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Cytochromes P450 (CYPs) are a superfamily of enzymes containing heme as a cofactor that function as monooxygenases. In mammals, these proteins oxidize steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics, and are important for the clearance of various compounds, as well as for hormone synthesis and breakdown. In plants, these proteins are important for the biosynthesis of defensive compounds, fatty acids, and hormones.
Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CYP2D6 gene. CYP2D6 is primarily expressed in the liver. It is also highly expressed in areas of the central nervous system, including the substantia nigra.
Cytochrome P450 17A1, also called steroid 17α-monooxygenase, 17α-hydroxylase, 17,20-lyase, or 17,20-desmolase, is an enzyme of the hydroxylase type that in humans is encoded by the CYP17A1 gene on chromosome 10. It is ubiquitously expressed in many tissues and cell types, including the zona reticularis and zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex as well as gonadal tissues. It has both 17α-hydroxylase and 17,20-lyase activities, and is a key enzyme in the steroidogenic pathway that produces progestins, mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, androgens, and estrogens. More specifically, the enzyme acts upon pregnenolone and progesterone to add a hydroxyl (-OH) group at carbon 17 position (C17) of the steroid D ring, or acts upon 17α-hydroxyprogesterone and 17α-hydroxypregnenolone to split the side-chain off the steroid nucleus.
Cytochrome P450 4A11 is a protein that in humans is codified by the CYP4A11 gene.
Cytochrome P450 3A43 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CYP3A43 gene.
Cytochrome P450 2S1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CYP2S1 gene. The gene is located in chromosome 19q13.2 within a cluster including other CYP2 family members such as CYP2A6, CYP2A13, CYP2B6, and CYP2F1.
Cytochrome P450 4F8 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CYP4F8 gene.
Cytochrome P450 4F12 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CYP4F12 gene.
Leukotriene-B(4) omega-hydroxylase 2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CYP4F3 gene. CYP4F3 encodes two distinct enzymes, CYP4F3A and CYP4F3B, which originate from the alternative splicing of a single pre-mRNA precursor molecule; selection of either isoform is tissue-specific with CYP3F3A being expressed mostly in leukocytes and CYP4F3B mostly in the liver.
CYP4F11 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CYP4F11 gene. This gene encodes a member of the cytochrome P450 superfamily of enzymes. The cytochrome P450 proteins are monooxygenases which catalyze many reactions involved in drug metabolism and synthesis of cholesterol, steroids and other lipids. This gene is part of a cluster of cytochrome P450 genes on chromosome 19. Another member of this family, CYP4F2, is approximately 16 kb away. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene.
CYP2W1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CYP2W1 gene.
CYP2U1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CYP2U1 gene
CYP2A7 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CYP2A7 gene.
ERG5 or Sterol 22-desaturase is a cytochrome P450 enzyme in the ergosterol biosynthesis pathway of fungi Saccharomyces cerevisiae, with the CYP Symbol CYP61A1. CYP61A1 is one of only three P450 enzyme found in baker's yeast, the other two are CYP51F1 and CYP56A1. The ortholog in Schizosaccharomyces pombe, was named CYP61A3 for historical reasons, and is only one of two P450 enzyme found with CYP51F1. ERG5 catalyzes the C22-C23 double bond formation on the sterol side chain of ergostatrienol to convert it into ergostatetraenol, then the C24 double bond of ergostatetrenol will be hydrogenation reduced into ergosterol by ERG4.
Cytochrome P450, family 710, also known as CYP710, is a plant cytochrome P450 monooxygenase family, the proteins encoded by its family members are mainly sterol 22-desaturase, which was widely distributed in plants, and take participate in Phytosteroidogenesis. CYP710 family is considered to be the plant orthologous of fungi CYP61 family, which is lost in animal. The CYP61/CYP710 ancestor gene diverged from a gene duplication of ancestor CYP51 in early eukaryotes
Cytochrome P450, family 11, also known as CYP11, is a chordate cytochrome P450 monooxygenase family. This family contains many enzymes involved in steroidogenesis, such as Cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme (CYP11A1), Steroid 11β-hydroxylase (CYP11B1) and Aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2). CYP11 can be divided into A to E five subfamilies, and CYP11A are the ohonologues to CYP11C, which duplicated during 2R event, and the tetrapod's CYP11B evolved from CYP11C of its fish ancestors, CYP11D and F found in amphioxus. These are not the typical CYP subfamilies, which share at least 40% amino acid identity, members between CYP11A and B subfamily are only 37.5-38.8% identical,and the CYP11D and E genes seen in modern lancelet is 39% identical to catfish CYP11A1.
Cytochrome P450, family 16, also known as CYP16, is a animal cytochrome P450 monooxygenase family. This family was the last vertebrate CYP family recognized, and is absent from the mammal and zebrafish genome, but found in other fish and many invertebrates including some very old branches, such as Trichoplax and Oscarella carmela. Synteny mapping of CYP16 family members showing linkages to CYP26 family members, means the tetrapod's CYP26 may evolved from CYP16 of fish.
Cytochrome P450, family 18, also known as CYP18, is an animal cytochrome P450 family found in Insect genome, which are involved in insecticide resistance. The first gene identified in this family is the CYP18A1 from the Drosophila melanogaster, action as dimethylnitrosamine demethylase.
Cytochrome P450, family 15, also known as CYP15, is an animal cytochrome P450 family found in insect genome, involved in juvenile hormone biosynthesis. The first gene identified in this family is the DpCYP15A1 from the Diploptera punctata, encodes an epoxidase of methyl farnesoate, a precursor of juvenile hormone, alone with its ortholog TcCYP15A1 in Tribolium castaneum.
Cytochrome P450, family 305, also known as CYP305, is an animal cytochrome P450 family found in insect genome. The first gene identified in this family is the CYP305A1 from the Drosophila melanogaster.
References
- ↑ Lee, DS; Nioche, P; Hamberg, M; Raman, CS (18 September 2008). "Structural insights into the evolutionary paths of oxylipin biosynthetic enzymes". Nature. 455 (7211): 363–8. Bibcode:2008Natur.455..363L. doi:10.1038/nature07307. PMID 18716621. S2CID 4425957.
- ↑ Nelson DR, Goldstone JV, Stegeman JJ (February 2013). "The cytochrome P450 genesis locus: the origin and evolution of animal cytochrome P450s". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 368 (1612): 20120474. doi:10.1098/rstb.2012.0474. PMC 3538424 . PMID 23297357.
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