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Cytochromes P450 (CYPs) are a superfamily of enzymes containing heme as a cofactor that functions as monooxygenases. In mammals, these proteins oxidize steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics, and are important for the clearance of various compounds, as well as for hormone synthesis and breakdown. In 1963, Estabrook, Cooper, and Rosenthal described the role of CYP as a catalyst in steroid hormone synthesis and drug metabolism. In plants, these proteins are important for the biosynthesis of defensive compounds, fatty acids, and hormones.
Cytochrome P450 2A6 is a member of the cytochrome P450 mixed-function oxidase system, which is involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics in the body. CYP2A6 is the primary enzyme responsible for the oxidation of nicotine and cotinine. It is also involved in the metabolism of several pharmaceuticals, carcinogens, and a number of coumarin-type alkaloids. CYP2A6 is the only enzyme in the human body that appreciably catalyzes the 7-hydroxylation of coumarin, such that the formation of the product of this reaction, 7-hydroxycoumarin, is used as a probe for CYP2A6 activity.
Bietti's crystalline dystrophy (BCD) is a rare autosomal recessive eye disease named after G. B. Bietti.
Cytochrome P450 2J2 (CYP2J2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CYP2J2 gene. CYP2J2 is a member of the cytochrome P450 superfamily of enzymes. The enzymes are oxygenases which catalyze many reactions involved in the metabolism of drugs and other xenobiotics) as well as in the synthesis of cholesterol, steroids and other lipids.
Leukotriene-B(4) omega-hydroxylase 1 is an enzyme protein involved in the metabolism of various endogenous substrates and xenobiotics. The most notable substrate of the enzyme is leukotriene B4, a potent mediator of inflammation. The CYP4F2 gene encodes the enzyme in humans.
Cytochrome P450 2A13 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CYP2A13 gene.
Cytochrome P450 4F8 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CYP4F8 gene.
Cytochrome P450 4F12 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CYP4F12 gene.
CYP20A1 is a protein which in humans is encoded by the CYP20A1 gene.
CYP4F11 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CYP4F11 gene. This gene encodes a member of the cytochrome P450 superfamily of enzymes. The cytochrome P450 proteins are monooxygenases which catalyze many reactions involved in drug metabolism and synthesis of cholesterol, steroids and other lipids. This gene is part of a cluster of cytochrome P450 genes on chromosome 19. Another member of this family, CYP4F2, is approximately 16 kb away. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene.
CYP2A7 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CYP2A7 gene.
The DAF-12 gene encodes the nuclear receptor of dafachronic acid in the worm Caenorhabditis elegans, with the NRNC Symbol NR1J1 as the homolog of nuclear hormone receptor HR96 in Drosophila melanogaster. DAF-12 has been implicated by Cynthia Kenyon and colleagues in the formation of Dauer larva.
The Daf-9 gene encodes a cytochrome p450 enzyme catalysis the generation of dafachronic acid in the worm Caenorhabditis elegans, with the CYP Symbol CYP22A1. After generation, dafachronic acid will binding it's nuclear receptor Daf-12 and has been implicated by Cynthia Kenyon and colleagues related to the formation of Dauer larva.
The Dod-13 gene in the worm Caenorhabditis elegans encoding a cytochrome p450 enzyme, which have steroid hydroxylase activity, with the CYP Symbol CYP35B1. Dod-13 is downstream gene of Daf-16 influenced the lifespan of C. elegans.
Cytochrome P450, family 16, also known as CYP16, is an animal cytochrome P450 monooxygenase family. This family was the last vertebrate CYP family recognized, and is absent from the mammal and zebrafish genome, but found in other fish and many invertebrates including some very old branches, such as Trichoplax and Oscarella carmela. Synteny mapping of CYP16 family members showing linkages to CYP26 family members, means the tetrapod's CYP26 may evolved from CYP16 of fish.
Cytochrome P450, family 9, also known as CYP9, is a cytochrome P450 family found in Insect genome, CYP9 and insect CYP6 family belong to the same clan as mammalian CYP3 and CYP5 families. The first gene identified in this family is the CYP9A1 from the Heliothis virescens, which is involved in thiodicarb insecticide resistance. Subfamily CYP9A in Lepidopteran play important roles in insecticide resistance, can metabolize esfenvalerate efficiently.
Cytochrome P450, family 6, also known as CYP6, is a cytochrome P450 family found in Insect genome. CYP6 and CYP9, another insect CYP family, belong to the same clan as mammalian CYP3 and CYP5 families.
Cytochrome P450, family 14, also known as CYP14, is a nematoda cytochrome P450 monooxygenase family. The first gene identified in this family is the CYP14A1 from the Caenorhabditis elegans. The function of most genes in this family is unknown.
Cytochrome P450, family 23, also known as CYP23, is a nematoda cytochrome P450 monooxygenase family. The first gene identified in this family is the CYP23A1 from the Caenorhabditis elegans, is a homolog of the human gene CYP7B1.
Cytochrome P450, family 25, also known as CYP25, is a nematoda cytochrome P450 monooxygenase family. The first gene identified in this family is the CYP25A1 from the Caenorhabditis elegans.
References
- 1 2 3 Larigot, L; Mansuy, D; Borowski, I; Coumoul, X; Dairou, J (22 February 2022). "Cytochromes P450 of Caenorhabditis elegans: Implication in Biological Functions and Metabolism of Xenobiotics". Biomolecules. 12 (3): 342. doi: 10.3390/biom12030342 . PMC 8945457 . PMID 35327534.
- ↑ Nelson, DR (November 1998). "Metazoan cytochrome P450 evolution". Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part C, Pharmacology, Toxicology & Endocrinology. 121 (1–3): 15–22. doi:10.1016/s0742-8413(98)10027-0. PMID 9972448.
- ↑ Cong, Yanyi; Yang, Hanwen; Zhang, Pengchi; Xie, Yusu; Cao, Xuwen; Zhang, Liusuo (10 September 2020). "Transcriptome Analysis of the Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans in Acidic Stress Environments". Frontiers in Physiology. 11: 1107. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2020.01107 . PMC 7511720 . PMID 33013473.
- ↑ Keller, J; Ellieva, A; Ma, DK; Ju, J; Nehk, E; Konkel, A; Falck, JR; Schunck, WH; Menzel, R (15 November 2014). "CYP-13A12 of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is a PUFA-epoxygenase involved in behavioural response to reoxygenation" (PDF). The Biochemical Journal. 464 (1): 61–71. doi:10.1042/BJ20140848. PMID 25138176.
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