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Drosophila melanogaster is a species of fly in the family Drosophilidae. The species is known generally as the common fruit fly or vinegar fly. Starting with Charles W. Woodworth's proposal of the use of this species as a model organism, D. melanogaster continues to be widely used for biological research in genetics, physiology, microbial pathogenesis, and life history evolution. As of 2017, six Nobel prizes had been awarded for research using Drosophila.
Cytochromes P450 (CYPs) are a superfamily of enzymes containing heme as a cofactor that function as monooxygenases. In mammals, these proteins oxidize steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics, and are important for the clearance of various compounds, as well as for hormone synthesis and breakdown. In plants, these proteins are important for the biosynthesis of defensive compounds, fatty acids, and hormones.
Comparative genomics is a field of biological research in which the genomic features of different organisms are compared. The genomic features may include the DNA sequence, genes, gene order, regulatory sequences, and other genomic structural landmarks. In this branch of genomics, whole or large parts of genomes resulting from genome projects are compared to study basic biological similarities and differences as well as evolutionary relationships between organisms. The major principle of comparative genomics is that common features of two organisms will often be encoded within the DNA that is evolutionarily conserved between them. Therefore, comparative genomic approaches start with making some form of alignment of genome sequences and looking for orthologous sequences in the aligned genomes and checking to what extent those sequences are conserved. Based on these, genome and molecular evolution are inferred and this may in turn be put in the context of, for example, phenotypic evolution or population genetics.
Michael Ashburner is a biologist and Emeritus Professor in the Department of Genetics at University of Cambridge. He is also the former joint-head and co-founder of the European Bioinformatics Institute (EBI) of the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) and a Fellow of Churchill College, Cambridge.
Cytochrome P450 1A2, a member of the cytochrome P450 mixed-function oxidase system, is involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics in the body. In humans, the CYP1A2 enzyme is encoded by the CYP1A2 gene.
Cytochrome P450 1B1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CYP1B1 gene.
Cytochrome P450 2B6 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CYP2B6 gene. CYP2B6 is a member of the cytochrome P450 group of enzymes. Along with CYP2A6, it is involved with metabolizing nicotine, along with many other substances.
Gerald Mayer Rubin is an American biologist, notable for pioneering the use of transposable P elements in genetics, and for leading the public project to sequence the Drosophila melanogaster genome. Related to his genomics work, Rubin's lab is notable for development of genetic and genomics tools and studies of signal transduction and gene regulation. Rubin also serves as a Vice President of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Executive Director of the Janelia Research Campus.
Cytochrome P450 26A1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CYP26A1 gene.
Cytochrome P450 2S1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CYP2S1 gene. The gene is located in chromosome 19q13.2 within a cluster including other CYP2 family members such as CYP2A6, CYP2A13, CYP2B6, and CYP2F1.
CYP4Z1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CYP4Z1 gene.
CYP4F11 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CYP4F11 gene. This gene encodes a member of the cytochrome P450 superfamily of enzymes. The cytochrome P450 proteins are monooxygenases which catalyze many reactions involved in drug metabolism and synthesis of cholesterol, steroids and other lipids. This gene is part of a cluster of cytochrome P450 genes on chromosome 19. Another member of this family, CYP4F2, is approximately 16 kb away. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene.
The halloween genes are a set of genes identified in Drosophila melanogaster that influence embryonic development. All of the genes code for cytochrome P450 enzymes in the ecdysteroidogenic pathway (biosynthesis of ecdysone from cholesterol). Ecdysteroids such as 20-hydroxyecdysone and ecdysone influence many of the morphological, physiological, biochemical changes that occur during molting in insects.
Suzanna (Suzi) E. Lewis is a scientist and Principal investigator at the Berkeley Bioinformatics Open-source Project based at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Lewis leads the development of open standards and software for genome annotation and ontologies.
Cyp6g1 or DDT-R is a gene involved in the insecticide DDT-resistant in Drosophila melanogaster, belongs to the cytochrome P450 family, location in chromosome 2R.
Susan E. Celniker is an American biologist, a staff scientist at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and an adjunct professor Comparative Biochemistry department at UC Berkeley. She is the co-director of the Berkeley Drosophila Genome Project.
CYP303A1 is a insect gene belongs to the cytochrome P450 family, first found in Drosophila melanogaster, highly expressed in pupal stage. Its ortholog also found in Locusta migratoria.
CYP318A1 is a Drosophila melanogaster gene belongs to the cytochrome P450 family, involved in the insecticide resistance.
Cytochrome P450, family 18, also known as CYP18, is an animal cytochrome P450 family found in Insect genome, which are involved in insecticide resistance. The first gene identified in this family is the CYP18A1 from the Drosophila melanogaster, action as dimethylnitrosamine demethylase.
References
- ↑ Hansen, BH; Altin, D; Hessen, KM; Dahl, U; Breitholtz, M; Nordtug, T; Olsen, AJ (August 2008). "Expression of ecdysteroids and cytochrome P450 enzymes during lipid turnover and reproduction in Calanus finmarchicus (Crustacea: Copepoda)". General and Comparative Endocrinology. 158 (1): 115–21. doi:10.1016/j.ygcen.2008.05.013. PMID 18586244.
- ↑ Li, F; Ma, K; Liu, Y; Zhou, JJ; Gao, X (22 May 2019). "Characterization of the Cytochrome P450 Gene CYP305A1 of the Cotton Aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and Its Responsive Cis-Elements to Plant Allelochemicals". Journal of Economic Entomology. 112 (3): 1365–1371. doi:10.1093/jee/toz021. PMID 30768168.
- ↑ Adams, MD; Celniker, SE; Holt, RA; Evans, CA; Gocayne, JD; Amanatides, PG; Scherer, SE; Li, PW; Hoskins, RA; Galle, RF; George, RA; Lewis, SE; Richards, S; Ashburner, M; Henderson, SN; Sutton, GG; Wortman, JR; Yandell, MD; Zhang, Q; Chen, LX; Brandon, RC; Rogers, YH; Blazej, RG; Champe, M; Pfeiffer, BD; Wan, KH; Doyle, C; Baxter, EG; Helt, G; et al. (24 March 2000). "The genome sequence of Drosophila melanogaster". Science. 287 (5461): 2185–95. Bibcode:2000Sci...287.2185.. doi:10.1126/science.287.5461.2185. PMID 10731132.
- ↑ Misra, S; Crosby, MA; Mungall, CJ; Matthews, BB; Campbell, KS; Hradecky, P; Huang, Y; Kaminker, JS; Millburn, GH; Prochnik, SE; Smith, CD; Tupy, JL; Whitfied, EJ; Bayraktaroglu, L; Berman, BP; Bettencourt, BR; Celniker, SE; de Grey, AD; Drysdale, RA; Harris, NL; Richter, J; Russo, S; Schroeder, AJ; Shu, SQ; Stapleton, M; Yamada, C; Ashburner, M; Gelbart, WM; Rubin, GM; Lewis, SE (2002). "Annotation of the Drosophila melanogaster euchromatic genome: a systematic review". Genome Biology. 3 (12): RESEARCH0083. doi:10.1186/gb-2002-3-12-research0083. PMC 151185 . PMID 12537572.
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