P2Y12 is a chemoreceptor for adenosine diphosphate (ADP) that belongs to the Gi class of a group of G protein-coupled (GPCR) purinergic receptors. This P2Y receptor family has several receptor subtypes with different pharmacological selectivity, which overlaps in some cases, for various adenosine and uridine nucleotides. The P2Y12 receptor is involved in platelet aggregation and is thus a biological target for the treatment of thromboembolisms and other clotting disorders. Two transcript variants encoding the same isoform have been identified for this gene.
Purinergic receptors, also known as purinoceptors, are a family of plasma membrane molecules that are found in almost all mammalian tissues. Within the field of purinergic signalling, these receptors have been implicated in learning and memory, locomotor and feeding behavior, and sleep. More specifically, they are involved in several cellular functions, including proliferation and migration of neural stem cells, vascular reactivity, apoptosis and cytokine secretion. These functions have not been well characterized and the effect of the extracellular microenvironment on their function is also poorly understood.
The ATP-gated P2X receptor cation channel family, or simply P2X receptor family, consists of cation-permeable ligand-gated ion channels that open in response to the binding of extracellular adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP). They belong to a larger family of receptors known as the ENaC/P2X superfamily. ENaC and P2X receptors have similar 3-D structures and are homologous. P2X receptors are present in a diverse array of organisms including humans, mouse, rat, rabbit, chicken, zebrafish, bullfrog, fluke, and amoeba.
The nociceptin opioid peptide receptor (NOP), also known as the nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) receptor or kappa-type 3 opioid receptor, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the OPRL1 gene. The nociceptin receptor is a member of the opioid subfamily of G protein-coupled receptors whose natural ligand is the 17 amino acid neuropeptide known as nociceptin (N/OFQ). This receptor is involved in the regulation of numerous brain activities, particularly instinctive and emotional behaviors. Antagonists targeting NOP are under investigation for their role as treatments for depression and Parkinson's disease, whereas NOP agonists have been shown to act as powerful, non-addictive painkillers in non-human primates.
Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRPM3 gene.
Retinoid X receptor alpha (RXR-alpha), also known as NR2B1 is a nuclear receptor that in humans is encoded by the RXRA gene.
P2X purinoceptor 7 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the P2RX7 gene.
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HTR3A gene.
P2Y purinoceptor 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the P2RY1 gene.
P2X purinoceptor 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the P2RX1 gene.
P2Y purinoceptor 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the P2RY2 gene.
P2Y purinoceptor 11 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the P2RY11 gene.
P2Y purinoceptor 14 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the P2RY14 gene.
P2Y purinoceptor 13 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the P2RY13 gene.
P2Y purinoceptor 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the P2RY4 gene.
P2X purinoceptor 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the P2RX4 gene. The product of this gene belongs to the family of purinoceptors for ATP. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants have been identified for this gene although their full-length natures have not been determined.
P2X purinoceptor 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the P2RX5 gene.
P2X purinoceptor 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the P2RX2 gene.
P2X purinoceptor 6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the P2RX6 gene.
Purinergic signalling is a form of extracellular signalling mediated by purine nucleotides and nucleosides such as adenosine and ATP. It involves the activation of purinergic receptors in the cell and/or in nearby cells, thereby regulating cellular functions.
