Arrow Lake (microprocessor)

Last updated

Arrow Lake
Czy nowe procesory Intela to ULTRA rozczarowanie? (2160p 30fps VP9 LQ-128kbit AAC)-00.01.16.400.png
LaunchedOctober 24, 2024 (2024-October-24)
Designed by Intel
Manufactured by
Fabrication process
Codename(s)
  • ARL
Platform(s)
  • Desktop
  • Mobile

Branding
Brand name(s) Core Ultra
GenerationSeries 2
Socket(s)

Instructions & Architecture
Instructions set x86
Instructions x86-64
P-core architecture Lion Cove
E-core architecture Skymont

Cores
Peak core clockUp to 5.7 GHz
P-core L0 cache48 KB data (per core)
P-core L1 cache256 KB (per core):
  • 64 KB instructions
  • 192 KB data
E-core L1 cache96 KB (per core):
  • 64 KB instructions
  • 32 KB data
P-core L2 cache3 MB (per core)
E-core L2 cache4 MB (per cluster)
P-core L3 cache3 MB (per core)
E-core L3 cache3 MB (per cluster)

Graphics
Graphics architectureXe-LPG
Xe-LPG+
Execution UnitsUp to 64 EUs
Xe CoresUp to 8 Xe Cores
Peak graphics clock2.0 GHz
NPU
ArchitectureNPU 3720
TOPS13

Memory Support
Type DDR5-6400
Memory channels2 channels
Maximum capacity192 GB

I/O
PCIe support PCIe 5.0
PCIe lanes20 PCIe 5.0 lanes
4 PCIe 4.0 lanes
DMI version DMI 4.0 x8

History
Predecessor Meteor Lake
Variant Lunar Lake
Successor Panther Lake

Arrow Lake is the codename for Core Ultra Series 2 processors designed by Intel, released on October 24, 2024. It follows on from Meteor Lake which saw Intel move from monolithic silicon to a disaggregated MCM design. Meteor Lake was limited to a mobile release while Arrow Lake includes both socketable desktop processors and mainstream and enthusiast mobile processors. Core Ultra 200H and 200HX series mobile processors will follow in early 2025. [2] Arrow Lake desktop CPUs integrated Thunderbolt 4 and USB4 in the CPU, which allowed it to not waste PCIe 3 lanes and use simple retimers instead. The chipset has the same maximum 5 integrated USB 3.2 2x2, and is Thunderbolt 5 ready if discrete board is used. [3] Integrated GPU added HDMI 2.1 FRL 48 gbit/s (just like mobile Meteor Lake) and variable refresh rate. CU-DIMM DDR5 memory support was added and is needed for optimal performance. [4] [5]

Contents

Background

The first official mention of Arrow Lake came on February 17, 2022 at Intel's Investor Meeting where it was confirmed that Arrow Lake would be the successor to Meteor Lake. Arrow Lake was confirmed to use a disaggregated construction and would be fabricated on Intel's 20A node and external nodes. [6]

In September 2023, Intel CEO Pat Gelsinger showcased a 20A wafer at Intel's Innovation event containing Arrow Lake test dies, reiterating that Arrow Lake products were on schedule. [7] On December 14, 2023, Meteor Lake launched in 9 W and 15 W form factors for ultra thin notebooks. [8]

At CES in January 2024, Intel stated that Arrow Lake would launch for desktop in the second half of 2024. [9] Intel claimed that Arrow Lake would be the "world's first gaming processor with an AI accelerator" despite AMD's Ryzen 8000G desktop APUs, codenamed "Phoenix-G", with a dedicated XDNA AI engine launching first in January 2024. [10] On May 20, 2024, Intel reaffirmed that Arrow Lake was on track for a Q4 2024 release with an update promised at Computex in the following weeks. On June 4, 2024, Intel shared details on the Lion Cove P-cores and Skymont E-core architectures that are shared between Arrow Lake and Lunar Lake.

Arrow Lake-S desktop processors were announced on October 10, 2024 with an October 24 release date. [11]

Architecture

Arrow Lake is a two-way x86 architecture designed to scale from 28W mobile form factors to 125 W enthusiast desktop segments. The architectural construction behind Arrow Lake maintains many of the direct elements from Meteor Lake. It is a disaggregated MCM design fabricated on various nodes from TSMC. Arrow Lake reuses the same SoC and I/O extender tiles from Meteor Lake while adding a new compute tile and a smaller graphics tile intended for desktop.

TileNodeEUVDie sizeRef.
Compute tile TSMC N3B Check-green.svg114.5 mm2 [12]
Graphics tile TSMC N5P Check-green.svgUn­known
SoC tile TSMC N6 Check-green.svgUn­known
I/O extender tile TSMC N6 Check-green.svgUn­known
Foveros interposer base tile Intel 16 (22FFL)Dark Red x.svg300.9 mm2

Compute tile

The previous generation Meteor Lake used the Intel 4 process on its compute tile with Arrow Lake originally planning to move to Intel's 20A node. In September 2024, Intel announced the cancellation of its 20A node so it could shift its focus to the development of 18A instead. Intel's 20A node planned to introduce gate-all-around (GAA) transistors, which Intel refers to as RibbonFET, and those transistors receive backside power delivery that Intel calls PowerVia. RibbonFET is Intel's first new transistor design since the introduction of FinFET in 2011. [13] Arrow Lake's compute tile is fabricated on TSMC's N3B node instead of 20A. [14] Similar to what the previous generation Meteor Lake did, Arrow Lake's compute tile introduces both new Lion Cove P-cores and new Skymont E-cores. Arrow Lake's Lion Cove and Skymont core architectures are also shared with Lunar Lake.

Lion Cove

Lion Cove P-cores features wider decoder and dispatch engines, a greater number of integers ALUs, larger L2 caches, and a redesigned cache hierarchy. Intel claims a 9% IPC uplift for Arrow Lake's Lion Cove cores. [15] Lion Cove in Arrow Lake has an increased 3 MB of L2 cache compared to 2.5 MB in Lunar Lake's Lion Cove implementation. Lion Cove's L2 cache is 50% larger over the previous generation Raptor Cove core with 2 MB of L2 cache. Lion Cove has an L2 bandwidth of 32 bytes per cycle. [16] Lion Cove P-cores include support for AVX-512 instructions but AVX-512 has been disabled in Arrow Lake processors due to its heterogenous architecture. The Skymont E-cores do not feature AVX-512 instructions support so AVX-512 is disabled to ensure that both core types are equal in their capabilities.

There has been a clock speed regression for Lion Cove P-cores in Arrow Lake-S desktop processors. [17] The Core Ultra 9 285K has a peak clock speed of 5.7 GHz compared to the higher 6.2 GHz clock speed of the Raptor Lake Core i9-14900KS. [18]

Simultaneous multithreading (SMT)

Simultaneous multithreading (SMT) has been removed from Arrow Lake's Lion Cove P-cores. [19] SMT first made its debut in an Intel desktop processor with the Northwood-based Pentium 4 in November 2002. Its removal in Arrow Lake marks the second time since then that SMT has been completely removed from a new x86-64 Intel performance-oriented core architecture rather than it simply being disabled in some lower-end Celeron and Pentium SKUs. [a] SMT, or Intel's marketing term HyperThreading, allows a single physical CPU core with 2 threads to execute two tasks simultaneously. In the early 2000s, SMT was a way to add more processing threads to dual and quad-core CPUs while not using too much die space. The removal of SMT allows the physical core die area to be reduced. Increasing the number of processing threads with a greater number of physical cores can compensate for the removal of SMT providing 2 threads per core. [20] Many ARM-based processors, such as Apple's M series SoCs, do not feature SMT as it is less beneficial on processors with a short processor pipeline and including it increases the physical core area. With a longer processor pipeline, like the one used by Intel, it is more difficult to keep the CPU cores fed with useful data in a workload. Cores with longer pipelines are able to support high clock speeds but with fewer instructions per clock (IPC). [20]

Skymont

Skymont E-cores focus on enhanced branch prediction and instruction fetch, increased throughput for 128-bit floating point and SIMD vector data types, and their L2 cache receiving a doubling in bandwidth. Intel claims a 32% IPC uplift in multi-threaded integer workloads compared to Gracemont and 55% in multi-threaded floating point. [21]

Core Layout

Intel-ARL-Core-Layout.png

The physical layout of P-cores and E-cores has changed in Arrow Lake with a cluster of four E-cores placed between two P-cores. [22] In contrast, Alder Lake, Raptor Lake, and Meteor Lake placed all P-cores together in one group and all E-cores together in another. The benefit of placing E-cores inbetween P-cores is it reduces core-to-core latency when moving instructions or data between the P-cores and E-cores. The previous approach required data to travel a longer distance along the ring bus between both core types.

Graphics tile

Arrow Lake's graphics tile remains largely unchanged architecturally from Meteor Lake. Just like Meteor Lake, the graphics tile in Arrow Lake is fabricated on TSMC's N5P node. [23] Arrow Lake-S desktop processors feature 4 Xe-LPG cores based on the Alchemist graphics architecture. However, Arrow Lake mobile processors feature up to 8 slightly modified Xe-LPG+ (Gen12.74) cores which add support for Dot Product Accumulate Systolic (DPAS) instructions. DPAS instructions were included in Xe-HPG cores for discrete Arc graphics but were disabled in the lower power Xe-LPG variant. DPAS instructions allow FP16, BF16 and INT4 data types to be multiplied, giving the GPU the ability to perform more operations per cycle.

SoC tile

Arrow Lake reuses the same SoC tile design from Meteor Lake, fabricated on TSMC's N6 node. The SoC tile used for Arrow Lake-S desktop processors was originally designed for cancelled Meteor Lake-S processors for desktop. It does not contain any low power E-cores. Mobile variants of Arrow Lake reuse Meteor Lake's SoC tile that includes two Crestmont low-power E-cores, which are different to the Skymont E-cores in the CPU compute tile. The Crestmont low-power E-cores do not have an L3 cache like the Skymont E-cores do in the CPU tile.

NPU

Arrow Lake uses the same Neural Processing Unit (NPU) as found in Meteor Lake that provides 13 TOPS of INT8 rather than the 45 TOPS NPU 4 found in Lunar Lake. For comparison, Ryzen 8000 desktop processors have an NPU capable of 39 TOPS. [24]

Memory controller

Arrow Lake is Intel's first desktop architecture to feature DDR5 memory support exclusively with support for DDR4 being removed. Alder Lake and Raptor Lake supported both DDR4 and DDR5 memory. Arrow Lake-S desktop processors support the same DDR5-5600 UDIMM speeds as Raptor Lake but Arrow Lake has added support for Clock Unbuffered DIMM (CUDIMM) and Clock Short Outline DIMM (CSODIMM) memory. CUDIMMs add a clock driver to traditional unbuffered DIMMs that is able to regenerate the clock signal locally on the DIMM for better stability at high memory speeds. [25] With CUDIMMs and motherboard support, Arrow Lake is able to run overclocked DDR5-10000. [26] At Computex in June 2024, ASRock showed a LGA 1851 socket motherboard with CAMM2 memory slots. [27]

Arrow Lake-S officially supported DDR5 speeds
Memory clock (MT/s)
1DPC2DPC
UDIMM1R56004800
2R4400
SODIMM1R56005600
2R
CUDIMM1R64004800
2R4400
CSODIMM1R6400
2R

List of Arrow Lake processors

Desktop

Arrow Lake-S

BrandingSKU Cores
(threads)		 Clock rate (GHz) Arc Graphics NPU
(TOPS)		 Cache Power ReleasedPrice
(USD) [i]
Base Turbo
PEPEPEXe Cores
(VE:RT)		Clock
(GHz)		L2L3BaseTurbo
Core Ultra 9 285K 8 (8)16 (16)3.73.25.74.64 (64:4)2.01340 MB36 MB125 W250 WOct 24, 2024$589
285 2.51.95.465 W182 WJan 6, 2025$549
285T 1.41.25.335 W112 W
Core Ultra 7 265K 12 (12)3.93.35.536 MB30 MB125 W250 WOct 24, 2024$394
265KF —$379
265 2.41.85.24 (64:4)1.9565 W182 WJan 6, 2025$384
265F —$369
265T 1.51.24 (64:4)1.9535 W112 W$384
Core Ultra 5 245K 6 (6)8 (8)4.23.64 (64:4)1.926 MB24 MB125 W159 WOct 24, 2024$309
245KF —$294
245 3.53.05.14.54 (64:4)1.965 W121 WJan 6, 2025$270
245T 2.21.735 W114 W
235 3.42.95.04.43 (48:3)2.065 W121 W$247
235T 2.21.635 W114 W
225 4 (4)3.32.74.92 (32:2)1.822 MB20 MB65 W121 W$236
225F —$221


Mobile

Arrow Lake-U

BrandingSKU Cores
(threads)		 Clock rate (GHz) Arc Graphics NPU
(TOPS)		 Cache Power ReleasedPrice
(USD) [i]
Base Turbo
PELP-EPELP-EPELP-EXe Cores
(VE:RT)		Clock
(GHz)		L2L3BaseTurbo
Core Ultra 7 265U 2 (4)8 (8)2 (2)2.11.70.75.34.22.44 (64:4)2.11314 MB12 MB15 W57 WJan 6, 2025$448
255U 2.05.2$490
Core Ultra 5 235U 1.54.94.12.05$332
225U 1.51.84.83.82.0$363

Arrow Lake-H

BrandingSKU Cores
(threads)		 Clock rate (GHz) Arc Graphics NPU
(TOPS)		 Cache Power ReleasedPrice
(USD) [i]
Base Turbo
PELP-EPELP-EPELP-EXe Cores
(VE:RT)		Clock
(GHz)		L2L3BaseTurbo
Core Ultra 9 285H 6 (6)8 (8)2 (2)2.92.71.05.44.52.58 (128:8)2.351326 MB24 MB45 W115 WJan 6, 2025$651
Core Ultra 7 265H 2.21.70.75.32.328 W$471
255H 2.01.55.14.42.25$514
Core Ultra 5 235H 4 (4)2.41.8520 MB18 MB$354
225H 1.71.34.94.37 (112:7)2.2$385

Arrow Lake-HX

BrandingSKU Cores
(threads)		 Clock rate (GHz) Arc Graphics NPU
(TOPS)		 Cache Power ReleasedPrice
(USD) [i]
Base Turbo
PEPEPEXe Cores
(VE:RT)		Clock
(GHz)		L2L3BaseTurbo
Core Ultra 9 285HX 8 (8)16 (16)2.82.15.54.64 (64:4)2.01340 MB36 MB55 W160 WJan 6, 2025$612
275HX 2.75.41.9$680
Core Ultra 7 265HX 12 (12)2.62.35.336 MB30 MB$450
255HX 2.41.85.21.85$507
Core Ultra 5 245HX 6 (6)8 (8)3.12.65.14.53 (48:3)1.926 MB24 MB$306
235HX 2.91.8$349

Reception

SourceReviewed processorRatingNotes
PC Gamer 245KStar full.svgStar full.svgStar full.svgStar half.svgStar empty.svg [28]
PCGamesN 265K5/10 [29]
PCMag 285KStar full.svgStar full.svgStar full.svgStar full.svgStar empty.svg [30]
TechSpot 285KStar full.svgStar full.svgStar full.svgStar empty.svgStar empty.svg [31]
Tom's Hardware 285KStar full.svgStar full.svgStar full.svgStar empty.svgStar empty.svg [32]

Arrow Lake-S desktop processors received mixed reviews at launch due to its lack of generational performance uplift or even performance regression in some cases. Paul Alcorn's review for Tom's Hardware gave the Core Ultra 9 285K three out of five stars. Alcorn concluded that it is "hard to recommend the Core Ultra 9 285K over competing processors" due to struggling to "keep up with their prior generation counterparts in gaming". On average, the 285K loses to AMD's Zen 5-based Ryzen 7 9700X while the Core Ultra 5 245K is outperformed by the Zen 3-based Ryzen 7 5700X3D. [32]

Stephen Walton's three star review for TechSpot found similarly lacking gaming performance with the 285K particularly struggling in Cyberpunk 2077: Phantom Liberty , falling behind the 14900K by 20%, and in A Plague Tale: Requiem where it was outperformed by the 14900K by 17%. Some titles were saw less of a regression such as Hitman 3 where it was 2% slower than the 14900K with Walton calling it "14700K-like performance". In productivity, TechSpot found the 285K to be weaker than the 14700K and 14900K in Adobe Premiere Pro 2024 and was bested by the 12600K in Photoshop 2025. [31] Another concern for Arrow Lake was its higher pricing compared to the similarly performing 14900K's street pricing. [33] This is in addition to requiring a new motherboard due to the new LGA 1851 socket.

Arrow Lake was commended for advances in power efficiency compared to Raptor Lake. TechSpot observed a that, in gaming, Arrow Lake's power consumption is "much improved over the 14900K" but "the results still fall short when compared to Ryzen processors". [31] PCWorld found a 17% (65 watts) decrease in power consumption during a HandBrake AV1 encode and a 16% (22 watts) decrease during Cinebench 2024's single-core benchmark. [34] The Skymont E-cores in Arrow Lake were praised by Nick Evanson in PC Gamer. Evanson found that newer, more multithreaded games like Cyberpunk 2077 and Baldur's Gate 3 could utilize E-cores alongside the P-cores for increased performance rather than being limited to the 8 threads provided by the more powerful P-cores. [35] Games having to increasingly rely on E-cores may be due to the removal of SMT from the P-cores, providing 8 fewer P-core threads compared to Raptor Lake.

Sales

In the week following the release of Core Ultra 200S processors, German retailer Mindfactory reported that it had sold zero units. [36] [37] In the United States, the Core Ultra 9 285K sold out at major retailers, though supply to retailers was reported to be limited at launch. [38]

Response from Intel

In November 2024, Robert Hallock, vice president and general manager of client AI and technical marketing at Intel, acknowledged that Arrow Lake's launch "didn't go as planned" as gaming performance regression was observed in reviews. [39] Hallock claimed that Arrow Lake processors suffer from a "series of issues" at both the operating system and BIOS levels. [40] Third-party reviews did not reflect Intel's own internal testing according to Hallock. One reviewer recorded Arrow Lake memory latency as high as 180 ns, over twice of the 70–80 ns expected memory latency. [41] Hallock promised updates and fixes for Arrow Lake to come by early December 2024. [41]

Notes

  1. ↑ SMT was physically present in previous Intel core architectures like Sandy Bridge, Haswell and Skylake but it was disabled in some lower-end Celeron and Pentium SKUs. For example, Coffee Lake's Skylake cores contained SMT but it was disabled in the Core i7-9700K with 8 cores and 8 threads while the Core i9-9900K had 8 cores and 16 threads.
  1. 1 2 3 4 Price is Recommended Customer Price (RCP) at launch. RCP is the trade price that processors are sold by Intel to retailers and OEMs. Actual MSRP for consumers is higher.

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    References

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    2. ↑ WhyCry (10 October 2024). "Intel confirms Core Ultra 200H and 200HX mobile series launching in Q1 2025". VideoCardz. Retrieved 20 October 2024.
    3. ↑ Edmonds, Rich (10 October 2024). "Intel's highly anticipated Arrow Lake is finally here with new AI CPUs for gaming". XDA. Retrieved 21 December 2024.
    4. ↑ Rice-Jones, Joe (23 November 2024). "Intel has a serious problem with Arrow Lake and memory compatibility". XDA. Retrieved 21 December 2024.
    5. ↑ Jowi Morales (15 October 2024). "Intel's Arrow Lake official memory speeds are unchanged with standard memory sticks — pricier CUDIMM memory needed for faster base spec". Tom's Hardware. Retrieved 21 December 2024.
    6. ↑ "Intel Technology Roadmaps and Milestones". Intel Newsroom. 17 February 2022. Retrieved 24 October 2024.
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    8. ↑ Bonshor, Gavin (14 December 2023). "Intel Releases Core Ultra H and U-Series Processors: Meteor Lake Brings AI and Arc to Ultra Thin Notebooks". AnandTech. Retrieved 24 October 2024.
    9. ↑ Alcorn, Paul (8 January 2024). "Intel's Arrow Lake and Lunar Lake CPUs will arrive in 2024 - three times more AI performance for both GPU and NPU". Tom's Hardware. Retrieved 24 October 2024.
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    11. ↑ Alcorn, Paul (10 October 2024). "Intel Launches Arrow Lake Core Ultra 200S — big gains in productivity and power efficiency, but not in gaming". Tom's Hardware. Retrieved 24 October 2024.
    12. ↑ "Intel Arrow Lake-S Die Visibly Larger Than Raptor Lake-S, Die-size Estimated". TechPowerUp. 21 October 2024.
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    19. ↑ Norem, Josh (22 January 2024). "Intel's Arrow Lake CPUs Will Allegedly Ditch Hyper-Threading: Leak". ExtremeTech. Retrieved 30 October 2024.
    20. 1 2 Sexton, Michael Justin Allen (5 March 2024). "Intel Dumping Hyper-Threading in Its Next-Gen Chips? That Could Be a Good Thing". PCMag. Retrieved 30 October 2024.
    21. ↑ Larabel, Michael. "Intel Announces Core Ultra 200S Arrow Lake CPUs". Phoronix. Retrieved 30 October 2024.
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