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Cytochromes P450 are a superfamily of enzymes containing heme as a cofactor that mostly, but not exclusively, function as monooxygenases. In mammals, these enzymes oxidize steroids, fatty acids, xenobiotics, and participate in many biosyntheses. CYP450 enzymes convert xenobiotics into hydrophilic derivatives, which are more readily excreted. In almost all of the transformations that they catalyze, P450's affect hydroxylation.
Aldosterone synthase, also called steroid 18-hydroxylase, corticosterone 18-monooxygenase or P450C18, is a steroid hydroxylase cytochrome P450 enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of the mineralocorticoid aldosterone and other steroids. The enzyme catalyzes sequential hydroxylations of the steroid angular methyl group at C18 after initial 11β-hydroxylation. It is encoded by the CYP11B2 gene in humans.
Cytochrome P450 17A1 is an enzyme of the hydroxylase type that in humans is encoded by the CYP17A1 gene on chromosome 10. It is ubiquitously expressed in many tissues and cell types, including the zona reticularis and zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex as well as gonadal tissues. It has both 17α-hydroxylase and 17,20-lyase activities, and is a key enzyme in the steroidogenic pathway that produces progestins, mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, androgens, and estrogens. More specifically, the enzyme acts upon pregnenolone and progesterone to add a hydroxyl (-OH) group at carbon 17 position (C17) of the steroid D ring, or acts upon 17α-hydroxyprogesterone and 17α-hydroxypregnenolone to split the side-chain off the steroid nucleus.
CYP27A1 is a gene encoding a cytochrome P450 oxidase, and is commonly known as sterol 27-hydroxylase. This enzyme is located in many different tissues where it is found within the mitochondria. It is most prominently involved in the biosynthesis of bile acids.
Cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase also known as cholesterol 7-alpha-monooxygenase or cytochrome P450 7A1 (CYP7A1) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CYP7A1 gene which has an important role in cholesterol metabolism. It is a cytochrome P450 enzyme, which belongs to the oxidoreductase class, and converts cholesterol to 7-alpha-hydroxycholesterol, the first and rate limiting step in bile acid synthesis.
Steroid 21-hydroxylase is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CYP21A2 gene. The protein is an enzyme that hydroxylates steroids at the C21 position on the molecule. Naming conventions for enzymes are based on the substrate acted upon and the chemical process performed. Biochemically, this enzyme is involved in the biosynthesis of the adrenal gland hormones aldosterone and cortisol, which are important in blood pressure regulation, sodium homeostasis and blood sugar control. The enzyme converts progesterone and 17α-hydroxyprogesterone into 11-deoxycorticosterone and 11-deoxycortisol, respectively, within metabolic pathways which in humans ultimately lead to aldosterone and cortisol creation—deficiency in the enzyme may cause congenital adrenal hyperplasia.
Steroid 11β-hydroxylase, also known as steroid 11β-monooxygenase, is a steroid hydroxylase found in the zona glomerulosa and zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex. Named officially the cytochrome P450 11B1, mitochondrial, it is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CYP11B1 gene. The enzyme is involved in the biosynthesis of adrenal corticosteroids by catalyzing the addition of hydroxyl groups during oxidation reactions.
Cytochrome P450 reductase is a membrane-bound enzyme required for electron transfer from NADPH to cytochrome P450 and other heme proteins including heme oxygenase in the endoplasmic reticulum of the eukaryotic cell.
In enzymology, a trans-cinnamate 4-monooxygenase (EC 1.14.14.91) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
Cytochrome P450 4F8 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CYP4F8 gene.
CYP20A1 is a protein which in humans is encoded by the CYP20A1 gene.
CYP4F22 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CYP4F22 gene.
The halloween genes are a set of genes identified in Drosophila melanogaster that influence embryonic development. All of the genes code for cytochrome P450 enzymes in the ecdysteroidogenic pathway (biosynthesis of ecdysone from cholesterol). Ecdysteroids such as 20-hydroxyecdysone and ecdysone influence many of the morphological, physiological, biochemical changes that occur during molting in insects.
6-deoxyerythronolide B hydroxylase is an Actinomycetota Cytochrome P450 enzyme originally from Saccharopolyspora erythraea, catalyzes the 6S-hydroxylate of 6-deoxyerythronolide B (6-DEB) to erythronolide B (EB) which is the first step of biosynthesis of the macrolide antibiotic erythromycin. This bacterial enzyme belongs to CYP family CYP107, with the CYP Symbol CYP107A1.
Scopoletin is a coumarin found in the root of plants in the genus Scopolia such as Scopolia carniolica and Scopolia japonica, in chicory, in Artemisia scoparia, in the roots and leaves of stinging nettle, in the passion flower, in Brunfelsia, in Viburnum prunifolium, in Solanum nigrum, in Datura metel, in Mallotus resinosus, or and in Kleinhovia hospita. It can also be found in fenugreek, vinegar, some whiskies or in dandelion coffee. A similar coumarin is scoparone. Scopoletin is highly fluorescent when dissolved in DMSO or water and is regularly used as a fluorimetric assay for the detection of hydrogen peroxide in conjunction with horseradish peroxidase. When oxidized, its fluorescence is strongly suppressed.
Abieta-7,13-diene hydroxylase (EC 1.14.13.108) is an enzyme with systematic name abieta-7,13-diene,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (18-hydroxylating). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
Abieta-7,13-dien-18-ol hydroxylase (EC 1.14.13.109, CYP720B1, PTAO) is an enzyme with systematic name abieta-7,13-dien-18-ol,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (18-hydroxylating). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
Geraniol 8-hydroxylase (EC 1.14.14.83, Formerly EC 1.14.13.152, CYP76B6, G10H, CrG10H, SmG10H) is an enzyme with systematic name geraniol,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (8-hydroxylating). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
8-Hydroxygeraniol is a monoterpene synthesized from geraniol by the enzyme geraniol 8-hydroxylase. 8-Hydroxygeraniol is a substrate for 8-hydroxygeraniol dehydrogenase (G80) which synthesizes 8-oxogeranial. 8-Hydroxygeraniol is step in the synthesis of the secologanin, a key monoterpene needed for formation of terpene indole alkaloids.
Juniperic acid or 16-hydroxyhexadecanoic acid is an omega-hydroxy long-chain fatty acid that is palmitic acid which is substituted at position 16 by a hydroxy group. Palmitic acid is converted to juniperic acid by cytochrome P450 various enzymes, including CYP704B22.
References
- 1 2 Toguri, T; Kobayashi, O; Umemoto, N (19 October 1993). "The cloning of eggplant seedling cDNAs encoding proteins from a novel cytochrome P-450 family (CYP76)". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Structure and Expression. 1216 (1): 165–9. doi:10.1016/0167-4781(93)90058-l. PMID 8218411.
- 1 2 Höfer, R; Dong, L; André, F; Ginglinger, JF; Lugan, R; Gavira, C; Grec, S; Lang, G; Memelink, J; Van der Krol, S; Bouwmeester, H; Werck-Reichhart, D (November 2013). "Geraniol hydroxylase and hydroxygeraniol oxidase activities of the CYP76 family of cytochrome P450 enzymes and potential for engineering the early steps of the (seco)iridoid pathway". Metabolic Engineering. 20: 221–32. doi:10.1016/j.ymben.2013.08.001. PMID 23933465.
- ↑ Collu G, Unver N, Peltenburg-Looman AM, van der Heijden R, Verpoorte R, Memelink J (November 2001). "Geraniol 10-hydroxylase, a cytochrome P450 enzyme involved in terpenoid indole alkaloid biosynthesis". FEBS Letters. 508 (2): 215–20. doi: 10.1016/s0014-5793(01)03045-9 . PMID 11718718. S2CID 45615763.
- ↑ Höfer, R; Boachon, B; Renault, H; Gavira, C; Miesch, L; Iglesias, J; Ginglinger, JF; Allouche, L; Miesch, M; Grec, S; Larbat, R; Werck-Reichhart, D (November 2014). "Dual function of the cytochrome P450 CYP76 family from Arabidopsis thaliana in the metabolism of monoterpenols and phenylurea herbicides". Plant Physiology. 166 (3): 1149–61. doi:10.1104/pp.114.244814. PMC 4226383 . PMID 25082892.
- ↑ Bathe, Ulschan; Frolov, Andrej; Porzel, Andrea; Tissier, Alain (11 December 2019). "CYP76 Oxidation Network of Abietane Diterpenes in Lamiaceae Reconstituted in Yeast". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 67 (49): 13437–13450. doi:10.1021/ACS.JAFC.9B00714. PMID 30994346.
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