Volkswagen Boxer Engine | |
---|---|
Overview | |
Manufacturer | Volkswagen |
Production | 1936–2006 |
Layout | |
Configuration | Flat-4 naturally aspirated petrol engine |
Displacement | 1.0 L (985 cc) 1.1 L (1,131 cc) 1.2 L (1,192 cc) 1.3 L (1,285 cc) 1.5 L (1,493 cc) 1.6 L (1,584 cc) 1.7 L (1,679 cc) 1.8 L (1,795 cc) 2.0 L (1,971 cc) |
Cylinder bore | 70 mm (2.76 in) 75 mm (2.95 in) 77 mm (3.03 in) 83 mm (3.27 in) 85.5 mm (3.37 in) 90 mm (3.54 in) 93 mm (3.66 in) 94 mm (3.70 in) |
Piston stroke | 64 mm (2.52 in) 69 mm (2.72 in) 66 mm (2.60 in) 71 mm (2.80 in) |
Chronology | |
Successor | Volkswagen Wasserboxer engine |
The Volkswagen air-cooled engine is an air-cooled, gasoline-fuelled, boxer engine with four horizontally opposed cast-iron cylinders, cast aluminum alloy cylinder heads and pistons, magnesium-alloy crankcase, and forged steel crankshaft and connecting rods.
There are two distinct families/variations of the aircooled engine namely Type 1 and Type 4. The Type 3 engine is a variation of the Type 1 engine with pancake cooling arrangement.
Variations of the engine were produced by Volkswagen plants worldwide from 1936 until 2006 for use in Volkswagen's own vehicles, notably the Type 1 (Beetle), Type 2 (bus, transporter), Type 3, and Type 4. Additionally, the engines were widely used in industrial, light aircraft and kit car applications.
Volkswagen Typ 1200 [1] | |
---|---|
Overview | |
Also called | 1200 Engine |
Production | 1950–1991 |
Layout | |
Displacement | 1,192 cc (72.7 cu in) |
Cylinder bore | 77 mm (3.03 in) |
Piston stroke | 64 mm (2.52 in) |
Compression ratio | 7.0:1 – 7.3:1 |
Combustion | |
Fuel system | Carburettor Solex 28 PCI or Solex 28 PICT |
Fuel type | Carburettor fuel 86 RON (7:1 compression ratio) 87 RON (7,3:1 compression ratio) |
Output | |
Power output | 22 kW (30 PS; 30 bhp) 25 kW (34 PS; 34 bhp) 27 kW (37 PS; 36 bhp) 30 kW (41 PS; 40 bhp) |
Specific power | 18.5–21.0 kW (25–29 PS; 25–28 bhp) / L |
Torque output | depending on engine application, around ~70–80 N·m |
The 1.2-litre engine is called Typ 122 and has a displacement of 1,192 cc (72.7 cu in). [1] As industrial engine, its rated power is 22.8 kW (31 PS; 31 bhp) at 3000 min−1 without a governor, the highest torque 81.4 N⋅m (60 lbf⋅ft) at 2000 min−1. With a governor set to 8% accuracy, the rated power is 21.33 kW (29 bhp; 29 PS) at 3000 min−1, the highest torque is 69.63 N⋅m (51 lbf⋅ft) at 2000 min−1. [2] For other applications, the power and torque output may vary, e.g. On the Beetle produced 41 PS (40 bhp; 30 kW) at 3900 rpm and 88 N⋅m (65 lbf⋅ft) of torque at 2400 rpm. [3]
From 1968 to 1983, the Type 4 engine was produced in 1.7, 1.8 and 2.0 litre variants. [4]
Beginning in 1987, Dunn-Right Incorporated of Anderson, South Carolina has made a kit to perform the conversion of a VW engine to a compressor. [5]
Volkswagen AG has officially offered these air-cooled boxer engines for use in industrial applications since 1950, lately under its Volkswagen Industrial Motor brand. Available in 18 kilowatts (24 PS ; 24 bhp ), 22 kilowatts (30 PS; 30 bhp), 25 kilowatts (34 PS; 34 bhp), 31 kilowatts (42 PS; 42 bhp), 33 kilowatts (45 PS; 44 bhp) and 46 kilowatts (63 PS; 62 bhp) outputs, from displacements of 1.2 litres (73 cu in) to 1.8 litres (110 cu in), these Industrial air-cooled engines were officially discontinued in 1991.[ citation needed ]
The air-cooled opposed four-cylinder Beetle engines have been used for other purposes as well. Limbach Flugmotoren has since 1970 produced more than 6000 certified aircraft engines based on the Beetle engine. [6] [7] [8] [9] Sauer has since 1987 produced certified engines for small airplanes and motorgliders, [10] and is now also producing engines for the ultralight community in Europe. [11] [12]
Especially interesting is its use as an experimental aircraft engine. This type of VW engine deployment started separately in Europe and in the US. In Europe this started in France straight after the Second World War using the engine in the Volkswagen Kübelwagen that were abandoned by the thousands in the country side [13] and peaked with the JPX engine. [14] In the US this started in the 1960s when VW Beetle started to show up there. [13] A number of companies still produce aero engines that are Volkswagen Beetle engine derivatives: Limbach, Sauer, Hapi, Revmaster, Great Plains Type 1 Front Drive, Hummel, the AeroConversions AeroVee Engine, and others. Kit planes or plans built experimental aircraft were specifically designed to utilize these engines. The VW air-cooled engine does not require an expensive and often complex gear reduction unit to utilize a propeller at efficient cruise RPM. With its relative low cost and parts availability, many experimental aircraft are designed around the VW engines. [15] [16]
Formula V Air Racing uses aircraft designed to get maximum performance out of a VW powered aircraft resulting in race speeds above 160 mph. [17]
Some aircraft that use the VW engine are:
For aircraft use, a number of experimenters, who were seeking a small, two-cylinder, four-stroke engine, began cutting Type 1 VW engine blocks in half, creating a two-cylinder, horizontally opposed engine. The resulting engine produces 30 to 38 hp (22 to 28 kW). Plans and kits have been made available for these conversions. [18] [19]
One such conversion is the Carr Twin, designed by Dave Carr, introduced in January 1975, in the Experimental Aircraft Association's Sport Aviation magazine. The design won the John Livingston Award for its outstanding contribution to low cost flying and also was awarded the Stan Dzik Memorial Award for outstanding design. [19]
Other examples include the Total Engine Concepts MM CB-40 and Better Half VW.
Some aircraft that use the Half VW engine are:
The Volkswagen Type 2 is a forward control light commercial vehicle introduced in 1950 by the German automaker Volkswagen as its second car model. Known officially as the Transporter, Kombi or Microbus, or, informally, as the Volkswagen Station Wagon (US), Bus, Camper (UK) or Bulli (Germany), it was given the factory designation Type 2 as it followed – and was initially derived from – Volkswagen's first model, the Type 1 (Beetle).
The Volkswagen LT is the largest light commercial panel van produced by Volkswagen from 1975 to 2006, before being replaced by the Crafter. Two generations were produced.
Sonex Aircraft, LLC is an American kit aircraft manufacturer located in Oshkosh, Wisconsin, producing kits for four all-metal homebuilt monoplanes. The company was founded in 1998 by John Monnett, who has designed the Monnett Sonerai sport aircraft series, Monnett Monerai sailplane, Monnett Moni motorglider, and Monnett Monex racer.
Limbach Flugmotoren is a German company that produces aircraft engines.
Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles is a German marque of light commercial vehicles, owned by Volkswagen Group. It is headquartered in Hannover, Lower Saxony, Germany. Originally part of Volkswagen Passenger Cars, it has operated as a separate marque since 1995.
The Volkswagen Type 14A is a convertible Volkswagen Type 1 produced by German coachbuilder Hebmüller and Sohn after the Second World War.
The Sonerai is a small, VW-powered homebuilt aircraft, designed by John Monnett. The Sonerai began to compete as a single-seat, mid-wing, tailwheel Formula-V racer class formed in 1972. The Sonerai soon evolved into a two-seat model called the Sonerai II.
The SDI engine is a design of naturally aspirated (NA) direct injection diesel engine developed and produced by Volkswagen Group for use in cars and vans, along with marine engine and Volkswagen Industrial Motor applications.
The Monnett Moni is a sport aircraft developed in the United States in the early 1980s and marketed for homebuilding.
The Rotax 377 is a 35 hp (26 kW), twin-cylinder, two-stroke aircraft engine, that was built by BRP-Rotax GmbH & Co. KG of Austria for use in ultralight aircraft.
The Rotec R3600 is a nine-cylinder radial engine built by Rotec Aerosport Pty Ltd in Australia. Initially released in 2005, it was a followup of the 7-cylinder Rotec R2800 released five years earlier. Both this engine and its smaller cousin have been frequently used as both replacement engines for vintage World War 1 aircraft, and reproduction aircraft from the same vintage. Some notable aircraft this engine has been used in are the Fokker Triplane, Sopwith Camel and the Nieuport 17.
The Rotec R2800 is a seven-cylinder 110 hp radial engine built by Rotec Aerosport Pty Ltd in Australia. The R2800 was Rotec's first engine offering when they first opened their doors in 2000. In 2005, Rotec released a more powerful variant, the Rotec R3600 adding two more cylinders for a total of nine and increasing the rated horsepower to 150. This engine and its larger cousin are frequently used on World War I aircraft, both vintage and modern reproductions. Some notable repro WW I aircraft this engine has been used in are the Fokker Triplane, Sopwith Camel and the Nieuport 17. Other experimental / homebuilt aircraft have also been fitted with the Rotec 2800, including the Kitfox Model 7; a popular kit aircraft with over 5,000 examples of all variants completed. It is unknown how many Kitfox aircraft are equipped with the Rotec 2800 engine.
Total Engine Concepts MM CB-40 is a four-stroke, two-cylinder, Half VW aircraft engine.
Monnett Experimental Aircraft was a United States aircraft manufacturer. Founded by John Monnett, a schoolteacher from Illinois who transitioned from a pilot of J3 Cubs and Aeronca Champs to building and designing tube-and-fabric racing aircraft built around the Volkswagen air-cooled engine. The company was founded to produce plans and kits for the Sonerai I aircraft. The Sonerai I was specially built to be used as a Formula V Air Racing racer. The follow-on aircraft, the Sonerai II was a two-seat modification that made the aircraft more marketable for sport piloting. In 1982, the company marketed its Moni motor glider. It was built of aluminum and featured bonded wing skins.
The Airdrome Nieuport 11 is an American amateur-built aircraft, designed and produced by Airdrome Aeroplanes, of Holden, Missouri. The aircraft is supplied as a kit for amateur construction.
The Airdrome Nieuport 17 is an American amateur-built aircraft, designed and produced by Airdrome Aeroplanes, of Holden, Missouri. The aircraft is supplied as a kit for amateur construction.
The Sauer S 2400 UL is a 4 stroke aircraft engine for homebuilt and ultralight aircraft.
Sauer Flugmotorenbau or "Sauer" is a German manufacturer of aircraft engines based at Ober-Olm in Germany.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)