Suicide protest

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Suicide and life-threatening self-harm have been in protests and militant actions by militants and political activists movements and individuals with very diverse ideologies and goals. Most notoriously they have taken the form of self immolations. [1] Other forms have included hunger strikes, poision, and occasionally suicide bombings, though the latter commonly includes violence or has military as well as political goals.

Contents

Self-immolation

Romas Kalanta

Romas Kalanta
Laisves al. Romas kalanta.JPG
Memorial to Kalanta in Kaunas in the place of his self-immolation, it says: Romas Kalanta 1972.
Romas Kalanta 2022 stamp of Lithuania.jpg
Kalanta on a 2022 stamp of Lithuania

Romas Kalanta was a 19-year-old Lithuanian student who self-immolated in 1972 to protest against the Soviet regime in Lithuania, sparking the 1972 unrest in Lithuania; another 13 people self-immolated in that same year. [2] [ additional citation(s) needed ]

Arab Spring

A wave of self-immolation suicides occurred in conjunction with the Arab Spring protests in the Middle East and North Africa, with at least 14 recorded incidents. The 2010–2011 Tunisian revolution was sparked by the self-immolation of Mohamed Bouazizi. [3] Other cases followed during the 2011 Algerian protests and the 2011 Egyptian revolution. [4] [5]

Hunger strikes

Hunger strikes are another use of life-threatening self-harm, and actual or potential suicide, that is used by some militants and political activists.[ examples needed ]

1981 Irish hunger strike

Maze prison outside of Belfast where the hunger strike took place. Maze Prison - geograph - 341034.jpg
Maze prison outside of Belfast where the hunger strike took place.

In 1981 ten members of the IRA died in hunger strikers, the first was Bobby Sands. By January 1981, it became clear that the prisoners' demands had not been conceded. The republican movement—"unconvincingly", argues Kelly—blamed Britain, insisting that Thatcher had reneged on her promises. [6] Instead, for example, of the right to their own clothes, which the prisoners believed had been conceded them, it became clear that they would have to wear prison-issued clothes until they could demonstrate full compliance with the regime. Sands saw this as "a demand for capitulation rather than a step-by-step approach", argues O'Dochartaigh, and began pressuring the external leadership to authorise another hunger strike. [7]

British and American suffragettes

A 1911 headline in Votes for Women about William Ball being force-fed in prison to end his hunger strike Poster - Votes for Women - Man Prisoner Fed by Force, March 1911. (22896718036).jpg
A 1911 headline in Votes for Women about William Ball being force-fed in prison to end his hunger strike

In the early 20th century suffragettes frequently endured hunger strikes in British prisons. Marion Dunlop was the first in 1909. She was released, as the authorities did not want her to become a martyr. Other suffragettes in prison also undertook hunger strikes. The prison authorities subjected them to force-feeding, which the suffragettes categorized as a form of torture. Emmeline Pankhurst's sister Mary Clarke died shortly after being force-fed in prison, and others including Lady Constance Bulwer-Lytton are believed to have had serious health problems caused by force feeding, dying of a heart attack not long after. [8] William Ball, a working class supporter of women's suffrage, was the subject of a pamphlet Torture in an English Prison not only due to the effects of force-feeding, but a cruel separation from family contact and mental health deterioration, secret transfer to a lunatic asylum and needed lifelong mental institutional care. [9] In December 1912, a Scottish prison put four suffragettes in the 'political prisoner' category rather than 'criminal' second division, but staff at Craiginches Prison, Aberdeen still subjected them to force-feeding when they went on hunger strike. [10]

Zygielbojm's last letter, addressed to Polish president Wladyslaw Raczkiewicz and prime minister Wladyslaw Sikorski and dated 11 May 1943. Szmul Zygielbojm suicide letter 1943.jpg
Zygielbojm's last letter, addressed to Polish president Władysław Raczkiewicz and prime minister Władysław Sikorski and dated 11 May 1943.

Suicide protests about genocide and related war crimes have been carried out by all sides: the targets of genocide, other opponents of genocide and war crimes,[ example needed ] and (in at least one case) by a Croatian accused of war crimes in the Bosnian War (below).

The Holocaust in Germany and occupied Europe

The Holocaust in Germany and occupied Europe targeted local ethnic and religious minorities that were perceived as non-European. Particularly Ashkenazi, Roma, and Sinti. The genocide against later groups is sometimes considered a separate Romani Holocaust.

On 19 April 1943, high-ranking officials of the Allied governments of the UK and the US met in Bermuda, ostensibly to discuss the situation of the Jews in Nazi-occupied Europe. By coincidence, that same day the Nazis attempted to liquidate the remaining Jews in the Warsaw Ghetto and met with unexpected resistance. By the beginning of May, the futility of the Bermuda Conference had become apparent. [11]

Days later, Szmul Zygielbojm (Yiddish : שמואל זיגלבוים) [a] – a Polish socialist politician, Bund trade-union activist, and member of the National Council of the Polish government-in-exile – received word of the suppression of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising and of the ghetto's final liquidation. He learned that his wife Manya and 16-year-old son Tuvia had been killed there. [12] At his home in Paddington, West London, [13] on 11 May 1943 Zygielbojm committed suicide with an overdose of sodium amytal, as a protest against the indifference and inaction of the Allied governments in the face of The Holocaust. [12] He died at St Mary's Hospital, London, on 12 May 1943. [13]

In a long suicide note addressed to Polish president Władysław Raczkiewicz and prime minister Władysław Sikorski, Zygielbojm said that while the Nazis were responsible for the murder of the Polish Jews, "the whole of humanity" was also indirectly culpable. He accused the Western Allies of "looking on passively upon this murder of defenseless millions of tortured children, women and men," and the Polish government of not doing enough (see image).

I cannot continue to live and to be silent while the remnants of Polish Jewry, whose representative I am, are being murdered. My comrades in the Warsaw ghetto fell with arms in their hands in the last heroic battle. I was not permitted to fall like them, together with them, but I belong with them, to their mass grave. By my death, I wish to give expression to my most profound protest against the inaction in which the world watches and permits the destruction of the Jewish people. [14]

Zygielbojm wished his letter to be widely publicized and hoped that "the Polish Government [would] embark immediately on diplomatic action... in order to save the living remnant of the Polish Jews from destruction". [14]

Bosnian genocide

Slobodan Praljak Slobodan Praljak.jpg
Slobodan Praljak

The Bosnian genocide a genocide against Bosnian (mostly Bosniak) Muslims in Europe, 40 years after the genocide against Ashkibazi, Roma, and Sinti. Slobodan Praljak (Croatian pronunciation: [slobǒdanprǎːʎak] ; 2 January 1945 – 29 November 2017) was a Bosnian Croat general found guilty by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) of committing violations of the laws of war, crimes against humanity, and breaches of the Geneva Conventions during the 1992–1994 Croat–Bosniak War. [15] Praljak voluntarily joined the newly formed Croatian Armed Forces after the outbreak of the Croatian War of Independence in 1991. Before and after the war he was an engineer, a television and theatre director, and a businessman. [16] [17] Praljak was indicted by, and voluntarily surrendered to, the ICTY in 2004. [18] In 2013, he was convicted for war crimes against the Bosniak population during the Croat–Bosniak War alongside five other Bosnian Croat officials, [19] [20] and was sentenced to 20 years in jail (minus the time he had already spent in detention). [21] When he heard the guilty verdict against him upheld in November 2017, Praljak stated that he rejected the verdict of the court, and fatally poisoned himself in the courtroom. [22] [23]

Genocide bombing

"Genocide bombing" was an alternate term for Palestinian suicide attacks that was coined in 2002 by Irwin Cotler, a member of the Canadian parliament, in an effort to focus attention on the alleged intention of Genocide by militant Palestinians. [24] [25]

Bombings

The most prolific suicide bombers were the Japanese Empire's Kamikaze and others in that region who sought direct military advantage by attacking the United States Navy and their allies, in a failed attempt to conquer the Pacific region. [26] [27] Some believe this is a legitimate use of suicide tactics. [28] However, suicide bombings in the 21st century more commonly seek to make a political point.

Wanganui Computer Centre (1982)

Not all politically motivated suicide attacks targeted other people. On 18 November 1982, Neil Roberts carried out a suicide bombing in Whanganui, New Zealand. [29] His target was a facility housing the main computer centre of the National Law Enforcement Database belonging to New Zealand Police, Courts, Ministry of Transport, and other law enforcement agencies, in Whanganui. The power of the explosion made it so that police were initially unable to determine the gender of the perpetrator. [30] The attacker, 22-year-old Neil Roberts, a "punk rock" anarchist, was the only person killed, and the computer system was undamaged. [31] [32] [ better source needed ] He had written on a piece of cardboard before the explosion, "Heres [sic] one anarchist down. Hopefully there’s a lot more waking up. One day we’ll win – one day". A public toilet nearby had the slogan "We have maintained a silence closely resembling stupidity" painted on it, a slogan which the police believe Roberts had painted, [33] and borrowed from the Revolutionary Proclamation of the Junta Tuitiva of 1809. [34] The phrase is still closely linked with the bombing by the New Zealand public. [35]

Failed and aborted suicide attacks

Sometimes suicide attacks that do not go according to plan, are still used successfully for political gain. For example the Lehi–Irgun suicide operation in 1947 – that failed to do any tangible damage to assets or personnel of their opponents, allegedly due to being inadvertently obstructed by Rabbi Yakov Goodman – is still told as a heroic story on numerous Likud Party speeches, [36] [37] Including Menachem Begin's 1981 election-winning Tchach-Tchachim Speech  [ he ]. [38] [39] [40]

Political prisoners and imprisoned militants

1987 Suicide of Tamil Tigers

On 5 October 1987, 12 Tamil Tigers who were taken into custody by the Sri Lankan Navy died by suicide. They were brought by the Sri Lanka Army to the Palaly Military Base which was under Indian Peace Keeping Force control and detained along with 5 others. LTTE leaders including Mahattaya were allowed to visit them in the Palaly Military Base they smuggled in cyanide capsules and as they feared the cadres would be tortured if taken to Colombo. LTTE wanted the IPKF to get them released under the accord. Major General Harkirat Singh J.N.Dixit, Depinder Singh were against handing over LTTE cadres to the Sri Lankan army but due to orders from New Delhi they agreed. When Sri Lankan Army attempted to take them to Colombo for interrogation, 12 committed suicide by swallowing cyanide capsules and remaining 4 were saved in hospital. This led to the LTTE withdrawing from the Indo Lankan peace accord and conflict between the LTTE and IPKF starting. Harkirat Singh blames the diplomats and the Army headquarters for the turn of events leading to the conflict. [41] [42] [43] [44] [45] [46] [47] [48]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ sometimes spelled Zygelbojm or Zigelboim

References

  1. ↑ https://newrepublic.com/article/166492/protest-climate-wynn-bruce
  2. ↑ Anušauskas, Arvydas. "KGB reakcija į 1972 m. įvykius". Genocide and Resistance Research Centre of Lithuania . Retrieved 10 August 2023.
  3. ↑ Lageman, Thessa. "Remembering Mohamed Bouazizi: The man who sparked the Arab Spring". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 27 February 2024.
  4. ↑ "Self-immolation spreads across Mideast inspiring protest". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. 25 January 2011. Retrieved 17 March 2023.
  5. ↑ "Second Algerian dies from self-immolation: official". Archived from the original on 25 January 2011. Retrieved 17 March 2023.
  6. ↑ Kelly 2021, p. 129.
  7. ↑ O'Dochartaigh 2021, p. 178.
  8. ↑ Wilson, Simon; Ian Cumming (2009). Psychiatry in Prisons: A Comprehensive Handbook . Jessica Kingsley Publishers. p.  156. ISBN   978-1843102236.
  9. ↑ Atkinson, Diane (2018). Rise up, women! : the remarkable lives of the suffragettes. London: Bloomsbury. pp. 289, 293. ISBN   9781408844045. OCLC   1016848621.
  10. ↑ Pedersen, Sarah. "The Aberdeen Women's Suffrage Campaign". suffrageaberdeen.co.uk. copyright WildFireOne. Archived from the original on 18 March 2023. Retrieved 18 March 2023.
  11. ↑ "To 5,000,000 Jews in the Nazi Death-Trap, Bermuda was a Cruel Mockery". The New York Times . 4 May 1943. p. 17.
  12. 1 2 Glavin, Terry (12 May 2018). "Canada was warned of the coming Holocaust. We turned away 900 Jewish refugees, anyway", Maclean's . Retrieved 14 October 2019.
  13. 1 2 ""ZYGIELBOJM Szmul Mordko of 12 Porchester-square Paddington… died 12 May 1943"", Wills and Administrations 1943 (England and Wales), p. 688, 1944
  14. 1 2 "The Last Letter From Szmul Zygielbojm, The Bund Representative With The Polish National Council In Exile]". 11 May 1943. Archived from the original on 19 December 2012.
  15. ↑ "Trial Judgement Summary for Prlić et al" (PDF). International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. 29 November 2017. Retrieved 2 December 2017.
  16. ↑ Radoš, Ivica (29 November 2017). "Tko je bio Slobodan Praljak? Slao je oružje Bošnjacima u opkoljeno Sarajevo" [Who was Slobodan Praljak? He sent weapons to Bosnians in the besieged Sarajevo]. Večernji list (in Croatian). Retrieved 29 November 2017.
  17. ↑ Andrey Shary (30 November 2017). "The Poisoned General". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Retrieved 1 December 2017.
  18. ↑ "Slobodan Praljak". Trial International. 6 May 2016. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 30 November 2017.
  19. ↑ "Prlic et al. Initial Indictment". International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. 2 March 2004.
  20. ↑ "'I am not a war criminal,' convicted Bosnian Croat cries as he takes a fatal dose of poison". Los Angeles Times. 29 November 2017. Archived from the original on 16 September 2019. Retrieved 29 November 2017. Ironically, Praljak, who surrendered to the tribunal in April 2004 and had already been jailed for 13 years, could have soon walked free because those who are convicted are generally released after serving two-thirds of their sentences.
  21. ↑ Corder, Mike (29 May 2013). "UN war crimes tribunal convicts 6 Bosnian Croats of persecution of Muslims during Bosnian war". News1130.
  22. ↑ "Statement on passing of Slobodan Praljak". International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. 29 November 2017. Retrieved 30 November 2017.
  23. ↑ "Preliminary results autopsy Slobodan Praljak". Public Prosecution Service (Netherlands). Archived from the original on 3 December 2017. Retrieved 1 December 2017.
  24. ↑ "Kesher Talk". 24 June 2002. Archived from the original on 28 June 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2006.
  25. ↑ "Targets". Washington Times. 23 April 2004. Retrieved 13 May 2006.
  26. ↑ "How effective was the Japanese kamikaze campaign?" (video transcript). Imperial War Museums . Retrieved 7 December 2024. The Japanese expended 2600 aircraft in kamikaze attacks, and with them the lives of 4000 airmen. The attacks killed more than 7000 Allied naval personnel.
  27. ↑ "Why the kamikaze campaign failed" (video). www.youtube.com/@ImperialWarMuseums. United Kingdom: Imperial War Museums. 7 June 2023.
  28. ↑ "Suicide bombings: What does the law actually say?". aoav.org.uk. AOAV. 5 June 2015. Perhaps surprisingly, carrying out suicide attacks in certain circumstances is not illegal per se. They can, and have been, used legitimately as weapons attacking military targets. In World War Two, Japanese Kamikaze pilots, for example, turned their planes into flying bombs to target American military ships and in so doing were using legitimate means to attack legitimate targets under international humanitarian law (IHL).
  29. ↑ "Bomb damage at the Whanganui Computer Centre". …the suicide attack by Neil Roberts on the National Law Enforcement Database, known as the Whanganui Computer, at the Whanganui Computer Centre.
  30. ↑ "Wanganui Computer Centre explosion news report". Radio New Zealand . 28 November 2014. Retrieved 24 May 2018.
  31. ↑ "1982: The death of Neil Roberts". libcom.org. On November 18, 1982 at 12.35 a.m., Neil Roberts, a 22 year old punk anarchist, walked up to the entrance of the building which housed the Wanganui police computer.
  32. ↑ "Neil Roberts 20th Anniversary Memorial Punk Fest". punkfest.orcon.net.nz. Archived from the original on 11 March 2008. Retrieved 25 January 2017.
  33. ↑ "An anarchist with a death wish". The Wireless (RNZ). Retrieved 24 May 2018.
  34. ↑ "The Maintenance of Silence". nzonscreen.com. Retrieved 17 March 2019. When the bombing occured, [director William] Keddell was angered by the media reaction to "what was clearly a politically motivated suicide": "The 'misguided youth' stuff just swept the real issues under the carpet. The Wanganui Computer was worth protesting about. It represented a profound and sad change in New Zealand. " (citing: Film scholar Russell Campbell, quoting director William Keddell in The Journal of New Zealand Studies no 8, 2009)
  35. ↑ Field, M., "Opera about NZ's only suicide bomber," stuff.co.nz 11 November 2014. Retrieved 17 March 2019.
  36. ↑ Olmert, Ehud (19 April 2007). "PM's Speech at the Ceremony Marking 60 Years Since Feinstein and Barzani Faced the Gallows".
  37. ↑ Netanyahu (9 March 2010). "PM Netanyahu's Speech at the Knesset Special Session in Memory of the Jewish Prisoners Hung from the Gallows". www.gov.il/en.
  38. ↑ Leibovitz, Liel (29 June 2018). "In Menachem Begin's Rise, Lessons for the #Resistance to Trump". Tablet .
  39. ↑ Begin, Menachem (1981). נאום בחירות בכיכר מלכי ישראל (מוכר כנאום הצ'חצ'חים) [Election speech at Malki Yisrael Square – known as the Tchach-Tchachim Speech] (in Hebrew).
  40. ↑ Harkov, Lahav (3 April 2019). "From Begin's tchach-tchachim to Bibi's bots- analysis". The Jerusalem Post . Retrieved 8 June 2025.
  41. ↑ Singh, D. (2002). The IPKF in Sri Lanka. Trishul Publications. p. 83. ISBN   978-81-85384-05-4 . Retrieved 17 April 2023.
  42. ↑ "Thileepan's Fast to Death - Jaffna - September 1987". Tamil Nation & Beyond – தமிழ் தேசியம். 14 November 1987. Retrieved 17 April 2023.
  43. ↑ Sangarasivam, Y. (2022). Nationalism, Terrorism, Patriotism: A Speculative Ethnography of War. Springer International Publishing. p. 195. ISBN   978-3-030-82665-9 . Retrieved 17 April 2023.
  44. ↑ Singh, Harkirat (2007). Intervention in Sri Lanka: The I.P.K.F. Experience Retold. Manohar Publishers & Distributors. ISBN   978-81-7304-705-3 . Retrieved 16 April 2023.
  45. ↑ Heynes, S. (2016). The Bleeding Island: Scars and Wounds. Partridge Publishing India. p. 121. ISBN   978-1-4828-7478-5 . Retrieved 16 April 2023.
  46. ↑ Krishna, S. (1999). Postcolonial Insecurities: India, Sri Lanka, and the Question of Nationhood. Borderlines (Minneapolis, Minn.). University of Minnesota Press. p. 2-PA182. ISBN   978-1-4529-0387-3 . Retrieved 16 April 2023.
  47. ↑ "LTTE Leaders Swallowed Cyanide Pills - And Everything Changed For India". NDTV.com. 22 February 2019. Retrieved 17 April 2023.
  48. ↑ "Rediff On The NeT: J N Dixit reveals the genesis of LTTE chief Prabhakaran's antagonism for India". Rediff.com. 6 October 1987. Retrieved 17 April 2023.

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