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Cytochromes P450 are a superfamily of enzymes containing heme as a cofactor that mostly, but not exclusively, function as monooxygenases. In mammals, these proteins oxidize steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics, and are important for the clearance of various compounds, as well as for hormone synthesis and breakdown. In 1963, Estabrook, Cooper, and Rosenthal described the role of CYP as a catalyst in steroid hormone synthesis and drug metabolism. In plants, these proteins are important for the biosynthesis of defensive compounds, fatty acids, and hormones.
Cytochrome P450 1B1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CYP1B1 gene.
Cytochrome P450 17A1 is an enzyme of the hydroxylase type that in humans is encoded by the CYP17A1 gene on chromosome 10. It is ubiquitously expressed in many tissues and cell types, including the zona reticularis and zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex as well as gonadal tissues. It has both 17α-hydroxylase and 17,20-lyase activities, and is a key enzyme in the steroidogenic pathway that produces progestins, mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, androgens, and estrogens. More specifically, the enzyme acts upon pregnenolone and progesterone to add a hydroxyl (-OH) group at carbon 17 position (C17) of the steroid D ring, or acts upon 17α-hydroxyprogesterone and 17α-hydroxypregnenolone to split the side-chain off the steroid nucleus.
Cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme is commonly referred to as P450scc, where "scc" is an acronym for side-chain cleavage. P450scc is a mitochondrial enzyme that catalyzes conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone. This is the first reaction in the process of steroidogenesis in all mammalian tissues that specialize in the production of various steroid hormones.
Steroid 21-hydroxylase is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CYP21A2 gene. The protein is an enzyme that hydroxylates steroids at the C21 position on the molecule. Naming conventions for enzymes are based on the substrate acted upon and the chemical process performed. Biochemically, this enzyme is involved in the biosynthesis of the adrenal gland hormones aldosterone and cortisol, which are important in blood pressure regulation, sodium homeostasis and blood sugar control. The enzyme converts progesterone and 17α-hydroxyprogesterone into 11-deoxycorticosterone and 11-deoxycortisol, respectively, within metabolic pathways which in humans ultimately lead to aldosterone and cortisol creation—deficiency in the enzyme may cause congenital adrenal hyperplasia.
Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, the purple sea urchin, lives along the eastern edge of the Pacific Ocean extending from Ensenada, Mexico, to British Columbia, Canada. This sea urchin species is deep purple in color, and lives in lower inter-tidal and nearshore sub-tidal communities. Its eggs are orange when secreted in water. January, February, and March function as the typical active reproductive months for the species. Sexual maturity is reached around two years. It normally grows to a diameter of about 10 cm (4 inches) and may live as long as 70 years.
Cytochrome P450 3A5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CYP3A5 gene.
Cytochrome P450 4B1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CYP4B1 gene.
Adrenal ferredoxin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FDX1 gene. In addition to the expressed gene at this chromosomal locus (11q22), there are pseudogenes located on chromosomes 20 and 21.
Adrenodoxin reductase, was first isolated from bovine adrenal cortex where it functions as the first enzyme in the mitochondrial P450 systems that catalyze essential steps in steroid hormone biosynthesis. Examination of complete genome sequences revealed that adrenodoxin reductase gene is present in most metazoans and prokaryotes.
Cytochrome P450 2A13 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CYP2A13 gene.
Cytochrome P450 3A43 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CYP3A43 gene.
25-hydroxycholesterol 7-alpha-hydroxylase also known as oxysterol and steroid 7-alpha-hydroxylase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CYP7B1 gene. This gene encodes a member of the cytochrome P450 superfamily of enzymes. The cytochrome P450 proteins are monooxygenases which catalyze many reactions involved in drug metabolism and synthesis of cholesterol, steroids and other lipids.
Cytochrome P450 4F3, also leukotriene-B(4) omega-hydroxylase 2, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CYP4F3 gene. CYP4F3 encodes two distinct enzymes, CYP4F3A and CYP4F3B, which originate from the alternative splicing of a single pre-mRNA precursor molecule; selection of either isoform is tissue-specific with CYP3F3A being expressed mostly in leukocytes and CYP4F3B mostly in the liver.
Cytochrome P450 26B1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CYP26B1 gene.
CYP26C1 is a protein which in humans is encoded by the CYP26C1gene.
CYP8B1 also known as sterol 12-alpha-hydroxylase is a protein which in humans is encoded by the CYP8B1 gene.
CYP2W1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CYP2W1 gene.
CYP2U1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CYP2U1 gene
Donna R. Maglott is a staff scientist at the National Center for Biotechnology Information known for her research on large-scale genomics projects, including the mouse genome and development of databases required for genomics research.
References
- ↑ Baker, Michael E.; Nelson, David R.; Studer, Romain A. (July 2015). "Origin of the response to adrenal and sex steroids: Roles of promiscuity and co-evolution of enzymes and steroid receptors". The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 151: 12–24. doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2014.10.020. PMID 25445914. S2CID 21649057.
- ↑ Peterson, Julian A; Graham, Sandra E (1998). "A close family resemblance: the importance of structure in understanding cytochromes P450". Structure. 6 (9): 1079–1085. doi: 10.1016/S0969-2126(98)00109-9 . PMID 9753700.
- ↑ Rendic, Slobodan; Carlo, Frederick J. Di (1997). "Human Cytochrome P450 Enzymes: A Status Report Summarizing Their Reactions, Substrates, Inducers, and Inhibitors". Drug Metabolism Reviews. 29 (1–2): 413–580. doi:10.3109/03602539709037591. ISSN 0360-2532. PMID 9187528.
- ↑ Sea Urchin Genome Sequencing, Consortium.; et al. (10 November 2006). "The genome of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus". Science. 314 (5801): 941–52. Bibcode:2006Sci...314..941S. doi:10.1126/science.1133609. hdl: 10447/16293 . PMC 3159423 . PMID 17095691. S2CID 206508576.
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