Ceratonykus

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Ceratonykus
Temporal range: Late Cretaceous, 72.1  Ma
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Ceratonykus oculatus.jpg
Life restoration
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Clade: Dinosauria
Clade: Saurischia
Clade: Theropoda
Family:† Alvarezsauridae
Genus:† Ceratonykus
Alifanov & Barsbold, 2009
Species:
†C. oculatus
Binomial name
†Ceratonykus oculatus
Alifanov & Barsbold, 2009

Ceratonykus (meaning "horned claw") is a monospecific genus of alvarezsaurid dinosaur from Mongolia that lived during the Late Cretaceous (late Campanian stage, 72.1 Ma) in what is now the Barun Goyot Formation. The type and only species, Ceratonykus oculatus, is known from a fragmentary skeleton, including an incomplete skull, of an adult individual. It was named and described in 2009 by Vladimir Alifanov and Rinchen Barsbold. Its describers questioned the traditional placement of alvarezsaurs in Theropoda, instead suggesting they were ornithischians, but this has not been accepted since. Ceratonykus has an estimated length of 75 centimetres (2.46 feet) and weight of 760 grams (1.68 pounds). It has been considered as a possible junior synonym of Parvicursor .

Contents

Discovery and naming

Fossil localities in Mongolia. Ceratonykus fossils have been collected at Hermiin Tsav (area A) Cretaceous-aged dinosaur fossil localities of Mongolia.PNG
Fossil localities in Mongolia. Ceratonykus fossils have been collected at Hermiin Tsav (area A)

In 2003, a partial skeleton of an alvarezsaurid was discovered in the Barun Goyot Formation of the Khermiin Tsav locality, Mongolia by the Paleontological Center of the Mongolian Academy of Sciences (MPC) preparator Otkhoon Zhargal. The skeleton was enclosed in two pieces of rock during the time of the discovery. The specimen was subsequently named and described in 2009 by Vladimir Alifanov and Rinchen Barsbold. The holotype specimen, MPC no. 100/124, consists of an incomplete skull and lower jaw, cervical vertebrae, caudal vertebrae, sternum, left and right coracoids, a right humeral fragment, distal elements of forelimbs, fragmentary ilium, and hindlimbs. The specimen is of an adult individual based on the fusion of the astragali and tibiae, with partially obliterated sutures. [1]

The generic name, Ceratonykus, is derived from the Greek words "ceratinus" (horned) and "onyx" (claw). The specific name, oculatus, is derived from the Latin word "oculatus" (sharp-sighted, big-eyed). [1]

Description

Size and distinguishing traits

Size of various Alvarezsaurids compared to a human, Ceratonykus in red Alvarezsaurid scale martyniuk.png
Size of various Alvarezsaurids compared to a human, Ceratonykus in red

In 2016, Gregory S. Paul gave Ceratonykus an estimated length of 0.6 metres (2.0 feet) and weight of 1 kilogram (2.2 pounds). [2] However, Molina-Pérez and Larramendi (2016) gave Ceratonykus an estimated length of 75 centimetres (2.46 feet) and weight of 760 grams (1.68 pounds). [3]

Alifanov & Barsbold (2009) originally diagnosed Ceratonykus based on the long preorbital skull region; an upper temporal fenestrae ovate that was 0.4 as long as the frontals; the length of the frontal being almost four times greater than its width; the frontals narrowing towards the rostrum into a narrow wedge; the prefrontals adjoining each other towards the middle; the basipterygoid processes being two-thirds as high as the quadrates; the dentaries form a deep and rostrally tapering depression; extensive mandibular fenestrae; narrow centra of cervical and anterior caudal vertebrae; the deltopectoral crest being separated from the humeral head by a notch; the basal phalanx of the major digit of the manus is extended, with its flanks moderately wide, and a narrow and symmetrical distal condyle; the postacetabular plate of the ilia possessing a relatively small longitudinal craniomedial crest; a strongly curved femora that is nearly half as long as tibiotarsus; a distinct fourth trochanter; an undeveloped cnemial crest of the tibiae; an ascending process of the astragali that is high and wide; the tarsometatarsals being 1.33 as long as the femora; the second and fourth metatarsals tightly adjoining each other over its entire extent; a deep notch that is formed proximodorsally between the metatarsals; the second metatarsals being shorter than the fourth distally; tarsometatarsals that are 3.5 times as long as the third metatarsals; and the basal phalanx of the fourth digit of the hind feet only being slightly shorter than the basal phalanx of second digit. [1]

Cranium

The part of the skull nearest to the rostrum is narrow and extended, with a deep occipital region and large orbits. The antorbital fenestrae were at least half as large as the orbits and the temporal bars are relatively small, while the lower temporal fenestrae are narrow and slightly lower in height than the diameter of the orbits. Both of the frontals are paired, however, the left frontal is missing the posteromedial margin while the right frontal is only known from the rostral end. Both frontals are four times as long as wide, similar to Shuvuuia, and are narrow wedge-shaped in front view. The squamosal bones adjoin the postorbital and the paroccipital process, while also being relatively short and t-shaped. The postorbital bones have a large medial process and connect to the parietal and frontal by a different process. The ventral process of the lacrimals are narrow with the dorsal process being very long and rod-like. Both the jugals and the quadratojugals circular in cross section and are fused but do not form a suture. The quadrates are high, with the distal condyle being present on the occipital crest and the lateral crest being connected to the upper side of the contact zone of the squamosal and postorbital bones. As in Shuvuuia, a notch is present in between the lateral and occipital condyles. The paroccipital processes of the braincase are compressed towards the upper side and underside. The interior of the prootics have a coarse-cellular structure, which can only be viewed on the right side of the skull. The basioccipital forms an occipital condyle on a long and wide neck, while exoccipitals do no not form a part of the condyle. Unlike Shuvuuia, the basipterygoid processes diverge at almost 60° and are almost two-thirds as long as the quadrates. [1]

The dentaries are long, with the rostral end slightly expanding vertically and curving downwards. The mandibular fenestrae have a wide oval shape and an anterior border that is in line with the border between the first and second thirds of the orbits. The lower jaw rami form the para-articular processes, which are in line with the quadrate–mandibular articulation. [1]

The base of the right occipital process contained a cavity. A coarse-cellular structure is seen on the right side of the skull. The body of the basioccipital forms an occipital condyle, while the exoccipitals do not form a part of the condyle. The sphenoccipital tubercles are separated by a wide groove and a depression is present in the contact area of the basioccipital and basisphenoid. The basisphenoid coincides with the basipterygoid processes, which slightly compresses towards the sides and middle. The cerebral hemispheres constitute a majority of the brain. These cerebral hemi-spheres are separated from the midbrain by the presence of a sulcus and preserve traces of the brain membrane. An interhemispheric sulcus is present at the start of the olfactory tracts. The optic lobes are displaced towards the anterior, which is a characteristic of extant birds. The eyeballs would have been positioned towards the brain and are a quarter of the head length in diameter, a feature that suggests the eyesight of alvarezsaurs were the key afferent system. The acoustic tubercles are unusually wide and are positioned between the occipital edge of the cerebral hemispheres and cerebellum. [1]

Postcrania

The atlas is likely represented by the intercentrum, which is low and elongated with the posterior region being broken off. There is a vertically positioned bone that is present on the fragment that likely represents the neural arch of the atlas. The series of three cervical vertebrae lack pleurocoels and has condyles that are very small and hemi-spherical. These condyles are also small in other vertebrae. The vertebral centra expand slightly more wider than those of Mononykus and are slightly more narrower than those of Shuvuuia . The diapophyses on the first two vertebrae of the series are relatively small but are wider at the base and extend towards the sides and underside. The parapophyses are separated by a ventral groove from each other and connect to the diapophyses by a narrow crest on the middle vertebra. The neural arch of this vertebra is wide and low, with the neural spine being completely absent. The first free caudal vertebra has a centrum that is narrow and is moderately high, with a small ventral keel being present near the condyle. Much like the first free caudal vertebra, the three articulated anterior caudal vertebrae have a centrum that is narrow but are high over the entire extent. Different to the first free caudal vertebra and the three articulated anterior caudal vertebrae are two isolated vertebrae of the middle caudal region that have a low centrum, and a barely viewable crest in place of the neural spine. However, all caudal vertebrae are procoelous. [1]

The sternum of the pectoral girdle is an unpaired bone that lacks a pronounced medial keel. The side surface of the coracoids is convex, with the posterodorsal edge being thickened and a short crest forming close to the posterosuperior margin. The base of the humeral head was inclined caudally. The deltopectoral crest was separated from the humeral head by a notch, with the upper region resembling a high process based on the rounded outline of the base and foramen in the centre. Ceratonykus has a basal phalanx of the major digit that is similar to that of Mononykus, but differs in the narrower distal part. The second carpometacarpus possesses two spike like bones that range in size which may have been terminal phalanges of digits rather. The posterior plate of the left ilium is wide and flat, with the side margin being arched and the craniomedial part having a longitudinal crest. [1]

The femora lack epiphyses and are convex in the proximal part, while the medial surface is straight. The tibiae also lacks epiphyses and the tibiotarsals are slightly curved towards the sides in the upper half. The tibiae are subcircular in cross section and lack a projecting part of the external cnemial crest, with the astragali being completely fused to the bones. The metatarsals are one and a third times as long as the femora, with the tarsometatarsus being three and a half times as long as the third metatarsals. Dorsal and palmar grooves are present in the area of connection of the metatarsals and tarsometatarsus, but disappear in the lower palmar third of the tarsometatarsals. As in Parvicursor , the second metatarsals were shorter than the fourth metatarsals, with the metatarsals being widened in the middle part in side view. Due to the poor preservation of the holotype specimen, the shape of articular facets of the metatarsals and digits is not known. Found in natural articulation were the basal phalanges of the second and third digits of the right foot. Ceratonykus has a similar ratio of the lengths of basal phalanges as Mononykus as the larger basal phalanx of the fourth digit is slightly shorter than the basal phalanx of the second digit, and the basal phalanx of the third digit is slightly longer than the basal phalanx of the second digit. [1]

Classification

Alifanov & Barsbold (2009) originally placed Ceratonykus within Alvarezsauria, within the clade Parvicursoridae, as sister taxon to Mononykus . The authors questioned the traditional placement of Alvarezsauria within Theropoda, instead suggesting they were ornithischians, but since then this has not been accepted. [1] Qin et al. (2019) recovered Ceratonykus within a polytomy with Linhenykus, Shuvuuia , Mononykus and Parvicursor, a position also recovered by Xu et al. (2018). [4] [5] Lee et al. (2019) recovered it in a similar position, but with the inclusion of Nemegtonykus and a clade containing Kol , Xixianykus and Albinykus . [6] In addition, it was also recovered within a polytomy by Fowler et al. (2020), with the inclusion of Trierarchuncus , and Averianov & Lopatin (2021), with the inclusion of Khulsanurus , in a strict consensus tree using unweighted characters. [7] [8] However, a strict consensus tree with implied weighting by Averianov & Lopatin (2021) placed it as sister taxon to Parvicursor. [8] Agnolin et al. (2012) positioned Ceratonykus within the tribe Ceratonykini, as sister taxon to Xixianykus and Albinykus. [9] Averianov & Lopatin (2022b) considered Ceratonykus to be a junior synonym of Parvicursor as the differences between both taxa were minimal and concerned characters that are likely to be ontogenetic and possibly also individual variation. [10]

A phylogenetic analysis conducted by Averianov & Lopatin (2022b) is reproduced below. [10]

Alvarezsauridae

The results of an earlier analysis by Agnolin et al. (2012) are reproduced below. [9]

Alvarezsauridae

Paleobiology

In 2011, Vladimir Alifanov and Sergey Savelyev described the natural braincase cast of Ceratonykus. The authors noted that the brain anatomy is a linear structure, with no bends in the parasagittal plane at the boundaries between the mesencephalon and myelencephalon, a feature that is not seen in crocodiles, birds and other dinosaurs. The visual and auditory analysers are represented by separate lobes in the midbrain, with the optic lobes being displaced ventrolaterally like that of birds. Alifanov and Savelyev tested the hypothesis of climbing ancestors of alvarezsaurs by looking at the cerebellum of Ceratonykus, which has at least one transverse sulcus as in crocodiles but not lizards. Due to crocodiles having a better coordination of movements than lizards, as they need to orient themselves in three dimensional space, the authors proposed that the ancestor of alvarezsaurs were likely arboreal. The authors also suggested that the complex cerebellum could have been useful for efficient regulation of the speed and numerous movement patterns such as jumping in terrestrial alvarezsaurs. Additionally, they considered that specialization of the eyesight, hearing and sense of smell might have made alvarezsaurs efficient for searching for food and hunting. [11] Agnolín et al. (2021) also noted that the enlarged spinal cord of the neck and the expansion of the cerebellum of Ceratonykus suggests a locomotor improvement in alvarezsaurs. [12]

Paleoenvironment

Parvicursor, an alvarezsaurid contemporaneous with Ceratonykus Parvicursor.jpg
Parvicursor, an alvarezsaurid contemporaneous with Ceratonykus

Ceratonykus is known from the Barun Goyot Formation, which has been dated to the Campanian stage of the Late Cretaceous period. The Barun Goyot Formation has a thickness of 110 metres (360 feet) and overlies the Djadokhta Formation. The sediments of the formation were deposited in various conditions, with the lower part consisting of alternating dune deposits and lakes that existed in interdune areas, while the upper part consisted of sediments that were deposited over an area similar to takyrs that was flooded at irregular intervals. Overall, the formation had a semi-arid climate with significant rainfall. [13]

The fauna of the Barun Goyot Formation consists of the alvarezsaurids Khulsanurus , [8] Ondogurvel [10] and Parvicursor, [14] the ankylosaurine ankylosaurids Saichania , [15] Tarchia , [15] Zaraapelta [16] and an indeterminate ankylosaurid; [17] the ceratopsians Bagaceratops , [18] [19] [20] Breviceratops [21] [19] and possibly Udanoceratops; [22] the velociraptorine dromaeosaurids Kuru [23] and Shri; [24] the halszkaraptorine unenlagiid Hulsanpes; [25] the pachycephalosaurid Tylocephale; [26] [27] the oviraptorids Conchoraptor , [28] Heyuannia [28] and Nemegtomaia , [29] the titanosaur sauropod Quaesitosaurus; [30] the enantiornithines Gobipteryx [31] and Gobipipus; [32] and the ornithuromorph bird Hollanda. [33] [34]

Related Research Articles

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<i>Parvicursor</i> Extinct genus of dinosaurs

Parvicursor is a genus of tiny maniraptoran dinosaur with long slender legs for fast running.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alvarezsauridae</span> Family of extinct long-legged dinosaurs

Alvarezsauridae is a family of small, long-legged dinosaurs. Although originally thought to represent the earliest known flightless birds, they are now thought to be an early diverging branch of maniraptoran theropods. Alvarezsaurids were highly specialized. They had tiny but stout forelimbs, with compact, bird-like hands. Their skeletons suggest that they had massive breast and arm muscles, possibly adapted for digging or tearing. They had long, tube-shaped snouts filled with tiny teeth. They have been interpreted as myrmecophagous, adapted to prey on colonial insects such as termites, with the short arms acting as effective digging instruments to break into nests.

<i>Avimimus</i> Extinct genus of reptiles

Avimimus, meaning "bird mimic", is a genus of oviraptorosaurian theropod dinosaur, named for its bird-like characteristics, that lived in the late Cretaceous in what is now Mongolia, around 85 to 70 million years ago.

<i>Garudimimus</i> Ornithomimosaur genus from the Late Cretaceous

Garudimimus is a genus of ornithomimosaur that lived in Asia during the Late Cretaceous. The genus is known from a single specimen found in 1981 by a Soviet-Mongolian paleontological expedition in the Bayan Shireh Formation and formally described in the same year by Rinchen Barsbold; the only species is Garudimimus brevipes. Several interpretations about the anatomical traits of Garudimimus were made in posterior examinations of the specimen, but most of them were criticized during its comprehensive redescription in 2005. Extensive undescribed ornithomimosaur remains at the type locality of Garudimimus may represent additional specimens of the genus.

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<i>Bagaceratops</i> Protoceratopsid dinosaur genus from the Late Cretaceous

Bagaceratops is a genus of small protoceratopsid dinosaurs that lived in Asia during the Late Cretaceous, around 72 to 71 million years ago. Bagaceratops remains have been reported from the Barun Goyot Formation and Bayan Mandahu Formation. One specimen may argue the possible presence of Bagaceratops in the Djadochta Formation.

<i>Tylocephale</i> Extinct genus of dinosaurs

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<i>Kuru kulla</i> Extinct genus of dinosaurs

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<i>Patagonykus</i> Extinct genus of dinosaurs

Patagonykus is a genus of theropod dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of Argentina. This alvarezsauroid was discovered in exposures of the Portezuelo Formation (Turonian-Coniacian) of the Rio Neuquén Subgroup in the Neuquén Basin, Neuquen Province of Patagonia, Argentina. The holotype consists of an incomplete but well-preserved skeleton, lacking a skull, but including many vertebrae, the coracoids, a partial forelimb, pelvic girdle, and hindlimbs. Patagonykus has been classed with the Alvarezsauridae, a family which includes such taxa as the Mongolian Mononykus and the Argentinian Alvarezsaurus. In 2010 Gregory S. Paul estimated its length at 1 meter and its weight at 3.5 kg.

<i>Hulsanpes</i> Extinct genus of dinosaurs

Hulsanpes is a genus of halszkaraptorine theropod dinosaurs that lived during the Late Cretaceous in what is now the Barun Goyot Formation of Mongolia, about 75-72 million years ago. The remains were found in 1970 and formally described in 1982 by Halszka Osmólska, who noted that the genus is represented by an immature individual. Hulsanpes represents the first record of the basal dromaeosaurid subfamily Halszkaraptorinae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Barun Goyot Formation</span> Geological formation in Mongolia

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<i>Kol ghuva</i> Extinct species of dinosaur

Kol is an extinct genus of coelurosaurian theropod dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia. The type and only species is Kol ghuva. The type specimen was excavated from the Ukhaa Tolgod locality of the Djadochta Formation, dating to about 75 million years ago. It is believed to have been about twice the size of the contemporaneous Shuvuuia. However, unlike Shuvuuia, which is known from many well preserved specimens, and although Ukhaa Tolgod has been thoroughly explored, Kol is known only from one complete foot, suggesting that it must have been relatively rare in that ecosystem.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alvarezsauroidea</span> Extinct superfamily of dinosaurs

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<i>Natovenator</i> Genus of dromaeosaurid dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous

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<i>Jaculinykus</i> Genus of alvarezsaurid dinosaurs

Jaculinykus is an extinct genus of alvarezsaurid theropod dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous Baruungoyot Formation of Mongolia. The genus contains a single species, J. yaruui, known from a nearly complete articulated skeleton including bones of the skull. Jaculinykus is notable for its unique hand, which has a hypertrophied first digit and greatly reduced second digit, which is intermediate between the tridactyl hand of Shuvuuia and monodactyl hand of Linhenykus.

<i>Harenadraco</i> Genus of troodontid dinosaurs

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References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Alifanova, V. R.; Barsboldb, R. (2009). "Ceratonykus oculatus gen. et sp. nov., a New Dinosaur (?Theropoda, Alvarezsauria) from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia". Paleontological Journal. 43 (1): 94–106. doi:10.1134/S0031030109010109. S2CID   129589208.
  2. ↑ Paul, G.S., 2016, The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs 2nd Edition, Princeton University Press
  3. ↑ Molina-Pérez & Larramendi (2016). Récords y curiosidades de los dinosaurios Terópodos y otros dinosauromorfos. Spain: Larousse. p. 269.
  4. ↑ Qin, Zichuan; Clark, James; Choiniere, Jonah; Xu, Xing (2019). "A new alvarezsaurian theropod from the Upper Jurassic Shishugou Formation of western China". Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 11727. Bibcode:2019NatSR...911727Q. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-48148-7. PMC   6692367 . PMID   31409823.
  5. ↑ Xu, Xing; Choiniere, Jonah; Tan, Qingwei; Benson, Roger B.J; Clark, James; Sullivan, Corwin; Zhao, Qi; Han, Fenglu; Ma, Qingyu; He, Yiming; Wang, Shuo; Xing, Hai; Tan, Lin (2018). "Two Early Cretaceous Fossils Document Transitional Stages in Alvarezsaurian Dinosaur Evolution". Current Biology. 28 (17): 2853–2860.e3. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.07.057 . PMID   30146153.
  6. ↑ Lee, Sungjin; Park, Jin-Young; Lee, Yuong-Nam; Kim, Su-Hwan; Lü, Junchang; Barsbold, Rinchen; Tsogtbaatar, Khishigjav (2019). "A new alvarezsaurid dinosaur from the Nemegt Formation of Mongolia". Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 15493. Bibcode:2019NatSR...915493L. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-52021-y. PMC   6820876 . PMID   31664171.
  7. ↑ Denver W. Fowler; John P. Wilson; Elizabeth A. Freedman Fowler; Christopher R. Noto; Daniel Anduza; John R. Horner (2020). "Trierarchuncus prairiensis gen. et sp. nov., the last alvarezsaurid: Hell Creek Formation (uppermost Maastrichtian), Montana". Cretaceous Research. 116: Article 104560. Bibcode:2020CrRes.11604560F. doi: 10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104560 . S2CID   225630913.
  8. 1 2 3 Averianov AO, Lopatin AV (2022). "The second taxon of alvarezsaurid theropod dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous Khulsan locality in Gobi Desert, Mongolia". Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology. 34 (11): 2125–2136. doi:10.1080/08912963.2021.2000976. S2CID   244421277.
  9. 1 2 Federico L. Agnolin; Jaime E. Powell; Fernando E. Novas & Martin Kundrát (June 2012). "New alvarezsaurid (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from uppermost Cretaceous of north-western Patagonia with associated eggs". Cretaceous Research. 35: 33–56. Bibcode:2012CrRes..35...33A. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2011.11.014.
  10. 1 2 3 Averianov AO, Lopatin AV (2022). "A re-appraisal of Parvicursor remotus from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia: implications for the phylogeny and taxonomy of alvarezsaurid theropod dinosaurs". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 19 (16): 1097–1128. doi:10.1080/14772019.2021.2013965. S2CID   247222017.
  11. ↑ Alifanov, Vladimir; Saveliev, S. V. (2011). "Brain structure and neurobiology of Alvarezsaurians (Dinosauria), exemplified by Ceratonykus oculatus (Parvicursoridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia". Paleontological Journal. 45 (2): 183–190. doi:10.1134/S0031030111020031. S2CID   86755622.
  12. ↑ L. Agnolín, Federico; Lu, Jun-Chang; Kundrát, Martin; Li, Xu (2021). "Alvarezsaurid osteology: new data on cranial anatomy". Historical Biology. 34 (3): 443–452. doi:10.1080/08912963.2021.1929203. S2CID   236221732.
  13. ↑ Gradzinski, R.; Jerzyklewicz, T. (1974). "Sedimentation of the Barun Goyot Formation". Palaeontologia Polonica (30): 126–111.
  14. ↑ Karhu, A.A. and Rautian, A.S. (1996). "A new family of Maniraptora (Dinosauria: Saurischia) from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia". Paleontological JournalRussian Academy of Sciences 30(5): 583-592.
  15. 1 2 Maryańska, T. (1977). "Ankylosauridae (Dinosauria) from Mongolia". Palaeontologia Polonica. 37: 85–151.
  16. ↑ Arbour, V.M.; Currie, P.J.; Badamgarav, D. (2014). "The ankylosaurid dinosaurs of the Upper Cretaceous Baruungoyot and Nemegt formations of Mongolia". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 172 (3): 631–652. doi:10.1111/zoj.12185.
  17. ↑ Park, J.-Y.; Lee, Y. N.; Currie, P. J.; Ryan, M. J.; Bell, P.; Sissons, R.; Koppelhus, E. B.; Barsbold, R.; Lee, S.; Kim, S.-H. (2021). "A new ankylosaurid skeleton from the Upper Cretaceous Baruungoyot Formation of Mongolia: its implications for ankylosaurid postcranial evolution". Scientific Reports. 11 (4101): 4101. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-83568-4 . PMC   7973727 . PMID   33737515.
  18. ↑ Maryańska, T.; Osmólska, H. (1975). "Protoceratopsidae (Dinosauria) of Asia" (PDF). Palaeontologia Polonica. 33: 134−143.
  19. 1 2 Czepiński, Ł. (2019). "Ontogeny and variation of a protoceratopsid dinosaur Bagaceratops rozhdestvenskyi from the Late Cretaceous of the Gobi Desert" (PDF). Historical Biology. 32 (10): 1394–1421. doi:10.1080/08912963.2019.1593404. S2CID   132780322. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-07-08. Retrieved 2022-04-03.
  20. ↑ Kim, B.; Yun, H.; Lee, Y.-N. (2019). "The postcranial skeleton of Bagaceratops (Ornithischia: Neoceratopsia) from the Baruungoyot Formation (Upper Cretaceous) in Hermiin Tsav of southwestern Gobi, Mongolia". Journal of the Geological Society of Korea. 55 (2): 179−190. doi:10.14770/jgsk.2019.55.2.179.
  21. ↑ Kurzanov, S. M. (1990). "A new Late Cretaceous protoceratopsid genus from Mongolia". Paleontological Journal. 24: 85−91.
  22. ↑ Tereschhenko, V. S. (2008). "Adaptive Features of Protoceratopsids (Ornithischia: Neoceratopsia)". Paleontological Journal. 42 (3): 50−64. doi:10.1134/S003103010803009X. S2CID   84366476.
  23. ↑ Napoli, J. G.; Ruebenstahl, A. A.; Bhullar, B.-A. S.; Turner, A. H.; Norell, M. A. (2021). "A New Dromaeosaurid (Dinosauria: Coelurosauria) from Khulsan, Central Mongolia" (PDF). American Museum Novitates (3982): 1–47. doi:10.1206/3982.1. hdl:2246/7286. ISSN   0003-0082. S2CID   243849373.
  24. ↑ Turner, A. H.; Montanari, S.; Norell, M. A. (2021). "A New Dromaeosaurid from the Late Cretaceous Khulsan Locality of Mongolia" (PDF). American Museum Novitates (3965): 1−48. doi:10.1206/3965.1. hdl: 2246/7251 . ISSN   0003-0082. S2CID   231597229.
  25. ↑ Cau, A.; Madzia, D. (2018). "Redescription and affinities of Hulsanpes perlei (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia". PeerJ. 6: e4868. doi: 10.7717/peerj.4868 . PMC   5978397 . PMID   29868277.
  26. ↑ Maryańska, T.; Osmólska, H. (1974). "Pachycephalosauria, a new suborder of ornithischian dinosaurs" (PDF). Palaeontologica Polonica (30): 45−102.
  27. ↑ Sullivan, R. M. (2006). "A taxonomic review of the Pachycephalosauridae (Dinosauria: Ornithischia)". New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin (35): 347–365.
  28. 1 2 Funston, G. F.; Mendonca, S. E.; Currie, P. J.; Barsbold, R.; Barsbold, R. (2018). "Oviraptorosaur anatomy, diversity and ecology in the Nemegt Basin". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 494: 101−120. Bibcode:2018PPP...494..101F. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.10.023.
  29. ↑ Fanti, F.; Currie, P. J.; Badamgarav, D.; Lalueza-Fox, C. (2012). "New specimens of Nemegtomaia from the Baruungoyot and Nemegt Formations (Late Cretaceous) of Mongolia". PLOS ONE. 7 (2): e31330. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...731330F. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031330 . PMC   3275628 . PMID   22347465.
  30. ↑ Kurzanov, S. and Bannikov, A. (1983). "A new sauropod from the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia". Paleontologicheskii Zhurnal 2: 90–96.
  31. ↑ Elzanowski, A. (1977). Skulls of Gobipteryx (Aves) from the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia. Results of the Polish-Mongolian Paleontological Expeditions - Part VII. Palaeontologica Polonica. 37, 153-165.
  32. ↑ Kurochkin, E. N.; Chatterjee, S.; Mikhailov, K. E. (2013). An embryonic enantiornithine bird and associated eggs from the cretaceous of Mongolia. Paleontol. J. 47, 1252–1269.
  33. ↑ Bell, A.K., Chiappe, L.M., Suzuki, S., Watabe, M. (2008). "Phylogenetic and morphometric analysis of a new ornithuromorph from the Barun Goyot Formation, Southern Mongolia." Abstracts of the 7th International Meeting of the Society of Avian Paleontology and Evolution.1.
  34. ↑ Bell, A.K., Chiappe, L.M., Erickson, G.M., Suzuki, S., Watabe, M., Barsbold, R. and Tsogtbaatar, K. (2010). "Description and ecologic analysis of Hollanda luceria, a Late Cretaceous bird from the Gobi Desert (Mongolia)." Cretaceous Research, 31(1): 16-26. doi : 10.1016/j.cretres.2009.09.001
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