Cytochrome P450, family 105, also known as CYP105, is a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase family in bacteria, predominantly found in the phylum Actinomycetota and the order Actinomycetales. [2] [3] The first three genes and subfamilies identified in this family is the herbicide-inducible P-450SU1 (CYP105A1, subfamily A) and P-450SU2 (CYP105B1, subfamily B) from Streptomyces griseolus [4] [5] and choP (CYP105C1, subfamily C) from Streptomyces sp 's cholesterol oxidase promoter region. [6] [1]
| Subfamily [7] | first gene identified | Species | REF |
|---|---|---|---|
| A | SU1 (CYP105A1) | Streptomyces griseolus | [4] |
| B | SU2 (CYP105B1) | Streptomyces griseolus | [4] |
| C | choP (CYP105C1) | Streptomyces sp | [6] |
| D | soyC (CYP105D1) | Streptomyces griseus | [8] |
| E | ORF1 (CYP105E1) | Rhodococcus fascians | [9] |
CYP105 enzymes is widely used in industry, such as the production of pravastatin. [3]
Cytochromes P450 are a superfamily of enzymes containing heme as a cofactor that mostly, but not exclusively, function as monooxygenases. In mammals, these proteins oxidize steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics, and are important for the clearance of various compounds, as well as for hormone synthesis and breakdown. In 1963, Estabrook, Cooper, and Rosenthal described the role of CYP as a catalyst in steroid hormone synthesis and drug metabolism. In plants, these proteins are important for the biosynthesis of defensive compounds, fatty acids, and hormones.
A tumour inducing (Ti) plasmid is a plasmid found in pathogenic species of Agrobacterium, including A. tumefaciens, A. rhizogenes, A. rubi and A. vitis.
Flavoproteins are proteins that contain a nucleic acid derivative of riboflavin. These proteins are involved in a wide array of biological processes, including removal of radicals contributing to oxidative stress, photosynthesis, and DNA repair. The flavoproteins are some of the most-studied families of enzymes.
Streptomyces clavuligerus is a species of Gram-positive bacterium notable for producing clavulanic acid.
Cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme is commonly referred to as P450scc, where "scc" is an acronym for side-chain cleavage. P450scc is a mitochondrial enzyme that catalyzes conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone. This is the first reaction in the process of steroidogenesis in all mammalian tissues that specialize in the production of various steroid hormones.
The acetolactate synthase (ALS) enzyme is a protein found in plants and micro-organisms. ALS catalyzes the first step in the synthesis of the branched-chain amino acids.
CYP39A1 also known as oxysterol 7-α-hydroxylase 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CYP39A1 gene.
The Arc system is a two-component system found in some bacteria that regulates gene expression in faculatative anaerobes such as Escheria coli. Two-component system means that it has a sensor molecule and a response regulator. Arc is an abbreviation for Anoxic Redox Control system. Arc systems are instrumental in maintaining energy metabolism during transcription of bacteria. The ArcA response regulator looks at growth conditions and expresses genes to best suit the bacteria. The Arc B sensor kinase, which is a tripartite protein, is membrane bound and can autophosphorylate.
The gab operon is responsible for the conversion of γ-aminobutyrate (GABA) to succinate. The gab operon comprises three structural genes – gabD, gabT and gabP – that encode for a succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase, GABA transaminase and a GABA permease respectively. There is a regulatory gene csiR, downstream of the operon, that codes for a putative transcriptional repressor and is activated when nitrogen is limiting.
Iron:rusticyanin reductase is an enzyme with systematic name Fe(II):rusticyanin oxidoreductase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
Alcanivorax pacificus is a pyrene-degrading marine gammaproteobacterium. It is of the genus Alcanivorax, a group of marine bacteria known for degrading hydrocarbons. When originally proposed, the genus Alcanivorax comprised six distinguishable species. However, A. pacificus, a seventh strain, was isolated from deep sea sediments in the West Pacific Ocean by Shanghai Majorbio Bio-pharm Technology Co., Ltd. in 2011. A. pacificus’s ability to degrade hydrocarbons can be employed for cleaning up oil-contaminated oceans through bioremediation. The genomic differences present in this strain of Alcanivorax that distinguish it from the original consortium are important to understand to better utilize this bacteria for bioremediation.
Streptomyces albidoflavus is a bacterium species from the genus of Streptomyces which has been isolated from soil from Poland. Streptomyces albidoflavus produces dibutyl phthalate and streptothricins.
Rhodobacter capsulatus is a species of purple bacteria, a group of bacteria that can obtain energy through photosynthesis. Its name is derived from the Latin adjective "capsulatus", itself derived Latin noun "capsula", and the associated Latin suffix for masculine nouns, "-atus".
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The CidA/LrgA Holin Family is a group of proteins named after CidA and LrgA of Staphylococcus aureus. CidA and LrgA are homologous holin and anti-holin proteins, each with 4 putative transmembrane segments (TMSs). Members of the CidA/LrgA holin family also include putative murine hydrolase exporters from a wide range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria as well as archaea. Most CidA/LrgA holin family proteins vary in size between 100 and 160 amino acyl residues (aas) in length although a few are larger.
Streptomyces virginiae is a bacterium species from the genus of Streptomyces which has been isolated from soil. Streptomyces virginiae produces actithiazic acid, virginiamycins and cycloserine. Streptomyces virginiae also produces monensin A, monensin B, monensin C, monensin D, actithiazic acid.
The PTS L-Ascorbate (L-Asc) Family includes porters specific for L-ascorbate, and is part of the PTS-AG superfamily. A single PTS permease of the L-Asc family of PTS permeases has been functionally characterized. This is the SgaTBA system, renamed UlaABC by Yew and Gerlt.
Vitamin D3 dihydroxylase is a cytochrome P450 enzyme purified from the actinobacterium Streptomyces griseolus, with EC number EC 1.14.15.22 and CYP Symbol CYP105A1, catalyses oxidation of cholecalciferol(vitamin D3) to calcitriol.
Catherine Louise Kearney Squires was a microbiologist known for her work on ribosomal RNA using Escherichia coli as a model organism. She was an elected fellow of the American Academy of Microbiology and the American Association for the Advancement of Science.
Cytochrome P450 family 154 subfamily C member 3 is an actinobacterial Cytochrome P450 enzyme originally from Streptomyces, which catalyzes the 16α-hydroxylation of various steroids.
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