2 3 "The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2011". Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2011-11-18.
  8. ↑ "The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2021". Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2021-10-12.
  9. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1956". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 2019-10-08.
  10. ↑ "'Great fun': Manabe wins Nobel Prize in physics for modeling climate change". Princeton University. Retrieved 2021-10-12.
  11. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 2021". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 2021-10-12.
  12. ↑ "Roger Penrose - Biography". Maths History. Retrieved 2020-10-06.
  13. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 2020". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 2020-10-06.
  14. ↑ "Princeton's James Peebles receives Nobel Prize in Physics". Princeton University. Retrieved 2019-10-08.
  15. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 2019". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 2019-10-19.
  16. ↑ "Donna T. Strickland". www.osa.org. Retrieved 2018-10-02.
  17. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 2018". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 2019-10-19.
  18. ↑ "Kip S. Thorne: Curriculum Vitae". www.its.caltech.edu. Retrieved 2017-12-15.
  19. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 2017". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2018-10-04.
  20. ↑ "MIT Department of Physics". web.mit.edu. Retrieved 2017-12-15.
  21. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 2017". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 2019-10-19.
  22. ↑ "Haldane, F. Duncan M." history.aip.org. Retrieved 2017-12-16.
  23. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 2016". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2016-10-07.
  24. ↑ "CV (J.M. Kosterlitz)" (PDF).
  25. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 2016". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 2019-10-19.
  26. ↑ "CV (Arthur B. McDonald)" (PDF).
  27. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 2015". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2018-10-04.
  28. ↑ "CV (FRANK WILCZEK)" (PDF).
  29. ↑ "Gross, David J. (David Jonathan)". history.aip.org. Retrieved 2017-12-20.
  30. ↑ "Riccardo Giacconi - Curriculum Vitae". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2017-12-20.
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