Centenary of the Armistice of 11 November 1918

Last updated

Centenary of the Armistice of 11 November 1918
Part of the First World War centenary
President Donald J. Trump and First Lady Melania Trump Visit France (44949999625).jpg
Handshake 4 PEACE - 11.11.18 Graz.jpg
Remembrance Day 2018 at Queen's Park 197 Remembrance (45111637064).jpg
Armistice Day 2018 (45833773571).jpg
Top to bottom, left to right:
  1. World leaders and dignitaries under the Arc de Triomphe
  2. Relatives of Gavrilo Princip and Archduke Franz Ferdinand shaking hands
  3. Remembrance Day ceremony in Toronto
  4. Commemorative exhibition at London King's Cross
Date11 November 2018;5 years ago (2018-11-11)
Participants
  • State and international organisation representatives
  • Thematic institutions
  • Relatives of World War I veterans

The centenary of the Armistice of 11 November 1918 was an international series of events marking the 2018 anniversary of the armistice which ended hostilities in World War I. It concluded the series of commemorations marking the wider First World War centenary beginning in 2014. The date of the centenary was marked by numerous events were scheduled in conjunction with the series of related annual memorial days (Armistice Day, Remembrance Day and Veterans Day) and also as part of commissions established for the purposes of marking the four year centenary of the First World War.

Contents

Commemorations in France were led by President Emmanuel Macron, and included an international ceremony in Paris which attracted many world leaders, in addition to the first Paris Peace Forum. In London, a service of thanksgiving was hosted at Westminster Abbey, with a German representative invited to participate in the annual National Service of Remembrance for the first time. Other military ceremonies and events elsewhere throughout the United Kingdom and in key members of the Commonwealth which participated in the war, as well as across the world.

Background

Front page of The New York Times on 11 November 1918 NYTimes-Page1-11-11-1918.jpg
Front page of The New York Times on 11 November 1918

The Armistice of 11 November 1918 was signed near the French town of Compiègne, between the Allied Powers and Germany—represented by Supreme Allied Commander Ferdinand Foch and civilian politician Matthias Erzberger respectively—with capitulations having already been made separately by Bulgaria, the Ottoman Empire and Austria-Hungary. The agreements made by both sides included the cessation of all land and air hostilities on the Western Front. It was agreed upon at 5 am (Paris time) and came into effect later that morning at 11 am. [1]

Formal peace negotiations only took place during the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 and 1920. With three extensions to the armistice having already been made, a state of peace was ratified with a series of treaties between the Allies and the former Central Powers, beginning with the Treaty of Versailles on 10 January 1920. [2] [3]

Following the end of the war, 11 November was designated a memorial day initially dedicated to the anniversary of the armistice and the military dead of World War I, known as Armistice Day. The first such observance took place in 1919. [4] Following World War II, it was renamed under different titles in several countries (e.g. Remembrance Day in the Commonwealth and Veterans Day in the United States).

Several national governments drafted plans to mark the First World War centenary with commemorative events, beginning with the 2014 anniversary of the outbreak of World War I and also marking key dates of the war such as the Gallipoli campaign in 2015 and the battles of Verdun and the Somme in 2016. [5] [6]

Events in France

Organization

The official schedule for the centenary was announced on 18 September 2018, during a press conference hosted by education minister Jean-Michel Blanquer and Geneviève Darrieussecq, secretary of state to the Minister of the Armed Forces. [6] It included an international ceremony at the Arc de Triomphe followed by the inaugural edition of the newly founded Paris Peace Forum, plans which were already mentioned by French President Emmanuel Macron in a speech published in July. [7] The government's Mission Centenaire committee was responsible for the organisation of the events. [6]

Timeline

Prelude

On 4 November 2018, Macron and his spouse Brigitte Macron hosted German President Frank-Walter Steinmeier at the Strasbourg Cathedral. Following a military ceremony, they attended a concert inside, conducted by the orchestra of the Académie supérieure de Strasbourg. [8] The flags of France, the European Union and Germany were hoisted outside the cathedral. [9] [10]

On 6 November, Macron announced that writer Maurice Genevoix, author of numerous books on the First World War, would be posthumously listed on the Panthéon in 2019, alongside fourteen other French civilians and soldiers who participated in World War I. [11] Separately, he and Malian President Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta opened a memorial for fallen colonial soldiers in Reims. [12] Throughout the course of the week, he visited symbolic Western Front locations across eleven departments in the north and east of the country. [10] [13] The visits were the subject of anger from local voters over what the Financial Times described as his "perceived metropolitan disregard for their pocketbook concerns." [14]

10 November

Military parade in Chambery Defile militaire du 10 novembre 2018 a Chambery (Unites).JPG
Military parade in Chambéry

Invited guests to the Arc de Triomphe ceremony, including German Chancellor Angela Merkel, US President Donald Trump, and Russian President Vladimir Putin, began arriving in Paris. Around 10,000 police officers, gendarmes and soldiers were placed on duty in the lead up to the events. [15]

The same day, Merkel visited the Glade of the Armistice at Compiègne alongside Macron, where they laid a wreath, unveiled a plaque dedicated to Franco-German reconciliation and signed a book of remembrance in a replica of the railway carriage where the armistice was signed. The visit was symbolic as it marked the first time that French and German leaders had visited the site since 1945. [16] [17]

Macron later held a bilateral meeting with Trump at the Élysée Palace, which took place a day after Trump tweeted that "Europe should first pay its fair share" of NATO defence expenditures in response to the former's suggestions for a continental European army. [18] [19] A similar meeting was planned between Trump and Putin, but it was ultimately scrapped due to the forthcoming G20 Buenos Aires summit. [20] [21] [22] Justin Trudeau, the prime minister of Canada, participated in separate commemorations at the Canadian National Vimy Memorial in northern France. [23] An official reception dinner for invited guests took place in the evening at the Musée d'Orsay. [24]

11 November
The ceremony at the Arc de Triomphe World War I centenary.jpg
The ceremony at the Arc de Triomphe

At 11 am (CET), bells across France rang simultaneously to mark a century since World War I ended, including at Notre-Dame de Paris and at churches in overseas France. [25] [26] Guests for the international ceremony had been received by Macron at the Élysée Palace in the morning before departing in unison. [27] Trump, Putin and Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu showed up late to the venue, as they opted for their own transportation due to security concerns. [27] [28] [29] The ceremony began shortly after 11 am, following a presidential inspection of troops, a roll call of French soldiers killed in the preceding year and an army choir rendition of the French national anthem. [30] [31] [32] [33]

The event included a performance by cellist Yo-Yo Ma, who played the sarabande from Bach's Suite No. 5 in C minor . A group of testimonies dating to 11 November 1918 were read out by a group of teenage students in between, after which Ma performed the second movement of Ravel's Sonata for Violin and Cello with French violinist Renaud Capuçon. [34] Beninese musician Angélique Kidjo sang a variation of the song Blewu by Bella Bellow, in homage to colonial troops. [35] [36]

Macron delivered a keynote speech in which he denounced nationalism as a "betrayal of patriotism", and warned of the resurgence of "old demons". [37] [31] The European Union Youth Orchestra followed with a performance of Ravel's Bolero . [38] The end of the ceremony included a rekindling of the Tomb to the Unknown Soldier, where Macron also laid a wreath, culminating in the "Sonnerie aux morts" and a minute of silence, followed by the "Cessez-le-feu" bugle call. [39] [27]

All international guests were invited immediately afterward to a luncheon at the Élysée, with their consorts gathering at the Palace of Versailles. [28] [40] The inaugural Paris Peace Forum was opened at the Grande halle de la Villette in the afternoon, with Macron, Merkel and United Nations Secretary-General António Guterres giving remarks at its plenary session. Trump declined to attend, instead visiting the Suresnes American Cemetery and Memorial as the forum took place, where he made an address before returning to the United States. [41] [30]

Later in the day, the European Broadcasting Union organised a concert at the Royal Opera of Versailles with performances by the Vienna Philharmonic, entitled the "Concert for Peace." [42] During a concert in La Force, Dordogne, violinist Pierre Hamel from the Colonne Orchestra performed using a metal violin assembled by soldiers in the trenches. [43] A series of religious memorial services were organised for the day, including an international mass at Notre-Dame de Paris, conducted by Archbishop Michel Aupetit. [44]

Dignitaries

The Paris commemorations were attended by over 120 foreign dignitaries, including 72 heads of state and government and representatives of several international organisations. [6] [45] [15] The French presidential office said it had invited representatives only from countries "which sent troops or workers to the European theaters of war". [46]

France

International

Present at the Arc de Triomphe ceremony unless stated otherwise. [47] [48] [49] [24] [50] [51]

Heads of state and royalty
Heads of government
Ambassadors
Other representatives

International organisations

Incidents

Marshal Pétain, when he led France during the Second World War, was complicit in profound crimes which were recognized, and the responsibility of the French state was recognized. [...] I forgive nothing, but I erase nothing from our history.

Emmanuel Macron [68]

In October 2018, it was reported that tributes to World War I marshals at the Hôtel des Invalides would include one to Philippe Pétain, who served in the Battle of Verdun and later headed Nazi-aligned Vichy France. It resulted in criticism from French Jews, the opposition and on social media. [69] In response, the office of the Élysée said it was not part of their official schedule and did not understand how Pétain "ended up" on the list. [70] Macron in particular described Pétain as a "great soldier", while remarking that he made "disastrous choices" during the Nazi occupation of France. [14] This tribute was eventually withdrawn. [69]

A planned visit by Trump to the Aisne-Marne American Cemetery and Memorial, scheduled for 10 November, was cancelled due to what the White House termed "bad weather". [71] The decision was met with criticism, particularly from former Obama national security advisor Ben Rhodes; British Conservative politician Nicholas Soames, a grandson of Winston Churchill; and former secretary of state John Kerry. [72] [73] [74] A later article by The Atlantic surfacing in 2020 said Trump had refused to attend and also described the cemetery as being "filled with losers". He subsequently described the report as "fake news". [75] [76]

Three Femen members staged a protest at the Arc de Triomphe on the morning of 10 November welcoming "war criminals", and were arrested by French police. [77] [78] In a later statement, Femen listed Vladimir Putin, Donald Trump, Benjamin Netanyahu and Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan as examples of this description, along with Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman, who was not invited. [79] The motorcade carrying Trump to the Arc de Triomphe on 11 November passed by a topless woman who ran towards it and was quickly dragged out by French police; Femen later claimed responsibility for the incident. [80]

Aftermath

Anti-Trump demonstrations were held at the Place de la République in response to the US president's visit. [81]

The seating arrangement caused a major controversy in Serbia. As the Serbian army had a pivotal role in forcing both Bulgaria and Austria-Hungary out of the war, with Serbia itself having the most extensive casualties compared to its population number and a historical friendship with France, the positioning of Serbian president Aleksandar Vučić away from the frontline seating areas in place of representatives of countries which were on the opposing side in the war or didn't even exist as separate states at the time, was taken as an insult in Serbia. [82] [83] [84]

Events in the United Kingdom

Organization

The government of the United Kingdom announced that it would allocate a £19 million package to mark the centenary, with an additional £10 million being added to the annual budget made to the Armed Forces Covenant Fund Trust, [85] while individual local events were coordinated by the Imperial War Museum. [86] The BBC planned a week-long series of dedicated programming across its platforms, as part of its World War I centenary season. [87] In October 2018, the government of the Isle of Man announced a series of commemorative coins. [88]

Timeline

10,000 torches were lit in the moat of the Tower of London beginning on 5 November, in an artistic installation entitled Beyond the Deepening Shadow which would repeat nightly until Armistice Day (11 November). [89] The Shrouds of the Somme , designed by artist Rob Heard and comprising 72,396 shrouded figures representing all servicemen from the British Commonwealth with no known grave, was laid out at the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park, being on display from 8 to 18 November 2018. [90] [91]

Prime Minister Theresa May visited the Thiepval Memorial in northern France and the St Symphorien Military Cemetery in Belgium on 9 November, laying wreaths at the graves of John Parr and George Edwin Ellison, respectively the first and last British soldiers killed during the war. The wreaths were engraved with handwritten messages from May, invoking wartime poems to express gratitude to the dead for being "staunch to the end". [91] Key members of the royal family, including Queen Elizabeth II, attended the annual Royal British Legion Festival of Remembrance on 10 November at the Royal Albert Hall in London, which included performances by Sir Tom Jones and Sheridan Smith. [92] [93]

Remembrance Sunday
National Service of Remembrance for Wales (geograph 5974021).jpg
The National Service of Remembrance for Wales at the Welsh National War Memorial
Armistice Day Service, Sheffield city centre 2018 - geograph.org.uk - 5972051.jpg
Members of the public during a service in Sheffield

As Remembrance Sunday in 2018 fell on 11 November, the National Service of Remembrance was held concurrently with other commemorative events in Europe. The service at the Cenotaph in London began at 11 am (GMT), with a two-minute silence being observed, after which the Prince of Wales then laid the first wreath on behalf of the Queen. [66] [94] Thousands were able to pay respect to relatives and soldiers killed in the war during a march past the memorial. [95] Despite ongoing renovations, the Big Ben rang eleven times at 12:30 GMT. [96] [97]

German President Frank-Walter Steinmeier was invited to attend as a special guest, becoming the first German leader to lay a wreath at the Cenotaph. [37] The invitation was reportedly planned as early as September 2018. [98] The Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport described his presence as "a symbol of the friendship that exists between the two countries today". [94] A memorial service was held in the evening at Westminster Abbey, which was attended by members of the royal family and Prime Minister Theresa May. During the service, Steinmeier read out a passage from 1 St John 4:7–11 in German. [37]

Similar events were held across the United Kingdom's constituent countries and Crown Dependencies. In Scotland, Princess Anne attended a service at Glasgow Cathedral, while First Minister Nicola Sturgeon and other officials laid wreaths. [99]

Events in other Commonwealth countries

Part of the crowd outside the Australian War Memorial prior to the Remembrance Day ceremony Crowd at the 2018 Remembrance Day ceremony at the AWM.jpg
Part of the crowd outside the Australian War Memorial prior to the Remembrance Day ceremony

In Australia, a Remembrance Day service was held at the Australian War Memorial in Canberra, alongside a national minute of silence in remembrance of Australian soldiers who fought and died in overseas conflicts. Prime Minister Scott Morrison addressed a crowd of more than 12,000 attending the ceremony. An extension of the Anzac Memorial in Sydney was opened to the public for the occasion. [100] [101] In addition, over a thousand people attended a commemoration at the Australian National Memorial in the French town of Villers-Bretonneux. [100]

In New Zealand, a national service took place at the Pukeahu National War Memorial Park in Wellington, which was organised as part of the wider New Zealand WW100 commemorations. A 100-gun salute was held at the Wellington waterfront, and two minutes of silence were observed at 11 am (NZDT), followed by a cacophony of noise replicating how the public initially reacted to the news of the armistice a century prior. Governor-General Dame Patsy Reddy and Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern gave speeches at the event. [102] [103] [104]

In India, a memorial service was held at the Delhi War Cemetery, where Indian and British delegates laid wreaths. Conservative MP Tom Tugendhat led the British delegation and was joined by Sir Dominic Asquith, British High Commissioner to India, and defence attaché Brigadier Mark Goldsack. [105] In a series of tweets, Prime Minister Narendra Modi paid tribute to Indian troops and pledged to "further an atmosphere of harmony and brotherhood". [106] [107]

In Ghana, a luncheon was organised by the British High Commission and the Ghanaian government on the occasion of Remembrance Day. On the same day, President Nana Akufo-Addo and a group of ex-servicemen observed a two-minute silence. [108] [109] Earlier, Akufo-Addo participated in a wreath-laying ceremony on 2 November at the Christiansborg War Cemetery in Accra, along with Prince Charles, his wife Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall, and Prince Edward, who were touring the country at the time. [110]

Ceremonies in Kenya and Zambia were scheduled for 25 November 2018; German forces fighting in Northern Rhodesia only received news of the armistice on 14 November 1918, three days after it had already came into effect, and eventually surrendered later that month. [111] [112] In Voi, the Commonwealth War Cemetery hosted a small ceremony, which was attended by British and German diplomats; a Kenyan army bugler played the Last Post during the ceremony, and wreaths were laid by a Kenyan general and some local and international visitors. [113] The Zambian government sponsored a centenary event in the town of Mbala organised by the national tourism agency, saying that attraction to the region would unlock the "tourism and investment potential of Northern Province". [112] [114]

Commemorations were also held in Canada. [115]

Events in other locations

Commemorative services took place in Hong Kong, Myanmar, Romania, and Russia. [116] [37]

Belgium

Special performance of the Last Post at the Menin Gate, at 11 am

National commemorations were held in the capital of Brussels. In an address, King Philippe pledged to keep "the memory of those who sacrificed themselves for us and the values for which they fought", and to "engage together in building a world of peace." A dove and 11 pigeons were released during the memorial service. [117] In Ypres, a series of tributes to Commonwealth veterans was attended by the Minister-President of Flanders, Geert Bourgeois. [118] The Last Post, traditionally performed nightly at the Menin Gate since 1928, was additionally played at 11 am (CET) to mark the centenary. [118]

Celebrations were held in Mons marking the anniversary of Canadian troops taking over the city from the Germans. [119] [120] The Black Watch (Royal Highland Regiment) of Canada led a recreated 1918 parade through the city. [121]

Germany

Public memorisation was muted, mainly owing to the defeat of the German Empire and the chronology of events resulting from the aftermath of the war. [122] Some events were privately organised, including a religious service at the Berlin Cathedral, and an exhibition showcasing works by 31 international artists representing countries involved in WWI peace negotiations. [123] [lower-alpha 3]

Hungary

The Hungarian National Bank released a series of commemorative collector coins on 16 October 2018, which included a silver variant with a face value of 10,000 HUF and a non-ferrous metal variant with a fifth (2,000 HUF) of the face value. [124]

Ireland

A service was held at Glasnevin Cemetery in Dublin. It was attended by President Michael D. Higgins, who was to be inaugurated for a second term on the same day, along with representatives of at least 47 countries. The Last Post was played during the ceremony. [125] [126]

Italy

Italian President Sergio Mattarella and key political figures attended a National Unity and Armed Forces Day ceremony in Trieste marking the centenary of the armistice of Villa Giusti with Austria-Hungary. In a speech, Mattarella described the European Union as the "highest expression of a commitment to common good" to prevent future conflicts, and highlighted the history of antisemitism in the region. [127] [128]

Luxembourg

A ceremony was held at the Gëlle Fra monument in the capital during the late afternoon, in the presence of Henri, Grand Duke of Luxembourg, and Grand Duchess Maria Teresa, as well as prime minister Xavier Bettel, who also paid tribute to war casualties. [129]

Poland

The date of 11 November coincided with festivities marking the centenary of the foundation of the Second Polish Republic in 1918 (National Independence Day).

Prominent politicians, including president Andrzej Duda and former prime minister Donald Tusk, attended ceremonies honouring Józef Piłsudski, the founding father of the Second Polish Republic. [130] Many marched in the capital of Warsaw, with one led by Duda, prime minister Mateusz Morawiecki and leader of the ruling Law and Justice party Jarosław Kaczyński. [131] [132] The annual Independence March, organised by nationalist and far-right groups and which coincided with the other marches of the day, was initially banned by Warsaw mayor Hanna Gronkiewicz-Waltz; the ban was later overturned by a local court. [131] [133]

Vatican City

In remarks made during a weekly Angelus address, Pope Francis appealed for a rejection of a "culture of war", quoting Benedict XV, who served as pope during the majority of the First World War, and reflecting on the occasion of St. Martin's Day, which also fell on 11 November. The bells at St. Peter's Basilica were tolled in the afternoon in unison with other church bells across Europe. [134]

United States

Pledge of Allegiance during a Veterans Day ceremony at the Arlington National Cemetery Veterans Day Observance 2018.jpg
Pledge of Allegiance during a Veterans Day ceremony at the Arlington National Cemetery

On Veterans Day, the National World War I Museum and Memorial in Kansas City, Missouri hosted a ceremony in which participants and relatives of WWI veterans tolled a "bell of peace" and laid wreaths in memory of those killed in the war. [135] The Washington National Cathedral held a commemorative service, and a gathering took place at the District of Columbia War Memorial. [136] [137]

President Donald Trump proposed that a military parade at the Capitol be held on 10 November to mark the centenary, in admiration of France's Bastille Day military parade (which Trump attended as a guest in 2017). However, Trump cancelled the proposed event in August 2018 over cost concerns, with estimates that the parade would have cost as much as US$92 million. [138] [139] [140]

See also

Notes

  1. 1 2 Present only at the Musée d'Orsay reception.
  2. ↑ The President of Gabon, Ali Bongo, was unable to attend as initially planned after suffering a stroke. [59]
  3. ↑ Twenty-nine signatory states of the Treaty of Versailles and Paris Peace Conference, as well as Russia and Ukraine.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Anzac Day</span> National day of remembrance in Australia and New Zealand on 25 April

Anzac Day is a national day of remembrance in Australia, New Zealand and Tonga that broadly commemorates all Australians and New Zealanders "who served and died in all wars, conflicts, and peacekeeping operations" and "the contribution and suffering of all those who have served". Observed on 25 April each year, Anzac Day was originally devised to honour the members of the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC) who served in the Gallipoli campaign, their first engagement in the First World War (1914–1918).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Remembrance Day</span> Day honouring military casualties of war

Remembrance Day is a memorial day observed in Commonwealth member states since the end of the First World War to honour armed forces members who have died in the line of duty. The day is also marked by war remembrances in several other non-Commonwealth countries. In most countries, Remembrance Day is observed on 11 November to recall the end of First World War hostilities. Hostilities ended "at the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month" of 1918, in accordance with the armistice signed by representatives of Germany and the Entente between 5:12 and 5:20 that morning. The First World War formally ended with the signing of the Treaty of Versailles on 28 June 1919.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Armistice Day</span> Commemoration on 11 November of the World War I armistice

Armistice Day, later known as Remembrance Day in the Commonwealth and Veterans Day in the United States, is commemorated every year on 11 November to mark the armistice signed between the Allies of World War I and Germany at Compiègne, France, at 5:45 am for the cessation of hostilities on the Western Front of World War I, which took effect at 11:00 am—the "eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month" of 1918 although, according to Thomas R. Gowenlock, an intelligence officer with the U.S. First Division, shelling from both sides continued for the rest of the day, ending only at nightfall. The armistice initially expired after a period of 36 days and had to be extended several times. A formal peace agreement was reached only when the Treaty of Versailles was signed the following year.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Remembrance Sunday</span> Day to commemorate war dead

Remembrance Sunday is held in the United Kingdom as a day to commemorate the contribution of British and Commonwealth military and civilian servicemen and women in the two World Wars and later conflicts. It is held on the second Sunday in November. Remembrance Sunday, within the Church of England, falls in the liturgical period of Allsaintstide.

A Holocaust memorial day or Holocaust remembrance day is an annual observance to commemorate the victims of the Holocaust, the genocide of six million Jews and of millions of other Holocaust victims by Nazi Germany and its collaborators. Many countries, primarily in Europe, have designated national dates of commemoration. In 2005, the United Nations instituted an international observance, International Holocaust Remembrance Day.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Remembrance poppy</span> Artificial flower worn to commemorate military personnel who have died during war

A remembrance poppy is an artificial flower worn in some countries to commemorate their military personnel who died in war. Remembrance poppies are produced by veterans' associations, which exchange the poppies for charitable donations used to give financial, social and emotional support to members and veterans of the armed forces.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bastille Day military parade</span> Military parades held throughout France on 14 July

The Bastille Day military parade, also known as the 14 July military parade, translation of the French name of Défilé militaire du 14 juillet, is a French military parade that has been held on the morning of 14 July each year in Paris since 1880, almost without exception. The parade passes down the Avenue des Champs-Élysées from Place Charles de Gaulle, centred around the Arc de Triomphe, to the Place de la Concorde, where the President stands, along with members of the Government, figures from the legislative branch, the Mayor of Paris, as well as foreign ambassadors to France.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lazare Ponticelli</span> World War I veteran, piping and metal worker

Lazare Ponticelli, Knight of Vittorio Veneto, was at 110, the last surviving officially recognized veteran of the First World War from France and the last poilu of its trenches to die.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">The Cenotaph</span> War memorial in Whitehall, London

The Cenotaph is a war memorial on Whitehall in London, England. Designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens, it was unveiled in 1920 as the United Kingdom's national memorial to the dead of Britain and the British Empire of the First World War, was rededicated in 1946 to include those of the Second World War, and has since come to represent the Commonwealth casualties from those and subsequent conflicts. The word cenotaph is derived from Greek, meaning 'empty tomb'. Most of the dead were buried close to where they fell; thus, the Cenotaph symbolises their absence and is a focal point for public mourning. The original temporary Cenotaph was erected in 1919 for a parade celebrating the end of the First World War, at which more than 15,000 servicemen, including French and American soldiers, saluted the monument. More than a million people visited the site within a week of the parade.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">First World War centenary</span> 2014–2018 series of commemorations

The First World War centenary was the four-year period marking the centenary of the First World War, which began in mid-2014 with the centenary of the outbreak of the war, and ended in late 2018 with the centenary of the 1918 armistice.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Centenary of the outbreak of World War I</span> World War I commemorations in 2014

The centenary of the outbreak of World War I occurred in the summer of 2014. A series of official commemorations took place in several European countries to mark the occasion. It marked the beginning of the wider four year period known as the First World War centenary.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Emmanuel Macron</span> President of France since 2017

Emmanuel Jean-Michel Frédéric Macron is a French politician who has been serving as the 25th president of France since 2017 and ex officio one of the two Co-princes of Andorra. He previously was Minister of Economics, Industry and Digital Affairs under President François Hollande from 2014 to 2016 and Deputy Secretary-General to the President from 2012 to 2014. He has been a member of Renaissance since he founded it in 2016.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mémorial de la France combattante</span> Monument in Suresnes, Hauts-de-Seine, France

The Mémorial de la France combattante is the most important memorial to French fighters of World War II (1939–1945). It is situated below Fort Mont-Valérien in Suresnes, in the western suburbs of Paris. It commemorates members of the armed forces from France and the colonies, and members of the French Resistance. Fifteen representative French fighters were buried here in an elaborate ceremony on 11 November 1945. The present memorial was opened on 18 June 1960. It has a wall in which are set sixteen bronze reliefs that represent in allegorical terms the different phases, places and participants in the struggle.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">L'Anneau de la mémoire</span> World War I memorial in Ablain-Saint-Nazaire, France

L'Anneau de la Mémoire is a World War I memorial in Ablain-Saint-Nazaire, France. Designed by Philippe Prost and inaugurated on 11 November 2014, the 96th anniversary of Armistice Day, the memorial honors the 576,606 soldiers of forty different nationalities who died at Nord-Pas-de-Calais. The memorial is located at the site of the national cemetery of Notre-Dame-de-Lorette. The monument consists of 500 metal panels that are arranged in an ellipse pattern, each 3 meters in height. Each panel contains approximately 1200 names of fallen soldiers, listed alphabetically by last name. The 500th panel remains blank so that any newly discovered names may be inscribed. The most noteworthy aspect of the Ring of Memory is that it is the first memorial to list alphabetically, with no regard to rank nor nationality.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Élisabeth Borne</span> Prime Minister of France from 2022 to 2024

Élisabeth Borne is a French politician who served as Prime Minister of France from May 2022 to January 2024. She is a member of President Emmanuel Macron's party Renaissance. Borne is the second woman to hold the position of Prime Minister after Édith Cresson, who served from 1991 to 1992.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Protests against Emmanuel Macron</span> Series of protests

Since Emmanuel Macron was elected President of France on 7 May 2017, a series of protests have been conducted by trade union activists, left-wing activists and right-wing activists in opposition to what protesters consider to be neoliberal policies and globalism, his support of state visits by certain world leaders, his positions on French labour law reform, as well as various comments or policy proposals he has made since assuming the presidency.

The Paris Peace Forum is a French non-profit organisation created in March 2018. The organisation hosts an annual gathering of world leaders and heads of international organisations, as well as leaders from civil society and private sectors and thousands of individuals from around the globe, on creating forms of collective action. The Paris Peace Forum completes the existing world agenda of multilateral gatherings by creating a specific event for global governance issues, as economic and financial issues are dealt at the World Economic Forum in Davos, and security issues at the Munich Security Conference.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">National Service of Remembrance</span> UK annual event, second Sunday in November

The National Service of Remembrance is held every year on Remembrance Sunday at the Cenotaph on Whitehall, London. It commemorates "the contribution of British and Commonwealth military and civilian servicemen and women in the two World Wars and later conflicts". It takes place on the second Sunday in November, the Sunday nearest to 11 November, Armistice Day, the anniversary of the end of hostilities in the First World War at 11 a.m. in 1918.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jean Castex</span> Prime Minister of France from 2020 to 2022

Jean Castex is a French politician who served as Prime Minister of France from 3 July 2020 to 16 May 2022. He was a member of The Republicans (LR) until 2020, when he joined La République En Marche! (LREM). Castex served for twelve years as mayor of the small town of Prades prior to his appointment as Prime Minister by President Emmanuel Macron. He resigned his post ahead of the 2022 legislative election. He has been president of the state-owned RATP since November 2022.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rima Abdul Malak</span> French politician

Rima Abdul Malak is a French politician who served as Minister of Culture in the government of Prime Minister Élisabeth Borne from May 2022 to January 2024.

References

  1. ↑ Armistice between the Allied Governments and Germany  . 11 November 1918 – via Wikisource.
  2. ↑ Salter 1921, pp. 223, 228–229.
  3. ↑ Edmonds & Bayliss 1987, p. 189.
  4. ↑ "Today in History - November 11". Library of Congress. Retrieved 6 January 2024.
  5. ↑ "First World War centenary programme 2014-2018 - Guide to engaging local communities" (PDF). gov.uk . Department for Culture, Media and Sport . Retrieved 5 January 2024.
  6. 1 2 3 4 Marcon, Géraldine (18 September 2018). "Le programme du centenaire de l'armistice du 11 novembre 1918 dévoilé" [The schedule for the centenary of the armistice of 11 November 1918 revealed]. France Bleu (in French). Retrieved 10 October 2023.
  7. ↑ Macron, Emmanuel (3 July 2018), Forum de Paris sur la Paix : rendez-vous le 11 novembre 2018 (in French), retrieved 4 October 2022– via YouTube
  8. ↑ "Macron et le président allemand dimanche à Strasbourg pour lancer les célébrations 14-18". Le Point (in French). 31 October 2018. Retrieved 13 June 2024.
  9. ↑ Poussard, Bruno (4 November 2018). "Strasbourg: Avec son homologue allemand, le président Macron lance son périple commémoratif" [Strasbourg: With his German counterpart, President Macron launches his commemorative journey]. 20 Minutes (in French). Archived from the original on 21 April 2019. Retrieved 1 April 2021.
  10. 1 2 "Macron entame à Strasbourg un périple sur les traces de la Grande Guerre". ladepeche.fr (in French). Retrieved 13 June 2024.
  11. ↑ Boichot, Loris; Berdah, Arthur (6 November 2018). "Macron annonce l'entrée au Panthéon de Maurice Genevoix et de «ceux de 14»" [Macron announces the entry into the Pantheon of Maurice Genevoix and of "those of 14"]. Le Figaro (in French). Retrieved 1 April 2021.
  12. ↑ "A Reims, un symbole de la reconnaissance « tardive » des tirailleurs africains". Le Monde.fr (in French). 6 November 2018. Retrieved 13 June 2024.
  13. ↑ Baker, Luke (5 November 2018). "After rest, Macron faces rush of World War One memorials, diplomacy". Reuters. Retrieved 13 June 2024.
  14. 1 2 Agnew, Harriet (9 November 2018). "Memorial tour turns into PR setback for Emmanuel Macron". Financial Times. Retrieved 1 April 2021.
  15. 1 2 "11 novembre : 72 chefs d'Etat à Paris, 10.000 forces de l'ordre mobilisées, crainte de débordements place de la République" [November 11: 72 heads of state in Paris, 10,000 law enforcement officers mobilized, fear of excesses at the Place de la République] (in French). LCI. 8 November 2018. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
  16. ↑ "Armistice Day: Macron and Merkel mark end of World War One". BBC News. 10 November 2018. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  17. ↑ "WWI centenary: Merkel and Macron visit WWI memorial". Deutsche Welle. 10 November 2018. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  18. ↑ Herman, Steve (10 November 2018). "Trump in Paris for Talks, WWI Centenary". Voice of America. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
  19. ↑ "Trump-Macron smooth over defence spat". BBC News. 10 November 2018. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
  20. ↑ Wintour, Patrick (5 November 2018). "Trump to meet Putin and Erdoğan during first world war ceremonies". The Guardian. ISSN   0261-3077 . Retrieved 17 December 2023.
  21. ↑ Mangan, Dan (23 October 2018). "Trump says he 'probably' will meet Russian leader Putin in Paris in November". CNBC. Retrieved 17 December 2023.
  22. ↑ Jackson, David (11 November 2018). "President Trump, Russia's Vladimir Putin decide not to 'interrupt' WWI commemoration, will meet at G20". USA Today . Retrieved 17 December 2023.
  23. ↑ McGregor, Janyce (9 November 2018). "Trudeau to mark centenary of First World War armistice at Vimy Ridge, Paris". CBC News . Retrieved 17 December 2023.
  24. 1 2 Vely, Yannick (10 November 2018). "Emmanuel et Brigitte Macron accueillent le monde au Musée d'Orsay" [Emmanuel and Brigitte Macron welcome the world to the Musée d'Orsay]. Paris Match (in French). Agence France-Presse. Retrieved 1 April 2021.
  25. ↑ Douet, Eléanor (11 November 2018). "11-Novembre : pourquoi les cloches ont-elles sonné à 11 heures ce dimanche ?". RTL.fr (in French). Retrieved 1 April 2021.
  26. ↑ "Commémoration du centenaire de l' Armistice du 11 novembre 2018 à Wallis". Les services de l'État à Wallis et Futuna (in French). Archived from the original on 22 July 2019. Retrieved 6 May 2021.
  27. 1 2 3 Penicaud, Céline (11 November 2018). "Commémorations du centenaire de l'armistice: les temps forts" [Commemorations of the Armistice centenary: the highlights] (in French). BFMTV. Agence France-Presse. Retrieved 28 August 2023.
  28. 1 2 Lough, Richard; Baker, Luke (12 November 2018). "In solemn Paris ceremony, Macron leads global WW1 Armistice commemorations". Reuters. Retrieved 1 May 2021.
  29. ↑ "Netanyahu 'turned up late' for Armistice ceremony in Paris". The Jewish Chronicle . 11 November 2018. Retrieved 14 September 2022.
  30. 1 2 Nakamura, David; Kim, Seung Min; McAuley, James (11 November 2018). "Macron denounces nationalism as a 'betrayal of patriotism' in rebuke to Trump at WWI remembrance". The Washington Post. Retrieved 14 September 2022.
  31. 1 2 Leicester, John; Casert, Raf; Hinnant, Lori (11 November 2018). "In remembering WWI, world warned of resurging 'old demons'". Associated Press News. Retrieved 6 May 2021.
  32. ↑ "What We've Learned — And What We Haven't — In The 100 Years Since WWI Ended". NPR. 12 November 2018. Retrieved 12 October 2021.
  33. ↑ Nery, John (13 November 2018). "The old demons are back". INQUIRER.net. Philippine Daily Inquirer . Retrieved 14 April 2024.
  34. ↑ "Yo-Yo Ma and Renaud Capuçon mark Armistice with Ravel". The Strad . 12 November 2018. Retrieved 12 January 2024.
  35. ↑ Toussay, Jade (11 November 2018). "Angélique Kidjo a ému les spectateurs avec la chanson "Blewu" lors des commémorations". Le HuffPost (in French). Retrieved 12 January 2024.
  36. ↑ Marlowe, Lara (11 November 2018). "Unity and disorder emanate from Armistice commemoration in Paris". The Irish Times. Retrieved 4 October 2022.
  37. 1 2 3 4 "World leaders gather to mark 100 years since WWI armistice". Deutsche Welle. 11 November 2018. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
  38. ↑ "Paris Armistice Day 100 Years Anniversary Ceremony". EUYO. European Union Youth Orchestra. Archived from the original on 16 October 2021. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
  39. ↑ "Photo officielle, minute de silence et irruption des Femen sur les Champs-Elysées : revivez les sept séquences fortes de ce 11-Novembre" [Official photo, minute of silence and irruption of Femen on the Champs-Elysées: relive the seven highlights of this 11 November]. Franceinfo (in French). 11 November 2018. Retrieved 4 October 2022.
  40. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Spencer, Tom (11 November 2018). "Brigitte Macron : Manteau fashion sous la pluie auprès d'Emmanuel et Poutine" [Brigitte Macron: Fashion coat in the rain with Emmanuel and Putin]. Purepeople (in French). Retrieved 22 September 2022.
  41. ↑ Beswick, Emma (11 November 2018). "World leaders attend opening of Peace Forum in Paris". Euronews . Retrieved 1 April 2021.
  42. ↑ "EBU Members unite to commemorate 100 years since end of First World War". European Broadcasting Union . 10 October 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2022.
  43. ↑ Ferry, Emeline (12 November 2018). "VIDÉO - Un concert à La Force, en Dordogne, avec un violon fabriqué pour les soldats dans les tranchées" [VIDEO - A concert in La Force, in Dordogne, with a violin made for soldiers in the trenches]. France Bleu Périgord (in French). La Force: France Bleu . Retrieved 26 April 2021.
  44. ↑ Patrignani, Adélaïde (10 November 2018). "La commémoration du centenaire de l'Armistice dans les diocèses de France" [Commemoration of the centenary of the Armistice in the dioceses of France]. Vatican News (in French). Retrieved 6 October 2023.
  45. ↑ "Commemoration of the Armistice of 11 November 1918: more than 60 Heads of State and Government to meet in Paris". France Diplomacy. Retrieved 14 March 2021.
  46. ↑ "Over 60 World Leaders to Attend Paris WWI Commemorations". Voice of America. Associated Press. 18 October 2018. Retrieved 28 August 2023.
  47. ↑ "1918/2018 - Teilnehmer der Pariser Gedenkfeier" [1918/2018 - Participants in the Paris commemoration ceremony] (in German). Austria Press Agency. 11 November 2018. Archived from the original on 5 April 2023. Retrieved 15 February 2021– via Tiroler Tageszeitung Online.
  48. ↑ Nery, John [@jnery_newsstand] (11 November 2018). "Here's the list of heads of state or government or int'l organization attending the International Ceremony for the Centenary of the 1918 Armistice at the Arc de Triomphe #ArmisticeDay100 (list as of November 9)" (Tweet). Archived from the original on 7 June 2022. Retrieved 7 June 2022– via Twitter.
  49. ↑ Bonnet, Dominique (12 November 2018). "Cinq monarques étaient à Paris pour les commémorations du 11-Novembre" [Five monarchs were in Paris for the commemorations of 11 November]. Paris Match (in French). Retrieved 15 February 2021.
  50. ↑ "Předseda vlády se v Paříži zúčastnil mírových oslav a zdůraznil nutnost pomoci chudým zemím" [The Prime Minister took part in the peace celebrations in Paris and emphasized the need to help poor countries]. Vláda ČR (in Czech). 11 November 2018. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
  51. ↑ "Centenaire de l'armistice de 1918 : Hariri assiste au dîner au musée d'Orsay" [Centenary of the Armistice of 1918: Hariri attends the dinner at the Musée d'Orsay]. L'Orient-Le Jour (in French). 10 November 2018. Retrieved 18 May 2023.
  52. ↑ Menna Barreto, Marcelo (11 November 2018). "Governo Temer ignora centenário da 1ª Guerra" [ Temer government ignores the centenary of the First World War]. Extra Classe  [ pt ] (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on 13 August 2020. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
  53. 1 2 Rowland, Oliver (12 November 2018). "Was UK represented at Paris Armistice event?". The Connexion . Archived from the original on 3 August 2022. Retrieved 16 February 2021.
  54. ↑ Seidova, Kyamalya (9 November 2018). "Азербайджан примет участие в Парижском форуме мира" [Azerbaijan will take part in the Paris Peace Forum] (in Russian). Trend News Agency. Archived from the original on 16 November 2018. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
  55. ↑ "Михаил Мясникович посетит с рабочим визитом Францию" [Mikhail Myasnikovich will pay a working visit to France]. Zvyazda (in Russian). Belarusian Telegraph Agency. 8 November 2018. Archived from the original on 22 September 2022. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
  56. ↑ Dan, Rastel (14 November 2018). "Relations Bénin-Russie: Aurélien Agbénonci fait de fructueux échanges avec Vladimir Poutine" [Benin-Russia relations: Aurélien Agbénonci makes fruitful exchanges with Vladimir Putin]. aCotonou (in French). Archived from the original on 6 July 2022. Retrieved 14 October 2022.
  57. ↑ "Senior Chinese legislator attends Paris Peace Forum". Xinhua News Agency. 11 November 2018. Archived from the original on 12 November 2018. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
  58. ↑ Reece, Lena (15 November 2018). "Former Fiji President joins world leaders at 100yr anniversary of the end of WWI". Fijivillage. Archived from the original on 15 November 2018. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
  59. ↑ Bensimon, Cyril (6 November 2018). "Gabon : victime d'un AVC, Ali Bongo demeure hospitalisé en Arabie saoudite" [Gabon: Victim of a stroke, Ali Bongo remains hospitalized in Saudi Arabia]. Le Monde (in French). Retrieved 28 August 2023.
  60. ↑ "Centenaire de l'armistice de 1918 : Régis Immongault représente le Gabon" [Centenary of the 1918 Armistice: Régis Immongault represents Gabon]. L'Union  [ fr ] (in French). 13 November 2018. Retrieved 10 March 2023.
  61. ↑ Tuzov, Alexander (14 November 2018). "Джумабеков и Макрон: в дни 100–летия Первой мировой" [Dzhumabekov and Macron: on the 100th anniversary of the First World War]. Vecherniy Bishkek (in Russian). Archived from the original on 22 September 2022. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
  62. ↑ Demicoli, Keith (11 November 2018). "WATCH: What Minister Abela said at the Paris Armistice Ceremony". Television Malta . Retrieved 16 October 2022.
  63. ↑ "99 państw świętuje zakończenie I wojny światowej" [99 countries celebrate the end of World War I]. Interia (in Polish). 11 November 2018. Archived from the original on 22 September 2022. Retrieved 22 September 2022. Na czele polskiej delegacji stał minister spraw zagranicznych Jacek Czaputowicz.[The Polish delegation was headed by Minister of Foreign Affairs Jacek Czaputowicz.]
  64. ↑ "SA attends WWI centenary commemorations". South African Government News Agency. 9 November 2018. Archived from the original on 9 November 2018. Retrieved 2 June 2021.
  65. ↑ Yuldashev, Avaz (14 November 2018). "Шукурджон Зухуров в Париже отметил 100-летие окончания Первой мировой войны" [Shukurjon Zuhurov in Paris celebrated the 100th anniversary of the end of the First World War in Paris]. Asia-Plus (in Russian). Archived from the original on 22 September 2022. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
  66. 1 2 Addley, Esther (11 November 2018). "People gather around world to mark armistice centenary". The Guardian. ISSN   0261-3077 . Retrieved 15 February 2021.
  67. ↑ "Ўзбекистон делегацияси Парижда Биринчи жаҳон уруши якунланганининг 100 йиллиги муносабати билан ўтадиган маросимларда иштирок этади" [The delegation of Uzbekistan will participate in the ceremonies held in Paris in connection with the 100th anniversary of the end of the First World War]. Daryo.uz  [ uz ] (in Uzbek). 8 November 2018. Archived from the original on 26 September 2022. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
  68. ↑ Berdah, Arthur (7 November 2018). "Macron crée la polémique en justifiant l'hommage à Pétain" [Macron creates controversy by justifying the tribute to Pétain]. Le Figaro (in French). Retrieved 27 February 2024.
  69. 1 2 "Macron stokes anger with plan to honour Nazi collaborator Pétain". France 24. 8 November 2018. Retrieved 27 February 2024.
  70. ↑ De Sèze, Cécile (19 October 2018). "11 novembre 2018 : un hommage gênant à Pétain retiré du programme officiel". RTL.fr (in French). Retrieved 1 April 2021.
  71. ↑ Colvin, Jill (11 November 2018). "Trump visit to US cemetery in France canceled due to rain". Associated Press News. Retrieved 1 April 2021.
  72. ↑ Baker, Luke (10 November 2018). "Trump cancels WW1 memorial at U.S. cemetery in France due to rain". Reuters. Retrieved 13 January 2024.
  73. ↑ Cook, Nancy (11 November 2018). "Trump's rain decision casts dark clouds over his Paris trip". Politico . Retrieved 21 December 2023.
  74. ↑ Wintour, Patrick (15 November 2018). "John Kerry: US 'cannot afford truculent child president'". The Guardian. ISSN   0261-3077 . Retrieved 6 June 2024.
  75. ↑ Goldberg, Jeffrey (3 September 2020). "Trump: Americans Who Died in War Are 'Losers' and 'Suckers'". The Atlantic. Retrieved 13 June 2024.
  76. ↑ Lamothe, Dan; Ryan, Missy (5 September 2020). "Trump's alleged comments about 'losers' buried in military cemeteries leave military leaders off balance". Washington Post. ISSN   0190-8286 . Retrieved 6 June 2024.
  77. ↑ "11 Novembre : trois Femen perturbent le passage de la voiture de Trump". Le Parisien (in French). 11 November 2018. Retrieved 16 June 2022.
  78. ↑ "Sous l'Arc de Triomphe, des Femen dénoncent les "criminels de guerre"". L'Express (in French). Agence France-Presse. 10 November 2018. Retrieved 16 June 2022.
  79. ↑ "Welcome War Criminals". FEMEN. 10 November 2018. Retrieved 16 June 2022.
  80. ↑ Farzan, Antonia Noori (12 November 2018). "Meet Femen, the 'naked shock troops of feminism' who greeted Trump with a topless protest in Paris". The Washington Post. Retrieved 31 March 2021.
  81. ↑ "1500 personnes réunies pour manifester contre Trump à Paris". L'Express (in French). Agence France-Presse. 11 November 2018. Retrieved 1 April 2021.
  82. ↑ Jkšić, Boško (11 November 2018). "Pariz više nije Grad svetlosti" [Paris is no longer the City of Lights]. Politika (in Serbian).
  83. ↑ "Figaro: Srbija nepravedno ponižena na komemoraciji u Parizu" [Figaro: Serbia humiliated at the Paris memorial] (in Serbian). N1. 13 November 2018.
  84. ↑ Buisson, Jean-Christophe (14 November 2018). "Commémoration du 11 novembre : la Serbie injustement humiliée" [11 November memorial: Serbia unjustly humiliated]. Le Figaro (in French).
  85. ↑ "£19 million package to mark armistice centenary". gov.uk . 7 November 2018. Retrieved 4 February 2024.
  86. ↑ Helm, Toby (12 August 2018). "Bells will ring out: world to mark end of first world war, 100 years on". The Observer. ISSN   0029-7712 . Retrieved 13 June 2024.
  87. ↑ "BBC to mark Remembrance Week 2018 and the end of the First World War centenary". Media Centre. BBC. 30 October 2018. Archived from the original on 25 January 2019. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
  88. ↑ "First World War centenary coins officially launched". Isle of Man Government. 31 October 2018. Retrieved 13 January 2024.
  89. ↑ Heal, Alexandra (5 November 2018). "Tower of London lights up in stunning Armistice memorial". The Guardian. ISSN   0261-3077 . Retrieved 10 July 2021.
  90. ↑ "Shrouds of the Somme: Exhibit comes to Olympic Park". BBC News. 7 November 2018. Retrieved 10 July 2021.
  91. 1 2 "World War One: Theresa May pays respects in France and Belgium". BBC News. 9 November 2018. Retrieved 31 March 2021.
  92. ↑ "Armistice Day: Queen attends Festival of Remembrance". BBC News. 10 November 2018. Retrieved 27 February 2024.
  93. ↑ Armstrong, Mark (11 November 2018). "UK Queen at remembrance concert". Euronews . Retrieved 19 March 2021.
  94. 1 2 "Charles leads nation in tribute at London cenotaph – but Prince Philip absent". The News Letter . 11 November 2018. Retrieved 4 October 2022.
  95. ↑ "Armistice Day: 10,000 march past Cenotaph in national thank you to the WWI fallen". Sky News. 11 November 2018. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
  96. ↑ "Big Ben to ring for Remembrance Sunday and Armistice Centenary". UK Parliament. 8 November 2018. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
  97. ↑ Helm, Toby (12 August 2018). "Bells will ring out: world to mark end of first world war, 100 years on". The Guardian. ISSN   0261-3077 . Retrieved 17 April 2021.
  98. ↑ "Ministers consider inviting Germany's president to Cenotaph for WW1 centenary". ITV News. 24 September 2018. Retrieved 13 January 2024.
  99. ↑ "Scotland falls silent in remembrance". BBC News. 11 November 2018. Retrieved 5 October 2022.
  100. 1 2 "Remembrance Day: Australians mark 100 years since end of World War I". ABC News . 11 November 2018. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  101. ↑ Jervis-Bardy, Dan (11 November 2018). "Remembrance Day 2018: Canberra pauses to honour the sacrifice". The Canberra Times . Retrieved 1 April 2021.
  102. ↑ Hunt, Tom; Harris, Dominic; Bathgate, Ben (11 November 2018). "Armistice Day silence broken with a cacophony of noise as NZ marks centenary". Stuff . Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  103. ↑ "Services mark 100 years since end of WWI". RNZ . 11 November 2018. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  104. ↑ "Watch: Jacinda Ardern speaks of 'peace, multilateralism and inclusion' during Armistice Day speech". 1 News . TVNZ. 11 November 2018. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  105. ↑ Ray, Saptarshi (11 November 2018). "India's sacrifice remembered in ceremony on armistice centenary". The Times . Delhi. Retrieved 1 April 2021.
  106. ↑ Modi, Narendra [@narendramodi] (11 November 2018). "Today, as we mark one hundred years since the end of the horrific First World War, we reiterate our commitment towards world peace and pledge to work to further an atmosphere of harmony and brotherhood so that the trail of death and destruction caused by wars does not occur" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  107. ↑ "PM Modi pays tributes to Indian soldiers who fought in World War I". The Hindu . Press Trust of India. 11 November 2018. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  108. ↑ "First World War: Ghana and UK To Mark 100th Anniversary". The Publisher Online. 10 November 2018. Retrieved 12 April 2024.
  109. ↑ Kyei, Yaw (12 November 2018). "Ghana Observes Remembrance Day". Ghanaian Times. Retrieved 12 April 2024– via AllAfrica.com.
  110. ↑ "Prince of Wales arrive for Ghana for five-day visit". BBC News Pidgin (in Nigerian Pidgin). Retrieved 12 April 2024.
  111. ↑ Strachan 2001, p. 641.
  112. 1 2 Chutel, Lynsey (11 November 2018). "This African country wants to be recognized as the place where World War I really ended". Quartz. Retrieved 16 June 2022.
  113. ↑ "Where World War One finally ended". BBC News. 25 November 2018. Retrieved 16 June 2022.
  114. ↑ "Mbala to host Centenary Celebrations to mark the end of the First World War". Lusaka Times. 14 June 2018. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
  115. ↑ Berthiaume, Lee (11 November 2018). "Remembrance Day: Canadians mark 100 years since end of First World War". CTV News . Retrieved 30 October 2022.
  116. ↑ "The Latest: Leaders discuss Ukraine elections at Paris meet". Associated Press News. 12 November 2018. Archived from the original on 25 October 2023. Retrieved 25 October 2023. Ambassadors, Romanian army officers and others laid wreaths at a war memorial as Romania marked the end of World War I a century ago.
  117. ↑ "Thousands attend Armistice memorial events around Belgium". The Bulletin . 11 November 2018. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
  118. 1 2 "A Bruxelles, Ypres, Mons, revivez les commémorations du 11 novembre en Belgique" [In Brussels, Yprs, Mons, relive the commemorations of 11 November in Belgium] (in French). RTBF. 11 November 2018. Archived from the original on 2 March 2022. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
  119. ↑ Montpetit, Jonathan (11 November 2018). "In Mons, Belgians turn out to remember their Canadian liberators of 1918". CBC News . Retrieved 17 April 2021.
  120. ↑ "Mons, Belgium honours Canada 100 years after end of First World War". CTV News. 11 November 2018. Archived from the original on 12 November 2018. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
  121. ↑ Montgomery, Marc (7 November 2018). "Canadians to recreate Armistice parade in Mons, Belgium, 100 years later". Radio Canada International . Archived from the original on 7 November 2018. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
  122. ↑ Rising, David (4 November 2018). "100-year anniversary of WWI's end barely a blip in Germany". CTV News. Associated Press. Retrieved 6 October 2023.
  123. ↑ "31 international artists interpret World War I". Deutsche Welle. 8 November 2018. Retrieved 6 October 2023.
  124. ↑ "Collector coins to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the Armistice Ending World War I". Magyar Nemzeti Bank. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
  125. ↑ Moore, Aoife (11 November 2018). "Michael D Higgins attends Armistice Day centenary commemorations". Irish Mirror. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
  126. ↑ Lynott, Laura; Riegel, Ralph (11 November 2018). "President Michael D Higgins honours 200,000 Irish soldiers who fought in WWI as he speaks of 'official amnesia' after conflict". Irish Independent . Retrieved 14 January 2024.
  127. ↑ "4 Novembre: Mattarella a Trieste, mille militari in piazza". Agenzia ANSA (in Italian). 30 October 2018. Retrieved 26 February 2024.
  128. ↑ "Italian president laments WWI's roots in aggressive nationalism as observances begin for Armistice Day's 100th anniversary". Los Angeles Times . Associated Press. 5 November 2018. Retrieved 30 October 2022.
  129. ↑ "Cérémonie en présence du couple grand-ducal et du Premier ministre" [Ceremony in the presence of the Grand Ducal couple and the Prime Minister]. RTL 5minutes (in French). RTL. 11 November 2018. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  130. ↑ "Poland Marks Centenary of Its National Rebirth at End of WWI". Voice of America. Associated Press. 11 November 2018. Retrieved 4 February 2024.
  131. 1 2 Davies, Christian (11 November 2018). "Poland's president addresses far right at independence march". The Guardian. ISSN   0261-3077 . Retrieved 4 February 2024.
  132. ↑ "Polish far-right hold march on centenary". Deutsche Welle. 11 November 2018. Retrieved 4 February 2024.
  133. ↑ "Court approves Warsaw 'independence march'". Deutsche Welle. 8 November 2018. Retrieved 4 February 2024.
  134. ↑ Mares, Courtney (11 November 2018). "Pope Francis marks World War I centenary with message of peace". Catholic News Agency. Archived from the original on 25 October 2023. Retrieved 25 October 2023.
  135. ↑ Ljungblad, Tammy; Cronkleton, Robert A. (11 November 2018). "'The world came to its senses': KC marks WWI armistice centennial, Veterans Day". The Kansas City Star . Archived from the original on 12 November 2018. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  136. ↑ "WWI Commemorative Service". Washington National Cathedral. Archived from the original on 11 August 2020. Retrieved 1 April 2021.
  137. ↑ Bahrampour, Tara (12 November 2018). "Nation's capital honors veterans 100 years after the end of World War I". Washington Post. ISSN   0190-8286 . Retrieved 13 June 2024.
  138. ↑ Macias, Amanda (17 August 2018). "Trump says he canceled military parade over 'ridiculously high' cost, which he blames on local DC politicians". CNBC. Retrieved 14 July 2021.
  139. ↑ Campbell, Barbara; Chappell, Bill (16 August 2018). "No Military Parade For Trump In D.C. This Year; Pentagon Looking At Dates In 2019". NPR. Archived from the original on 3 July 2019. Retrieved 3 July 2019.
  140. ↑ Eilperin, Juliet; Dawsey, Josh; Lamothe, Dan (1 July 2019). "Trump asks for tanks, Marine One and much more for grandiose July Fourth event". The Washington Post . Archived from the original on 1 July 2019. Retrieved 4 July 2019. Trump has been fixated since early in his term on putting on a military-heavy parade or other celebration modeled on France's Bastille Day celebration, which he attended in Paris in 2017.

Works cited

Further reading

Commons-logo.svg Related media at Wikimedia Commons:

Official websites and documents
Videos
Others
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.