Haplogroup O-K18

Haplogroup O-K18 a.k.a. O-F2320
Possible time of origin	31,108 (95% CI 22,844 <-> 34,893) ybp [1] 29,190 ybp [2] 28,200 [95% CI 26,000 <-> 30,400] years before present [3]
Coalescence age	26,840 ybp [2] 26,000 [95% CI 23,800 <-> 28,400] years before present [3]
Possible place of origin	Southeast Asia or East Asia [3]
Ancestor	O-M268 (O1b)
Descendants	Primary: O-M1470 (O1b1a). Secondary: O-CTS10007 (O1b1a1a), O-M1283 (O1b1a1a1b), O-F4212 (O1b1a1a1a1b2), O-CTS10484 (O1b1a1a1a1b1b), O-CTS7399 (O1b1a1a1a1b1a), O-M111 (O1b1a1a1a1a), O-PK4 (O1b1a1), O-CTS10887/O-PAGE59(O1b1a2). [4]
Defining mutations	K18; F2320; F3008/M1441; F3286/M146; M95; F1931/M1362; F1358/M1318; CTS11761/M1487
Highest frequencies	Southern China, Southeast Asia, India (Austroasiatic peoples and Kuki-Chin-Mizo peoples)

Haplogroup O-K18 also known as O-F2320 and (as of 2017) Haplogroup O1b1, ^[5] is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. Haplogroup O-K18 is a descendant branch of Haplogroup O-P31. Based on its disjunct distribution, O-K18 can be further divided into south subclade O1b1a1-PK4 and north subclade O1b1a2-CTS4040. O-CTS4040 is widely distributed in East Asia, whereas O-PK4 is more frequent in South China and Southeast Asia. O-PK4 is best known for the high frequency of its O-M95 subclade among populations of Southeast Asia and among speakers of Austroasiatic languages in South Asia.

Origin

In a paper published in 2011 by a group of Chinese researchers affiliated with Fudan University, it has been suggested that China is the origin of the expansion of haplogroup O-M268, the parent haplogroup of O-F2320. ^[6]

Distribution

Haplogroup O-K18 is distributed widely in Asia, from southern India to the Altai Mountains and Central Asia in the west, and from Indonesia to northern China and Japan in the east. According to its distribution, O-K18 can be roughly divided into north subclade O-CTS4040 and south subclade O-PK4. O-CTS4040 is overall uncommon, but it is relatively abundant in Northern and Eastern parts of China (about 5%). It is also found at low frequencies of approximately 1% or less at the periphery of its distribution in other Indo-Pacific area like Vietnamese, Koreans, Japanese, West Kalimantan, Hazaras, and Arabs (Qatar). The other haplogroup O-PK4 consists of O-F838 and O-M95. O-F838 are more frequent in the South Han in China, showing the same trend with the its parallel branch O-M95 in China. The other branch, O-M95, is the best known subclade for the whole Y Haplogroup O-K18. O-M95 is found only at marginally low frequencies of approximately 1% at the periphery of its distribution in southern India, Central Asia, northern China, and Japan, but many populations within the vast intervening territory in South Asia, Southeast Asia, and southern China display a greatly elevated frequency of Haplogroup O-M95 Y-chromosomes. Haplogroup O-M122, which attains its peak frequency among speakers of Sino-Tibetan and Hmong–Mien languages in China and Southeast Asia, and Haplogroup O-M119, which predominates among Taiwanese aborigines and many populations of the Philippines, also generally occur among speakers of Austroasiatic languages in South China and the Indochinese Peninsula, but usually at much lower frequencies than Haplogroup O-M95.

Modern northern Han Chinese Y haplogroups and mtdna match those of ancient northern Han Chinese ancestors 3,000 years ago from the Hengbei archeological site. 89 ancient samples were taken. Y haplogroups O3a, O3a3, M, O2a, Q1a1, and O* were all found in Hengbei samples. ^[7]

According to the National Geographic project regarding O-M95: The Austro-Asiatic language family developed in groups containing men from this lineage. As these groups spread across Southeast Asia in successive waves, they spread their language. Today, the distribution of men from this lineage matches the pattern of these waves of migration. It is 42 percent of male lineages in Java, 40 percent of male lineages in Vietnam, and 38 percent of male lineages in Borneo. It accounts for 28 percent of the male population in Malaysia. It is present in Sumatra in about 14 percent of the male population. In mainland China, it is, on average, about 3 percent of the male population but a lot higher in ethnic minorities of South China. In South Asia, it is 9 percent of the Pardhan, between 1 and 2 percent of the Andh, and 10 percent of the Naikpod. It is around 59 percent of Balinese male lineages.

Haplogroup O-M95 is generally found in high percentages in most Austro-Asiatic ethnic groups but also found high in the Tai-Kradai people of South China and Southeast Asia, and Javanese, Sundanese, and Balinese of Indonesia. It is also widespread in ethnic minorities of South China related to language families of East Asian origin and Southeast Asian origin.

Subclade Distribution

O-K18

O-CTS4040

O-CTS4040 is relatively rare and is usually marked as O1B*/O2*-M268(PK4-, M176-) in the past academic report. It shares a common ancestor with its nearest outgroup, O-PK4, approximately 24,405 (95% CI 17,810 <-> 27,604) ybp according to Karmin et al. 2022, ^[1] approximately 23,410 years before present according to 23mofang, ^[2] or approximately 22,100 (95% CI 20,400 <-> 23,900) years before present according to YFull. ^[3]

It is mainly distributed in East Asia ^[2] and is mainly found in Han Chinese and occasionally found in Taiwan plains tribes, Vietnamese, Dai, Filipinos, Koreans, Japanese, West Kalimantan, Hazaras, and Arabs (Qatar). TMRCA of Han Chinese, Dai, Vietnamese, and Japanese members estimated to be 15,900 [95% CI 13,300 <-> 16,400] ybp. ^[3] Relative paper illustrates O-P31/M268(PK4-, M176-) is found in North China (6.2%), East China (4.8%) and South China (3.1%). ^[8]

Analysis of DNA extracted from a tooth from what are believed to be the remains of Cao Ding shows that he belonged to this clade. The researchers also found that the Y-chromosome of Cao Ding matches those of self-proclaimed living descendants of Cao Cao who hold lineage records dating back to more than 100 generations ago. ^[9] Cao Cao laid the foundation of Cao Wei, one of three major states that succeeded the Han Dynasty of China.

In Yangshao culture (around 5000 BC), there is an ancient male who belongs to haplogroup O-PAGE59 in WangGou site (Zhengzhou, Henan, China). This is currently the oldest discovered ancient DNA that has been confirmed to be derived from O-CTS4040. ^[10]

O-PK4

The coalescence age of O-PK4 is 13,911 (95% CI 11,147 <-> 15,915) ybp according to Karmin et al. 2022, ^[1] 13,060 ybp according to 23mofang, ^[2] or 12,900 (95% CI 11,700 <-> 14,200) years before present according to YFull. ^[3] It mainly consists of two subclades: O-F838 and O-M95. It is best known for the high frequency of its O-M95 subclade among populations of Southeast Asia and among speakers of Austroasiatic languages in South Asia.

O-F838

This lineage has been relocated upstream of M95 following a paper published on the subject in 2011.( Shi Yan et al. 2011 ) harv error: no target: CITEREFShi_Yan_et_al.2011 (help) Found in three samples of Han Chinese: 3/65 = 4.6% South China, 1/129 = 0.8% North China, 1/167 = 0.6% East China.

According to 23mofang, O-F838 (TMRCA 10,730 ybp) currently accounts for the Y-DNA of approximately 1.40% of all males in China, with its distribution being densest in the South Central Region of China. ^[2]

Peng et al. (2013) found O-PK4(xM95), which probably should belong to O-F838 according to the phylogenetic tree of human Y-DNA as it is currently resolved, ^[3] in a Bamar individual in Ayeyarwady Region, Myanmar. ^[11]

Trejaut et al. (2014) found O-PK4(xM95) in one of 18 individuals sampled on Ambon Island, Indonesia, one of 24 individuals sampled in Hanoi, Vietnam, six of 258 miscellaneous Han volunteers in Taiwan, one of 60 Minnan in Taiwan, and one of 85 Siraya in Pingtung, Taiwan. ^[12]

Wang et al. (2014) found O-PK4(xM95) in two of a sample of 46 Khams Tibetans from Xinlong County, Sichuan. ^[13]

O-M95

This subclade is downstream from O-PK4. It reaches high frequencies among the populations of the islands of Sumatra, Java, Bali, and Borneo in western Indonesia ( Underhill 2001 ) harv error: no target: CITEREFUnderhill2001 (help) (Karafet 2010). It has been found to be by far the most common Y-chromosome haplogroup among the Balinese, occurring in approximately 58.6% (323/551) of a sample of Balinese men. It is found around 70% frequency among Bhumij of East India. ^[14] It has been found in 17.1% (6/35) of a sample of Malagasy in Madagascar (Hurles 2005) and in 1.7% (1/60) of a sample of Swahili people in Kilifi, Kenya. ^[15] It is one of the most frequently occurring Y-DNA haplogroups among men in Malaysia, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, and Myanmar. It is also very common among minority ethnic groups in India and China, especially those who have ethnolinguistic connections with populations in Southeast Asia (e.g. Munda peoples, Khasi people, and Nicobarese people in India and Kra–Dai peoples, Blang people, and Mang people in China).

O-M95(xM88) is relatively infrequent in other populations, but a study published in 2006 has found it in samples of Daurs (6/39 = 15.4%), Qiang people (3/33 = 9.1%), She people (3/34 = 8.8%), Hani people (2/34 = 5.9%), Yao people in Liannan, Guangdong (2/35 = 5.7%), Japanese people (2/47 = 4.3%), Evenks in China (1/26 = 3.8%), Han Chinese in Lanzhou, Gansu (1/30 = 3.3%), Han Chinese in Yili, Xinjiang (1/32 = 3.1%), Han Chinese in Chengdu, Sichuan (1/34 = 2.9%), and Yao people in Bama, Guangxi (1/35 = 2.9%). ^[16]

A study published in 2010 found O-M95(xM111) in 57.3% (367/641) Bali, 49.2% (30/61) Java, 31.3% (10/32) Malaysia, 20.9% (18/86) Borneo (Indonesia), 15.8% (6/38) Toba people in Sumatra, 13.0% (7/54) Mandar people in Sulawesi, 7.1% (5/70) Vietnam, 6.1% (10/165) Han Chinese, 4.6% (18/394) Flores, 3.4% (2/58) Miao in China, 2.1% (1/48) Philippines, 1.7% (1/60) Yao in China, and 0.3% (1/350) Sumba. (Karafet 2010)

Trejaut et al. (2014) found O-M95(xM88) in 36.2% (51/141) Java, 29.4% (5/17) Sulawesi, 25.3% (19/75) general population of Bangkok, 25% (2/8) Malaysia, 22.2% (4/18) Ambon, 19.2% (5/26) Sumatra, 12.0% (3/25) Kalimantan, 10.0% (3/30) Yami, 8.3% (2/24) Hanoi, Vietnam, 6.7% (4/60) Minnan in Taiwan, 5.9% (2/34) Hakka in Taiwan, 3.7% (1/27) Akka in Thailand, 3.5% (9/258) miscellaneous Han in Taiwan, 1.8% (1/55) Han in Fujian, 1.6% (6/370) Taiwan Plains Tribes. The authors did not find any cases of O-M95(xM88) among their samples from the Philippines (0/146) or Taiwan Highlands Tribes (0/325). ^[12]

O-M88

This subclade is downstream from O-M95. The TMRCA of O-M88, which is also known as O-M111, is estimated to be 6,607 (95% CI 5,216 <-> 7,632) ybp according to Karmin et al. 2022, ^[1] 5,950 ybp according to 23mofang, ^[2] or 5,600 [95% CI 5,000 <-> 6,300] years before present according to YFull. The entire O-M88 clade is estimated to share a most recent common ancestor with O-CTS5854, most members of which have been found in southern China, Laos, and Thailand, but some also in northern China, Japan, Vietnam, and the Philippines, 10,071 (95% CI 7,821 <-> 11,536) ybp according to Karmin et al. 2022, 9,500 [95% CI 8,600 <-> 10,500] years before present according to YFull, or 8,980 ybp according to 23mofang.

O-M88 is frequently found among Tai peoples, Vietnamese people, Hani-Akha people, She people, and some tribal peoples in Laos (including Aheu people, Xinh Mul people, Alak people, Kuy people, and So people ^[17] ), with a moderate distribution among Cambodians, Qiang people, Yi people, Tujia people, Hlai, Miao, Yao, Cham people, Taiwanese aborigines, populations of Borneo, the Philippines, and Malaysia ( Hurles 2005 ) harv error: no target: CITEREFHurles2005 (help) (Karafet 2010), and Han Chinese of Sichuan, ^[16] Hunan, Guangxi, ^[18] Guangdong, ^[19] Yunnan, ^[20] and Taiwan. ^{[12] [19]}

Trejaut et al. (2014) found O-M88 in 37.5% (21/56) Bunun, 25.9% (7/27) Akka in Thailand, 25.0% (6/24) Hanoi, Vietnam, 17.3% (13/75) general population of Bangkok, Thailand, 5.0% (7/141) Java, 3.4% (5/146) Philippines, 3.3% (1/30) Yami, 2.9% (1/34) Hakka in Taiwan, 1.7% (1/60) Minnan in Taiwan, 1.55% (4/258) Han in Taiwan, and 0.54% (2/370) Taiwan Plains Tribes (including 1/18 Papora and 1/38 Siraya from the Tainan coast). ^[12]

Macholdt et al. (2020) found Y-DNA that belongs to subclades of O-M88 (O-F2758, O-F1399, O-Z24091, O-F2890, and O-Z24014) in 69.4% (25/36) of a sample of Lolo, 32.4% (12/37) of a sample of Nung, 28.0% (14/50) of a sample of Kinh, 22.2% (8/36) of a sample of Lachi, 12.9% (4/31) of a sample of Lahu, 11.6% (5/43) of a sample of Dao, 10.6% (5/47) of a sample of Tày, 8.3% (3/36) of a sample of Pathen, 8.3% (2/24) of a sample of Ede, 6.1% (2/33) of a sample of Hanhi, 4.2% (1/24) of a sample of Thái, and 3.7% (1/27) of a sample of Giarai from Vietnam. ^[21]

O-M297

More research is needed on this lineage. It is claimed to be downstream from M95 and parallel to M88.

Phylogenetics

Phylogenetic history

Main article: Conversion table for Y chromosome haplogroups

Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.

YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand)	(α)	(β)	(γ)	(δ)	(ε)	(ζ)	(η)	YCC 2002 (Longhand)	YCC 2005 (Longhand)	YCC 2008 (Longhand)	YCC 2010r (Longhand)	ISOGG 2006	ISOGG 2007	ISOGG 2008	ISOGG 2009	ISOGG 2010	ISOGG 2011	ISOGG 2012	ISOGG 2020
O-M175	26	VII	1U	28	Eu16	H9	I	O*	O	O	O	O	O	O	O	O	O	O	O
O-M119	26	VII	1U	32	Eu16	H9	H	O1*	O1a	O1a	O1a	O1a	O1a	O1a	O1a	O1a	O1a	O1a	O1a
O-M101	26	VII	1U	32	Eu16	H9	H	O1a	O1a1	O1a1a	O1a1a	O1a1	O1a1	O1a1a	O1a1a	O1a1a	O1a1a	O1a1a	O1a1a1b1a
O-M50	26	VII	1U	32	Eu16	H10	H	O1b	O1a2	O1a2	O1a2	O1a2	O1a2	O1a2	O1a2	O1a2	O1a2	O1a2	O1a2
O-P31	26	VII	1U	33	Eu16	H5	I	O2*	O2	O2	O2	O2	O2	O2	O2	O2	O2	O2	O1b
O-M95	26	VII	1U	34	Eu16	H11	G	O2a*	O2a	O2a	O2a	O2a	O2a	O2a	O2a	O2a	O2a1	O2a1	O1b1a1a
O-M88	26	VII	1U	34	Eu16	H12	G	O2a1	O2a1	O2a1	O2a1	O2a1	O2a1	O2a1	O2a1	O2a1	O2a1a	O2a1a	O1b1a1a1a1a1
O-SRY465 (O-M176)	20	VII	1U	35	Eu16	H5	I	O2b*	O2b	O2b	O2b	O2b	O2b	O2b	O2b	O2b	O2b	O2b	O1b2
O-47z (O-CTS713)	5	VII	1U	26	Eu16	H5	I	O2b1	O2b1a	O2b1	O2b1	O2b1a	O2b1a	O2b1	O2b1	O2b1	O2b1	O2b1	O1b2a1a1
O-M122	26	VII	1U	29	Eu16	H6	L	O3*	O3	O3	O3	O3	O3	O3	O3	O3	O3	O3	O2
O-M121	26	VII	1U	29	Eu16	H6	L	O3a	O3a	O3a1	O3a1	O3a1	O3a1	O3a1	O3a1	O3a1	O3a1a	O3a1a	O2a1a1a1a1
O-M164	26	VII	1U	29	Eu16	H6	L	O3b	O3b	O3a2	O3a2	O3a2	O3a2	O3a2	O3a2	O3a2	O3a1b	O3a1b	O2a1b2a1a1
O-M159 (Page96)	13	VII	1U	31	Eu16	H6	L	O3c	O3c	O3a3a	O3a3a	O3a3	O3a3	O3a3a	O3a3a	O3a3a	O3a3a	O3a3a	O2a2a1a1a
O-M7	26	VII	1U	29	Eu16	H7	L	O3d*	O3c	O3a3b	O3a3b	O3a4	O3a4	O3a3b	O3a3b	O3a3b	O3a2b	O3a2b	O2a2a1a2
O-M113	26	VII	1U	29	Eu16	H7	L	O3d1	O3c1	O3a3b1	O3a3b1	-	O3a4a	O3a3b1	O3a3b1	O3a3b1	O3a2b1	O3a2b1	O2a2a1a2a1a1a1a
O-M134	26	VII	1U	30	Eu16	H8	L	O3e*	O3d	O3a3c	O3a3c	O3a5	O3a5	O3a3c	O3a3c	O3a3c	O3a2c1	O3a2c1	O2a2b1
O-M117	26	VII	1U	30	Eu16	H8	L	O3e1*	O3d1	O3a3c1	O3a3c1	O3a5a	O3a5a	O3a3c1	O3a3c1	O3a3c1	O3a2c1a	O3a2c1a	O2a2b1a1
O-M162	26	VII	1U	30	Eu16	H8	L	O3e1a	O3d1a	O3a3c1a	O3a3c1a	O3a5a1	O3a5a1	O3a3c1a	O3a3c1a	O3a3c1a	O3a2c1a1	O3a2c1a1	O2a2b1a1(?)

Research publications

The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC Tree.

• α Jobling and Tyler-Smith 2000 and Kaladjieva 2001
• β Underhill 2000
• γ Hammer 2001
• δ Karafet 2001
• ε Semino 2000
• ζ Su 1999
• η Capelli 2001

Phylogenetic trees

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup O subclades is based on the YCC 2008 tree ( Karafet 2008 ) and subsequent published research.

• O-M95 (M95)
  • O-M88 (M88, M111)

Table of frequencies of O-M95

Population	Frequency	n	Source	SNPs
Shompen	1.00	12	Trivedi 2006 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFTrivedi2006 (help)	M95=12
Nicobarese	1.00	11	Kumar 2007 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFKumar2007 (help)	M95(xM88)=11
Juang (Keonjhar district)	0.980	49	Kumar 2007 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFKumar2007 (help)	M95(xM88)=48
Mang (Mường Tè District)	0.973	37	Macholdt 2020 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMacholdt2020 (help)	B426=36
Bonda (Koraput district)	0.952	42	Chaubey 2011 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFChaubey2011 (help)	M95=40
Juang (Sambalpur district)	0.889	54	Chaubey 2011 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFChaubey2011 (help)	M95=48
Birhor (Raipur district)	0.889	27	Chaubey 2011 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFChaubey2011 (help)	M95=24
Gadaba (Koraput district)	0.889	27	Chaubey 2011 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFChaubey2011 (help)	M95=24
Birhor (Chandrapur district)	0.886	35	Chaubey 2011 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFChaubey2011 (help)	M95=31
Suy	0.872	39	Cai 2011 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFCai2011 (help)	M95(xM88)=22 M88=12
Xinhmul	0.862	29	Cai 2011 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFCai2011 (help)	M88=20 M95(xM88)=5
Lamet	0.857	35	Cai 2011 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFCai2011 (help)	M95(xM88)=30
Ho (Begusarai district)	0.844	45	Chaubey 2011 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFChaubey2011 (help)	M95=38
Han Chinese (Pinghua speakers from Wuxuan)	0.839	31	Gan 2008 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFGan2008 (help)	M95=26
Mawasi (Bhopal district)	0.833	12	Chaubey 2011 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFChaubey2011 (help)	M95=10
Korku (Amravati district)	0.814	59	Kumar 2007 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFKumar2007 (help)	M95(xM88)=48
Baiga (Kendujhar district)	0.810	42	Chaubey 2011 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFChaubey2011 (help)	M95=34
Inh	0.794	34	Cai 2011 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFCai2011 (help)	M95(xM88)=27
Colao (Hoàng Su Phì District)	0.765	34	Macholdt 2020 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMacholdt2020 (help)	M1283(xB426)=16 M95(xF2758,F2890,FGC19713,CTS651,M1283)=10
Ede	0.750	24	Macholdt 2020 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMacholdt2020 (help)	M1283(xB426)=14 B426=2 Z24091=1 F2758(xF1399,Z24091)=1
Mal	0.740	50	Cai 2011 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFCai2011 (help)	M95(xM88)=33 M88=4
Alak	0.733	30	Cai 2011 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFCai2011 (help)	M95(xM88)=17 M88=5
Kharia (West Bengal)	0.706	34	Debnath 2011 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFDebnath2011 (help)	M95(xM88)=24
Lô Lô (Mèo Vạc District)	0.694	36	Macholdt 2020 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMacholdt2020 (help)	Z24091=25
Katu	0.689	45	Cai 2011 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFCai2011 (help)	M95(xM88)=31
Santhal	0.689	90	Borkar 2011 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBorkar2011 (help)	M95=62
Aheu	0.684	38	Cai 2011 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFCai2011 (help)	M95(xM88)=20 M88=6
Bo	0.679	28	Cai 2011 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFCai2011 (help)	M95(xM88)=18 M88=1
Giarai	0.667	27	Macholdt 2020 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMacholdt2020 (help)	M1283(xB426)=16 B426=1 F2758(xF1399,Z24091)=1
Khmu	0.667	51	Cai 2011 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFCai2011 (help)	M95(xM88)=31 M88=3
Mawasi (Gumla district)	0.667	27	Chaubey 2011 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFChaubey2011 (help)	M95=18
Thái (Vietnam)	0.667	24	Macholdt 2020 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMacholdt2020 (help)	M95(xF2758,F2890,FGC19713,CTS651,M1283)=7 M1283(xB426)=5 FGC19713=2 B426=1 F2758(xF1399,Z24091)=1
Ho (Mayurbhanj district)	0.658	79	Kumar 2007 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFKumar2007 (help)	M95(xM88)=52
Talieng	0.657	35	Cai 2011 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFCai2011 (help)	M95(xM88)=22 M88=1
Brau	0.656	32	Cai 2011 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFCai2011 (help)	M95(xM88)=20 M88=1
Oy	0.620	50	Cai 2011 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFCai2011 (help)	M95(xM88)=30 M88=1
Li (Hlai)	0.618	34	Xue 2006 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFXue2006 (help)	M95(xM88)=20 M88=1
Asur	0.602	88	Chaubey 2011 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFChaubey2011 (help)	M95
Korwa	0.595	42	Kumar 2007 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFKumar2007 (help)	M95(xM88)
Buyi (Luoping, Yunnan)	0.583	48	Yang 2005 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFYang2005 (help)	M95(xM88)=20 M88=8
Bouyei	0.578	45	Xie 2004 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFXie2004 (help)	M95(xM88)=21 M88=5
Tày (Vietnam)	0.574	47	Macholdt 2020 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMacholdt2020 (help)	M1283(xB426)=12 M95(xF2758,F2890,FGC19713,CTS651,M1283)=7 CTS651=3 Z24091=2 F2758(xF1399,Z24091)=2 F2890(xZ24014)=1
Balinese	0.573	641	Karafet 2010 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFKarafet2010 (help)	M95(xM111)=367
Mech (Nepal)	0.550	20	Borkar 2011 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBorkar2011 (help)	M95=11
Buyi	0.543	35	Xue 2006 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFXue2006 (help)	M95(xM88)=13 M88=6
Nùng (Hoàng Su Phì District & vicinity)	0.541	37	Macholdt 2020 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMacholdt2020 (help)	F1399=9 M1283(xB426)=6 Z24091=3 CTS651=1 M95(xF2758,F2890,FGC19713,CTS651,M1283)=1
So	0.540	50	Cai 2011 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFCai2011 (help)	M95(xM88)=21 M88=6
Bit	0.536	28	Cai 2011 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFCai2011 (help)	M95(xM88)=15
Ho	0.536	28	Borkar 2011 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBorkar2011 (help)	M95=15
Savara	0.524	21	Chaubey 2011 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFChaubey2011 (help)	M95
Baiga (Madhya Pradesh)	0.522	23	Chaubey 2011 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFChaubey2011 (help)	M95
Blang (Shuangjiang, Yunnan)	0.500	28	Yang 2005 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFYang2005 (help)	M95(xM88)=14
Bugan	0.500	32	Cai 2011 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFCai2011 (help)	M95(xM88)=16
Han (Pinghua speakers from Fuchuan)	0.500	28	Gan 2008 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFGan2008 (help)	M95=14
Hani	0.500	34	Xue 2006 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFXue2006 (help)	M88=15 M95(xM88)=2
Java (mostly sampled in Dieng)	0.492	61	Karafet 2010 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFKarafet2010 (help)	M95(xM111)=30
Kharia	0.486	37	Chaubey 2011 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFChaubey2011 (help)	M95
Ngeq	0.486	35	Cai 2011 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFCai2011 (help)	M95(xM88)=17
Birhor	0.480	100	Borkar 2011 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBorkar2011 (help)	M95=48
Lao (Luang Prabang, Laos)	0.480	25	He 2012 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFHe2012 (help)	M95(xM88)=9 M88=3
Naxi (Lijiang, Yunnan)	0.475	40	Yang 2005 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFYang2005 (help)	M95(xM88)=19
Jeh	0.469	32	Cai 2011 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFCai2011 (help)	M95(xM88)=15
Santhal	0.468	109	Kumar 2007 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFKumar2007 (help)	M95(xM88)
Munda	0.453	53	Kumar 2007 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFKumar2007 (help)	M95(xM88)
Lowland Yao	0.452	31	Cai 2011 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFCai2011 (help)	M88=9 M95(xM88)=5
Lachung	0.450	20	Borkar 2011 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBorkar2011 (help)	M95=9
Kinh (Hanoi and vicinity)	0.440	50	Macholdt 2020 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMacholdt2020 (help)	F2758(xF1399,Z24091)=11 B426=4 M1283(xB426)=3 Z24014=2 Z24091=1 M95(xF2758,F2890,FGC19713,CTS651,M1283)=1
Laven	0.440	50	Cai 2011 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFCai2011 (help)	M95(xM88)=21 M88=1
Lawa (Northern Thailand)	0.440	50	Brunelli 2017 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBrunelli2017 (help)	M95(xM111)=22
Sui	0.440	50	Xie 2004 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFXie2004 (help)	M95(xM88/M111)=22
Dai (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)	0.429	35	Yang 2005 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFYang2005 (help)	M88=8 M95(xM88)=7
Chin (Chin State, Myanmar)	0.421	19	Peng 2013 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFPeng2013 (help)	M95(xM88)=8
Kinh (Hanoi)	0.421	76	He 2012 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFHe2012 (help)	M88=23 M95(xM88)=9
Muong	0.417	12	Cai 2011 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFCai2011 (help)	M95(xM88)=5
Khasi	0.413	92	Kumar 2007 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFKumar2007 (help)	M95(xM88)
Lisu (Nujiang, Yunnan)	0.408	49	Yang 2005 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFYang2005 (help)	M95(xM88)=14 M88=6
Dai (Shuangjiang, Yunnan)	0.393	28	Yang 2005 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFYang2005 (help)	M95(xM88)=6 M88=5
Cham (Binh Thuan, Vietnam)	0.390	59	He 2012 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFHe2012 (help)	M95(xM88)=18 M88=5
Kharia	0.389	36	Kumar 2007 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFKumar2007 (help)	M95(xM88)
Zhuang (Wenshan, Yunnan)	0.383	47	Yang 2005 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFYang2005 (help)	M95(xM88)=18
Kataang	0.378	37	Cai 2011 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFCai2011 (help)	M88=10 M95(xM88)=4
Bunun	0.375	56	Trejaut 2014 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFTrejaut2014 (help)	M88=21
Santhal (West Bengal)	0.373	51	Debnath 2011 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFDebnath2011 (help)	M95(xM88)=19
Kol (West Bengal)	0.371	62	Debnath 2011 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFDebnath2011 (help)	M95(xM88)=23
Dai (Xinping, Yunnan)	0.367	49	Yang 2005 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFYang2005 (help)	M95(xM88)=14 M88=4
Java	0.362	141	Trejaut 2014 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFTrejaut2014 (help)	M95(xM88)
She	0.353	51	Karafet 2010 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFKarafet2010 (help)	M111=18
Munda	0.351	94	Borkar 2011 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBorkar2011 (help)	M95=33
Santhal	0.350	20	Chaubey 2011 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFChaubey2011 (help)	M95
Malaysia	0.344	32	Karafet 2010 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFKarafet2010 (help)	M95(xM111)=10 M111=1
Mon (Northern Thailand)	0.333	18	Brunelli 2017 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBrunelli2017 (help)	M95(xM111)=6
Mulam (Luocheng) [22]	0.333	42	Wang 2013 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFWang2013 (help)	M95(xM88)=12 M88=2
Kinh	0.333	15	Cai 2011 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFCai2011 (help)	M95(xM88)=5
Southern Mien	0.323	31	Cai 2011 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFCai2011 (help)	M95(xM88)=6 M88=4
Oraon	0.319	91	Kumar 2007 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFKumar2007 (help)	M95(xM88)
Banjarmasin, Indonesia	0.318	22	Hurles 2005 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFHurles2005 (help)	M95(xM88)
Lowland Kimmun	0.317	41	Cai 2011 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFCai2011 (help)	M95(xM88)=10 M88=3
Mountain Kimmun	0.313	32	Cai 2011 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFCai2011 (help)	M95(xM88)=10
Blang	0.308	52	Cai 2011 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFCai2011 (help)	M95(xM88)=16
Zhuang (Guangxi)	0.307	166	Chen 2006 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFChen2006 (help)	M95(xM111)=39 M111=12
Miao (Yunnan)	0.306	49	Cai 2011 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFCai2011 (help)	M95(xM88)=15
Lachi (Hoàng Su Phì District)	0.306	36	Macholdt 2020 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMacholdt2020 (help)	Z24091=8 M95(xF2758,F2890,FGC19713,CTS651,M1283)=3
Khasi	0.303	353	Reddy 2007 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFReddy2007 (help)	M95
Dao (Hoàng Su Phì District)	0.302	43	Macholdt 2020 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMacholdt2020 (help)	F2758(xF1399, Z24091)=5 M1283(xB426)=5 CTS651=3
Shan (Northern Thailand)	0.300	20	Brunelli 2017 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBrunelli2017 (help)	M95(xM111)=6
Mon (Thailand)	0.295	105	Kutanan 2019 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFKutanan2019 (help)	M1283(xB426,SK1646)=10 F2758(xF1399,F2415)=10 B426(xSK1640,FGC29907)=8 F2415=1 Z24091=1 F2890=1
Sulawesi	0.294	17	Trejaut 2014 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFTrejaut2014 (help)	M95(xM88)
Miao (Wenshan, Yunnan)	0.292	48	Yang 2005 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFYang2005 (help)	M95(xM88)=12 M88=2
Phù Lá (Mường Khương District)	0.286	14	Macholdt 2020 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMacholdt2020 (help)	M1283(xB426)=4
Northern Mien	0.273	33	Cai 2011 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFCai2011 (help)	M95(xM88)=7 M88=2
Vietnamese	0.271	70	Karafet 2010 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFKarafet2010 (help)	M111=14 M95(xM111)=5
Flower-head Mien	0.263	19	Cai 2011 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFCai2011 (help)	M95(xM88)=4 M88=1
Thailand	0.253	75	Trejaut 2014 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFTrejaut2014 (help)	M95(xM88)
Tai Khün (Northern Thailand)	0.250	24	Brunelli 2017 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBrunelli2017 (help)	M95(xM111)=6
Zhuang	0.250	28	Su 1999	M95(xM88)=7
Tai Lue (Northern Thailand)	0.242	91	Brunelli 2017 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBrunelli2017 (help)	M95(xM111)=22
Thai (Northern Thailand)	0.235	17	He 2012 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFHe2012 (help)	M95(xM88)=3 M88=1
Palyu	0.233	30	Cai 2011 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFCai2011 (help)	M95(xM88)=7
Cambodian	0.231	26	Li 2010 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFLi2010 (help)	M95(xM88)=6
Khon Mueang (Northern Thailand)	0.229	205	Brunelli 2017 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBrunelli2017 (help)	M95(xM111)=47
Lahu (Mường Tè District)	0.226	31	Macholdt 2020 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMacholdt2020 (help)	F2758(xF1399,Z24091)=4 M1283(xB426)=3
Wa (Shuangjiang, Yunnan)	0.226	31	Yang 2005 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFYang2005 (help)	M95(xM88)=7
Tai Yuan (Thailand)	0.224	85	Brunelli 2017 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBrunelli2017 (help)	M95(xM111)=18 M95(M111 null)=1
Ambon	0.222	18	Trejaut 2014 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFTrejaut2014 (help)	M95(xM88)
Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia	0.215	65	Hurles 2005 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFHurles2005 (help)	M95(xM88)
Mech (West Bengal)	0.211	19	Debnath 2011 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFDebnath2011 (help)	M95(xM88)=4
Borneo (Indonesia)	0.209	86	Karafet 2010 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFKarafet2010 (help)	M95(xM111)=18
Kam	0.200	20	Xie 2004 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFXie2004 (help)	M95(xM88/M111)=4
Sui (Fuyuan, Yunnan)	0.200	40	Yang 2005 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFYang2005 (help)	M95(xM88)=7 M88=1
Bamar (Myanmar)	0.194	72	Peng 2013 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFPeng2013 (help)	M95(xM88)=11 M88=2 PK4(xM95)=1
Bunu	0.194	36	Cai 2011 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFCai2011 (help)	M88=5 M95(xM88)=2
CDX (Dai in Xishuangbanna)	0.192	52	Poznik 2016 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFPoznik2016 (help)	Z1018=4 Z23849=2 F2517=2 Y26463=1 Y9322*(xY9325)=1
Sumatra	0.192	26	Trejaut 2014 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFTrejaut2014 (help)	M95(xM88)
Zhuang (Napo County, Guangxi)	0.190	63	Zhao 2010 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFZhao2010 (help)	M95(xM88)=12
Mahali (Santhal)	0.188	32	Chaubey 2011 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFChaubey2011 (help)	M95
Miao (Guizhou)	0.184	49	Cai 2011 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFCai2011 (help)	M95(xM88)=8 M88=1
Garo	0.182	33	Kumar 2007 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFKumar2007 (help)	M95(xM88)
Thin Board Mien	0.182	11	Cai 2011 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFCai2011 (help)	M95(xM88)=1 M88=1
Top Board Mien	0.182	11	Cai 2011 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFCai2011 (help)	M95(xM88)=1 M88=1
Blue Kimmun	0.179	28	Cai 2011 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFCai2011 (help)	M95(xM88)=5
Malagasy	0.171	35	Hurles 2005 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFHurles2005 (help)	M95(xM88)
Hmong (Điện Biên Phủ)	0.171	41	Macholdt 2020 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMacholdt2020 (help)	M1283(xB426)=7
Yao (Malipo, Yunnan)	0.170	47	Yang 2005 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFYang2005 (help)	M95(xM88)=5 M88=3
Naxi	0.167	18	Xie 2004 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFXie2004 (help)	M95(xM88)=3
Bai (Eryuan, Yunnan)	0.160	50	Yang 2005 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFYang2005 (help)	M95(xM88)=6 M88=2
Batak Toba (Sumatra)	0.158	38	Karafet 2010 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFKarafet2010 (help)	M95(xM111)=6
Rajbanshi (West Bengal)	0.156	45	Borkar 2011 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBorkar2011 (help)	M95=7
Daur	0.154	39	Xue 2006 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFXue2006 (help)	M95(xM88)=6
Dai (Dehong, Yunnan)	0.150	20	Yang 2005 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFYang2005 (help)	M88=2 M95(xM88)=1
Western Mien	0.149	47	Cai 2011 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFCai2011 (help)	M95(xM88)=7
Han (Chengdu)	0.147	34	Xue 2006 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFXue2006 (help)	M88=4 M95(xM88)=1
Miao (Hunan)	0.140	100	Cai 2011 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFCai2011 (help)	M95(xM88)=9 M88=5
Pa Then (Quang Bình District)	0.139	36	Macholdt 2020 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMacholdt2020 (help)	F2758(xF1399,Z24091)=3 M95(xF2758,F2890,FGC19713,CTS651,M1283)=2
Bai (Dali, Yunnan)	0.133	30	Yang 2005 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFYang2005 (help)	M95(xM88)=3 M88=1
Yami	0.133	30	Trejaut 2014 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFTrejaut2014 (help)	M95(xM88)=3 M88=1
Paharia (Jharkhand)	0.130	100	Borkar 2011 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBorkar2011 (help)	M95=13
Mandar (Sulawesi)	0.130	54	Karafet 2010 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFKarafet2010 (help)	M95(xM111)=7
Pahng	0.129	31	Cai 2011 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFCai2011 (help)	M95(xM88)=4
De'ang (Luxi, Yunnan)	0.125	16	Yang 2005 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFYang2005 (help)	M95(xM88)=2
Hani (Mường Tè District)	0.121	33	Macholdt 2020 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMacholdt2020 (help)	Z24091=2 FGC19713=2
Qiang	0.121	33	Xue 2006 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFXue2006 (help)	M95(xM88)=3 M88=1
Kalimantan	0.120	25	Trejaut 2014 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFTrejaut2014 (help)	M95(xM88)
Han Chinese (China)	0.115	165	Karafet 2010 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFKarafet2010 (help)	M95(xM111)=10 M111=9
Garo	0.113	71	Reddy 2007 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFReddy2007 (help)	M95
Papura	0.111	18	Trejaut 2014 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFTrejaut2014 (help)	M95(xM88)=1 M88=1
Oraon	0.109	110	Borkar 2011 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBorkar2011 (help)	M95=12
Yi (Shuangbai, Yunnan)	0.106	47	Yang 2005 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFYang2005 (help)	M95(xM88)=4 M88=1
Miao (China)	0.103	58	Karafet 2010 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFKarafet2010 (help)	M111=4 M95(xM111)=2
Achang (Lianghe, Yunnan)	0.100	40	Yang 2005 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFYang2005 (help)	M88=3 M95(xM88)=1
Yizu (Butuo, Sichuan)	0.093	43	Hammer 2006 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFHammer2006 (help)	M95(xM111)=3 M111=1
Han (South China)	0.092	65	Yan 2011 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFYan2011 (help)	M95(xM88)=3 PK4(xM95)=3
She	0.088	34	Xue 2006 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFXue2006 (help)	M95(xM88)=3
Yao (Liannan)	0.086	35	Xue 2006 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFXue2006 (help)	M95(xM88)=2 M88=1
Lahu (Lincang, Yunnan)	0.085	47	Yang 2005 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFYang2005 (help)	M95(xM88)=2 M88=2
Hanoi, Vietnam	0.083	24	Trejaut 2014 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFTrejaut2014 (help)	M95(xM88)
Tai Yong (Northern Thailand)	0.077	26	Brunelli 2017 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBrunelli2017 (help)	M95(xM111)=2
Native Mien	0.073	41	Cai 2011 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFCai2011 (help)	M95(xM88)
Han (Pinghua speakers from Hezhou)	0.067	15	Gan 2008 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFGan2008 (help)	M95=1
Jino (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)	0.067	45	Yang 2005 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFYang2005 (help)	M95(xM88)=2 M88=1
Minnan (Taiwan)	0.067	60	Trejaut 2014 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFTrejaut2014 (help)	M95(xM88)
Filipinos (Visayas)	0.065	31	Trejaut 2014 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFTrejaut2014 (help)	M88=2
Han (Yuxi, Yunnan)	0.064	47	Yang 2005 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFYang2005 (help)	M88=2 M95(xM88)=1
Han Chinese (Lanzhou)	0.061	49	Yao 2021 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFYao2021 (help)	O1b1a1a1b2=2 O1b1a1a1a1b1a1=1
Nu (Nujiang, Yunnan)	0.060	50	Yang 2005 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFYang2005 (help)	M88=2 M95(xM88)=1
Hmong Daw (Laos)	0.059	51	Cai 2011 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFCai2011 (help)	M95(xM88)
Hakka (Taiwan)	0.059	34	Trejaut 2014 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFTrejaut2014 (help)	M95(xM88)
Jingpo (Luxi, Yunnan)	0.059	17	Yang 2005 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFYang2005 (help)	M95(xM88)=1
Filipinos (Other)	0.056	36	Trejaut 2014 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFTrejaut2014 (help)	M88=2
Jino	0.056	18	Xie 2004 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFXie2004 (help)	M95(xM88)=1
Han (Pinghua speakers from Luocheng)	0.048	21	Gan 2008 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFGan2008 (help)	M95=1
Kapingamarangi	0.048	21	Hurles 2005 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFHurles2005 (help)	M95(xM88)
Flores	0.046	394	Karafet 2010 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFKarafet2010 (help)	M95(xM111)=18
Japanese	0.043	47	Xue 2006 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFXue2006 (help)	M95(xM88)=2
Southern Han	0.042	283	Xie 2004 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFXie2004 (help)	M95(xM88)=10 M88=2
Philippines	0.042	48	Karafet 2010 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFKarafet2010 (help)	M95(xM111)=1 M111=1
Utsat (Sanya, Hainan)	0.042	72	Li 2013 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFLi2013 (help)	M95=3
Tibetan (Zhongdian, Yunnan)	0.040	50	Yang 2005 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFYang2005 (help)	M95(xM88)=2
Western Samoa	0.040	25	Hurles 2005 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFHurles2005 (help)	M95(xM88)
Ewenki (China)	0.038	26	Xue 2006 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFXue2006 (help)	M95(xM88)=1
Akha (Thailand)	0.037	27	Trejaut 2014 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFTrejaut2014 (help)	M95(xM88)
Bengali (West Bengal)	0.037	54	Debnath 2011 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFDebnath2011 (help)	M95(xM88)=2
Northern She (Zhejiang)	0.036	56	Cai 2011 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFCai2011 (help)	M95(xM88)
Han (Taiwan)	0.035	258	Trejaut 2014 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFTrejaut2014 (help)	M95(xM88)
Han (Lanzhou)	0.033	30	Xue 2006 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFXue2006 (help)	M95(xM88)=1
Kategalan	0.033	30	Trejaut 2014 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFTrejaut2014 (help)	M95(xM88)=1
Yao (Guangxi)	0.033	60	Karafet 2010 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFKarafet2010 (help)	M95(xM111)=1 M111=1
Han (Yili, Xinjiang)	0.031	32	Xue 2006 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFXue2006 (help)	M95(x88)=1
Han (North China)	0.031	129	Yan 2011 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFYan2011 (help)	M95(xM88)=3 PK4(xM95)=1
Yao (Bama)	0.029	35	Xue 2006 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFXue2006 (help)	M95(xM88)=1
Dhimal (West Bengal)	0.028	36	Debnath 2011 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFDebnath2011 (help)	M95(xM88)=1
Pazeh	0.025	40	Trejaut 2014 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFTrejaut2014 (help)	M95(xM88)=1
Tharu (Uttar Pradesh)	0.024	164	Chaubey 2014 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFChaubey2014 (help)	M95
Hani (Lüchun, Yunnan)	0.024	41	Yang 2005 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFYang2005 (help)	M95(xM88)=1
Han (East China)	0.024	167	Yan 2011 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFYan2011 (help)	M95(xM88)=3 PK4(xM95)=1
Japanese	0.024	210	Hammer 2006 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFHammer2006 (help)	M95(xM111)
Tharu (Uttarakhand)	0.022	45	Chaubey 2014 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFChaubey2014 (help)	M95
Tibetan (Lhasa)	0.022	46	Xie 2004 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFXie2004 (help)	M95(xM88)=1
Yunnan Mongolian (Tonghai)	0.022	46	Yang 2005 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFYang2005 (help)	M95(xM88)=1
Taiwanese Aboriginals	0.021	48	Karafet 2010 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFKarafet2010 (help)	M111=1
Tharu (Nepal)	0.020	202	Fornarino 2009 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFFornarino2009 (help) Chaubey 2014 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFChaubey2014 (help)	M95
Rajbanshi (West Bengal)	0.020	51	Debnath 2011 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFDebnath2011 (help)	M95(xM88)=1
Siraya	0.019	261	Trejaut 2014 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFTrejaut2014 (help)	M95(xM88)=3 M88=1 PK4(xM95)=1
Uzbek	0.019	54	Karafet 2001	M95
Filipinos (South Luzon)	0.018	55	Trejaut 2014 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFTrejaut2014 (help)	M88=1
Han (Fujian)	0.018	55	Trejaut 2014 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFTrejaut2014 (help)	M95(xM88)
Japanese	0.018	56	Poznik 2016 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFPoznik2016 (help)	M95(xM88)
Japanese	0.013	2390	Sato 2014 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFSato2014 (help)	M95
Japanese	0.008	263	Nonaka 2007 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFNonaka2007 (help)	M95(xM88)
Sumba	0.003	350	Karafet 2010 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFKarafet2010 (help)	M95(xM111)
Hui (Tonghai, Yunnan)	0.000	15	Yang 2005 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFYang2005 (help)	M95=0
Thao	0.000	16	Trejaut 2014 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFTrejaut2014 (help)	PK4=0
Taroko	0.000	20	Trejaut 2014 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFTrejaut2014 (help)	PK4=0
Phù Lá (Xín Mần District)	0.000	21	Macholdt 2020 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMacholdt2020 (help)	M95=0
Yunlin aboriginals	0.000	21	Trejaut 2014 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFTrejaut2014 (help)	PK4=0
Puyuma	0.000	23	Trejaut 2014 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFTrejaut2014 (help)	PK4=0
Ivatan	0.000	24	Trejaut 2014 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFTrejaut2014 (help)	PK4=0
Saisiyat	0.000	24	Trejaut 2014 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFTrejaut2014 (help)	PK4=0
Korean (China)	0.000	25	Xue 2006 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFXue2006 (help)	M95=0
Paiwan	0.000	25	Trejaut 2014 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFTrejaut2014 (help)	PK4=0
Tibetan (Kham)	0.000	27	Xie 2004 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFXie2004 (help)	M95=0
Dulong (Nujiang, Yunnan)	0.000	28	Yang 2005 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFYang2005 (help)	M95=0
Rukai	0.000	29	Trejaut 2014 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFTrejaut2014 (help)	PK4=0
Si La (Mường Tè District)	0.000	29	Macholdt 2020 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMacholdt2020 (help)	M95=0
Oroqen	0.000	31	Xue 2006 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFXue2006 (help)	M95=0
Uyghur (Urumqi)	0.000	31	Xue 2006 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFXue2006 (help)	M95=0
Han (Harbin)	0.000	35	Xue 2006 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFXue2006 (help)	M95=0
Han (Meixian)	0.000	35	Xue 2006 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFXue2006 (help)	M95=0
Hui (China)	0.000	35	Xue 2006 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFXue2006 (help)	M95=0
Manchu	0.000	35	Xue 2006 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFXue2006 (help)	M95=0
Tibetan	0.000	35	Xue 2006 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFXue2006 (help)	M95=0
Amis	0.000	39	Trejaut 2014 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFTrejaut2014 (help)	PK4=0
Uyghur (Yili)	0.000	39	Xue 2006 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFXue2006 (help)	M95=0
Manchu (Baoshan, Yunnan)	0.000	41	Yang 2005 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFYang2005 (help)	M95=0
Tsou	0.000	41	Trejaut 2014 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFTrejaut2014 (help)	PK4=0
Xibe	0.000	41	Xue 2006 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFXue2006 (help)	M95=0
Korean (Korea)	0.000	43	Xue 2006 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFXue2006 (help)	M95=0
Hezhe (China)	0.000	45	Xue 2006 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFXue2006 (help)	M95=0
Mongol (Inner Mongolia)	0.000	45	Xue 2006 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFXue2006 (help)	M95=0
Mosuo (Lijiang, Yunnan)	0.000	47	Yang 2005 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFYang2005 (help)	M95=0
Pumi (Ninglang, Yunnan)	0.000	47	Yang 2005 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFYang2005 (help)	M95=0
Atayal	0.000	52	Trejaut 2014 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFTrejaut2014 (help)	PK4=0
Mongol (Mongolia)	0.000	65	Xue 2006 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFXue2006 (help)	M95=0
Northern Han	0.000	82	Xie 2004 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFXie2004 (help)	M95=0

Table of frequencies of O-M88/M111

Population	Frequency	Count	Source	SNPs
Xinhmul	0.690	29	Cai 2011 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFCai2011 (help)	M88
Hani	0.441	34	Xue 2006 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFXue2006 (help)	M88
Tai Yong (Thailand)	0.385	26	Brunelli 2017 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBrunelli2017 (help)	M111
Bunun	0.375	56	Trejaut 2014 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFTrejaut2014 (help)	M88
She	0.353	51	Karafet 2010 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFKarafet2010 (help)	M111
Suy	0.308	39	Cai 2011 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFCai2011 (help)	M88
Tai Lü (Thailand)	0.308	91	Brunelli 2017 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBrunelli2017 (help)	M111
Kinh (Hanoi, Vietnam)	0.303	76	He 2012 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFHe2012 (help)	M88
Lowland Yao	0.290	31	Cai 2011 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFCai2011 (help)	M88
Kataang	0.270	37	Cai 2011 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFCai2011 (help)	M88
Kinh (Ho Chi Minh City)	0.261	46	Poznik 2016 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFPoznik2016 (help)	M88 M111
Akha (Thailand)	0.259	27	Trejaut 2014 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFTrejaut2014 (help)	M88
Hanoi, Vietnam	0.250	24	Trejaut 2014 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFTrejaut2014 (help)	M88
Tai Khün (Thailand)	0.250	24	Brunelli 2017 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBrunelli2017 (help)	M111
CDX (Dai in Xishuangbanna)	0.231	52	Poznik 2016 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFPoznik2016 (help)	M88 M111
Dai (Xishuangbanna)	0.229	35	Yang 2005 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFYang2005 (help)	M88=8
Tai Yuan (Thailand)	0.224	85	Brunelli 2017 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBrunelli2017 (help)	M111
Zaomin	0.216	37	Cai 2011 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFCai2011 (help)	M88
Thai (North & Northeast Thailand)	0.200	40	Su 2000 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFSu2000 (help)	M88/M111=8
Vietnamese	0.200	70	Karafet 2010 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFKarafet2010 (help)	M111
Northern Thai (Thailand)	0.186	86	Kutanan 2019 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFKutanan2019 (help)	F2758(xF1399, F2415)=8 F2890=5 F2415=2 F1399=1
Khon Mueang (Thailand)	0.185	205	Brunelli 2017 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBrunelli2017 (help)	M111
Dai (Shuangjiang, Yunnan)	0.179	28	Yang 2005 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFYang2005 (help)	M88=5
Thailand	0.173	75	Trejaut 2014 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFTrejaut2014 (help)	M88
Buyi	0.171	35	Xue 2006 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFXue2006 (help)	M88
Buyi (Luoping, Yunnan)	0.167	48	Yang 2005 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFYang2005 (help)	M88=8
Aheu	0.158	38	Cai 2011 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFCai2011 (help)	M88
Shan (Thailand)	0.150	20	Brunelli 2017 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBrunelli2017 (help)	M111
Lao Isan	0.129	62	Kutanan 2019 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFKutanan2019 (help)	F2758(xF1399, F2415)=5 F2415=1 Z24091=1 F2890=1
Mon (Thailand)	0.124	105	Kutanan 2019 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFKutanan2019 (help)	F2758(xF1399, F2415)=10 F2415=1 Z24091=1 F2890=1
Lisu (Nujiang, Yunnan)	0.122	49	Yang 2005 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFYang2005 (help)	M88=6
Lao (Luang Prabang, Laos)	0.120	25	He 2012 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFHe2012 (help)	M88
Han (Chengdu, Sichuan)	0.118	34	Xue 2006 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFXue2006 (help)	M88
Cambodian	0.115	26	Su 1999	M88/M111=3
Zhuang (Guangxi)	0.107	28	Su 1999	M88/M111=3
Dai (Dehong, Yunnan)	0.100	20	Yang 2005 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFYang2005 (help)	M88=2
Thai	0.085	129	Kutanan 2019 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFKutanan2019 (help)	F2758(xF1399, F2415)=6 F2890=3 F2415=1 Z24091=1
Cham (Binh Thuan, Vietnam)	0.085	59	He 2012 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFHe2012 (help)	M88
Dai (Xinping, Yunnan)	0.082	49	Yang 2005 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFYang2005 (help)	M88=4
Achang (Lianghe, Yunnan)	0.075	40	Yang 2005 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFYang2005 (help)	M88=3
Laotian (Vientiane & Luang Prabang)	0.075	40	Kutanan 2019 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFKutanan2019 (help)	F2758(xF1399, F2415)=2 Z24091=1
Zhuang (Guangxi)	0.072	166	Chen 2006 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFChen2006 (help)	M111
Miao (China)	0.069	58	Karafet 2010 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFKarafet2010 (help)	M111
Yao (Malipo, Yunnan)	0.064	47	Yang 2005 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFYang2005 (help)	M88=3
Thai (Northern Thailand)	0.059	17	He 2012 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFHe2012 (help)	M88
Han (China)	0.055	165	Karafet 2010 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFKarafet2010 (help)	M111
Taiwanese aborigines	0.051	39	Hurles 2005 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFHurles2005 (help)	M88
Java	0.050	141	Trejaut 2014 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFTrejaut2014 (help)	M88
Banjarmasin, Indonesia	0.045	22	Hurles 2005 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFHurles2005 (help)	M88
Han (Yuxi, Yunnan)	0.043	47	Yang 2005 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFYang2005 (help)	M88=2
Lahu (Lincang, Yunnan)	0.043	47	Yang 2005 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFYang2005 (help)	M88=2
Miao (Wenshan, Yunnan)	0.042	48	Yang 2005 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFYang2005 (help)	M88=2
Pathans (Dir, Pakistan)	0.042	96	Firasat 2007 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFFirasat2007 (help)	M88, M111
Bai (Eryuan, Yunnan)	0.040	50	Yang 2005 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFYang2005 (help)	M88=2
Nu (Nujiang, Yunnan)	0.040	50	Yang 2005 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFYang2005 (help)	M88=2
Philippines	0.034	146	Trejaut 2014 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFTrejaut2014 (help)	M88
Bai (Dali, Yunnan)	0.033	30	Yang 2005 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFYang2005 (help)	M88=1
Yami	0.033	30	Trejaut 2014 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFTrejaut2014 (help)	M88
Zhuang (Napo County, Guangxi)	0.032	63	Zhao 2010 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFZhao2010 (help)	M88=2
Malaysia	0.031	32	Karafet 2010 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFKarafet2010 (help)	M111
Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia	0.031	65	Hurles 2005 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFHurles2005 (help)	M88
Qiang	0.030	33	Xue 2006 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFXue2006 (help)	M88
Hakka (Taiwan)	0.029	34	Trejaut 2014 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFTrejaut2014 (help)	M88
Hlai (Hainan)	0.029	34	Xue 2006 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFXue2006 (help)	M88
Yao (Liannan, Guangdong)	0.029	35	Xue 2006 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFXue2006 (help)	M88
Bamar (Myanmar)	0.028	72	Peng 2013 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFPeng2013 (help)	M88=2
Sui (Fuyuan, Yunnan)	0.025	40	Yang 2005 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFYang2005 (help)	M88=1
Jino (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)	0.022	45	Yang 2005 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFYang2005 (help)	M88=1
Yi (Shuangbai, Yunnan)	0.021	47	Yang 2005 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFYang2005 (help)	M88=1
Philippines	0.021	48	Karafet 2010 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFKarafet2010 (help)	M111
Taiwanese aborigines	0.021	48	Karafet 2010 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFKarafet2010 (help)	M111
Lawa	0.020	50	Brunelli 2017 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBrunelli2017 (help)	M111
Minnan (Taiwan)	0.017	60	Trejaut 2014 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFTrejaut2014 (help)	M88
Yao (China)	0.017	60	Karafet 2010 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFKarafet2010 (help)	M111
Han (Taiwan)	0.016	258	Trejaut 2014 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFTrejaut2014 (help)	M88
Taiwan plains tribes	0.005	370	Trejaut 2014 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFTrejaut2014 (help)	M88
Hui (Tonghai, Yunnan)	0.000	15	Yang 2005 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFYang2005 (help)	M88=0
De'ang (Luxi, Yunnan)	0.000	16	Yang 2005 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFYang2005 (help)	M88=0
Jingpo (Luxi, Yunnan)	0.000	17	Yang 2005 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFYang2005 (help)	M88=0
Mon (Thailand)	0.000	18	Brunelli 2017 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBrunelli2017 (help)	M111
Blang (Shuangjiang, Yunnan)	0.000	28	Yang 2005 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFYang2005 (help)	M88=0
Dulong (Nujiang, Yunnan)	0.000	28	Yang 2005 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFYang2005 (help)	M88=0
Wa (Shuangjiang, Yunnan)	0.000	31	Yang 2005 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFYang2005 (help)	M88=0
Naxi (Lijiang, Yunnan)	0.000	40	Yang 2005 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFYang2005 (help)	M88=0
Hani (Lüchun, Yunnan)	0.000	41	Yang 2005 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFYang2005 (help)	M88=0
Manchu (Baoshan, Yunnan)	0.000	41	Yang 2005 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFYang2005 (help)	M88=0
Mongol (Tonghai, Yunnan)	0.000	46	Yang 2005 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFYang2005 (help)	M88=0
Mosuo (Lijiang, Yunnan)	0.000	47	Yang 2005 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFYang2005 (help)	M88=0
Pumi (Ninglang, Yunnan)	0.000	47	Yang 2005 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFYang2005 (help)	M88=0
Zhuang (Wenshan, Yunnan)	0.000	47	Yang 2005 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFYang2005 (help)	M88=0
Tibetan (Zhongdian, Yunnan)	0.000	50	Yang 2005 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFYang2005 (help)	M88=0

See also

Genetics

• Genetic genealogy
• Haplogroup
• Haplotype
• Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup
• Molecular phylogenetics
• Paragroup
• Subclade
• Y-chromosome haplogroups in populations of the world
• Y-DNA haplogroups by ethnic group
• Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of East and Southeast Asia

Y-DNA O subclades

• O-47z
• O-M101
• O-M113
• O-M117
• O-M119
• O-M121
• O-M122
• O-M134
• O-M159
• O-M162
• O-M164
• O-M175
• O-M176
• O-M50
• O-M7
• O-M88
• O-M95
• O-MSY2.2
• O-P31

References

Footnotes

2. "Y Haplogroup Distribution Data". 23Mofang Corp. 23Mofang Corp.
3. YFull Haplogroup YTree v5.01 at 4 January 2017
4. ISOGG 2017; YFull 2017
5. ISOGG 2017
6. Yan, Shi; Wang, Chuan-Chao; Li, Hui; Li, Shi-Lin; Jin, Li; The Genographic Consortium (18 August 2011). "An updated tree of Y-chromosome Haplogroup O and revised phylogenetic positions of mutations P164 and PK4". European Journal of Human Genetics. 19 (9): 1013–5. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2011.64. PMC   3179364 . PMID   21505448.
7. Zhao, Yong-Bin; Zhang, Ye; Zhang, Quan-Chao; Li, Hong-Jie; Cui, Ying-Qiu; Xu, Zhi; Jin, Li; Zhou, Hui; Zhu, Hong (4 May 2015). "Ancient DNA Reveals That the Genetic Structure of the Northern Han Chinese Was Shaped Prior to 3,000 Years Ago". PLOS ONE. 10 (5): e0125676. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1025676Z. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125676 . PMC   4418768 . PMID   25938511.
8. Yan, Shi; Wang, Chuan-Chao; Li, Hui; Li, Shi-Lin; Jin, Li; The Genographic Consortium (18 August 2011). "An updated tree of Y-chromosome Haplogroup O and revised phylogenetic positions of mutations P164 and PK4". European Journal of Human Genetics. 19 (9): 1013–5. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2011.64. PMC   3179364 . PMID   21505448.
9. Chuan-Chao Wang; Shi Yan; Can Yao; Xiu-Yuan Huang; Xue Ao; Zhanfeng Wang; Sheng Han; Li Jin; Hui Li (14 February 2013). "Ancient DNA of Emperor CAO Cao's granduncle matches those of his present descendants: a commentary on present Y chromosomes reveal the ancestry of Emperor CAO Cao of 1800 years ago". Journal of Human Genetics. The Japan Society of Human Genetics. 58 (4): 238–39. doi: 10.1038/jhg.2013.5 . PMID   23407348 . Retrieved 3 May 2016.
10. Tianjiao, Li (2019). "Genomic Study of the Ancient Populations from the period of YangShao to LongShan Culture in Central Plain" (Jilin University).
11. Min-Sheng Peng, Jun-Dong He, Long Fan, Jie Liu, Adeniyi C Adeola, Shi-Fang Wu, Robert W Murphy, Yong-Gang Yao, and Ya-Ping Zhang, "Retrieving Y chromosomal haplogroup trees using GWAS data." European Journal of Human Genetics advance online publication, 27 November 2013; doi:10.1038/ejhg.2013.272.
12. Jean A Trejaut, Estella S Poloni, Ju-Chen Yen, Ying-Hui Lai, Jun-Hun Loo, Chien-Liang Lee, Chun-Lin He, and Marie Lin, "Taiwan Y-chromosomal DNA variation and its relationship with Island Southeast Asia." BMC Genetics 2014, 15:77. http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2156/15/77
13. Wang C-C, Wang L-X, Shrestha R, Zhang M, Huang X-Y, et al. (2014), "Genetic Structure of Qiangic Populations Residing in the Western Sichuan Corridor." PLoS ONE 9(8): e103772. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0103772
14. Smita Kujur (2010). "Genetic study of Bhumij Tribe of Jharkhand using mitochondrial and Y chromosome DNA markers" . Retrieved 11 November 2022.
15. Nicolas Brucato, Veronica Fernandes, Stéphane Mazières, et al., "The Comoros Show the Earliest Austronesian Gene Flow into the Swahili Corridor." The American Journal of Human Genetics 102, 58–68, 4 January 2018.
16. Yali Xue, Tatiana Zerjal, Weidong Bao, Suling Zhu, Qunfang Shu, Jiujin Xu, Ruofu Du, Songbin Fu, Pu Li, Matthew E. Hurles, Huanming Yang, and Chris Tyler-Smith, "Male Demography in East Asia: A North–South Contrast in Human Population Expansion Times." Genetics 172: 2431–2439 (April 2006). DOI: 10.1534/genetics.105.054270
17. Cai, Xiaoyun; Qin, Zhendong; Wen, Bo; Xu, Shuhua; Wang, Yi; Lu, Yan; Wei, Lanhai; Wang, Chuanchao; et al. (2011). O'Rourke, Dennis (ed.). "Human Migration through Bottlenecks from Southeast Asia into East Asia during Last Glacial Maximum Revealed by Y Chromosomes". PLOS ONE. 6 (8): e24282. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...624282C. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024282 . PMC   3164178 . PMID   21904623.
18. Yan LU, Shang-Ling PAN, Shu-Ming QIN, Zheng-Dong QIN, Chuan-Chao WANG, Rui-Jing GAN, Hui LI, and the Genographic Consortium, "Genetic evidence for the multiple origins of Pinghua Chinese." Journal of Systematics and Evolution Volume 51, Issue 3 (May 2013), Pages 271–279. DOI: 10.1111/jse.12003
19. Michael F. Hammer, Tatiana M. Karafet, Hwayong Park, Keiichi Omoto, Shinji Harihara, Mark Stoneking, and Satoshi Horai, "Dual origins of the Japanese: common ground for hunter-gatherer and farmer Y chromosomes." Journal of Human Genetics (2006) 51:47–58. DOI 10.1007/s10038-005-0322-0
20. Zhili Yang, Yongli Dong, Lu Gao, Baowen Cheng, Jie Yang, Weimin Zeng, Jing Lu, Yanhua Su, & Chunjie Xiao, "The distribution of Y chromosome haplogroups in the nationalities from Yunnan Province of China." Annals of Human Biology, January–February 2005; 32(1): 80–87.
21. Enrico Macholdt, Leonardo Arias, Nguyen Thuy Duong, et al., "The paternal and maternal genetic history of Vietnamese populations." European Journal of Human Genetics (2020) 28:636–645. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41431-019-0557-4
22. WANG Xiao-Qing, WANG Chuan-Chao, DENG Qiong-Ying, and LI Hui (2013), "Genetic analysis of Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA polymorphism of Mulam ethnic group in Guangxi, China." HEREDITAS (Beijing) Feb 2013, 35(2): 168―174. ISSN 0253-9772. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1005.2013.00168

Works cited

Books

• Underhill, Peter (2005). "Chapter 17: A synopsis of extant Y chromosome diversity in East Asia and Oceania". In Sagart, Laurent; Blench, Roger; Sanchez-Mazas, Alicia (eds.). The Peopling of East Asia: Putting Together Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics. Psychology Press. pp. 297–314. ISBN   9780415322423.

Conference Posters

• Yong, R.Y.Y.; Gan, L.S.H.; Khripin, Y.; Yap, V.B.; Yap, E.P.H. (2006). Workshop 6 Genomic Variation and Diversity: Association of Y chromosome variation with paternal ancestry origin of three ethnic populations in Singapore. HUGO's 11th Human Genome Meeting Helsinki Fair Centre, Helsinki, Finland, Wed 31 May to Sat 3 June 2006. Helsinki, Finland. Archived from the original on 7 July 2007.

Journals

• Firasat, Sadaf; Khaliq, Shagufta; Mohyuddin, Aisha; Papaioannou, Myrto; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Underhill, Peter A; Ayub, Qasim (2006). "Y-chromosomal evidence for a limited Greek contribution to the Pathan population of Pakistan". European Journal of Human Genetics. 15 (1): 121–6. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201726. PMC   2588664 . PMID   17047675.
• Fornarino, Simona; Pala, Maria; Battaglia, Vincenza; Maranta, Ramona; Achilli, Alessandro; Modiano, Guido; Torroni, Antonio; Semino, Ornella; Santachiara-Benerecetti, Silvana A (2009). "Mitochondrial and Y-chromosome diversity of the Tharus (Nepal): A reservoir of genetic variation". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 9 (1): 154. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-9-154. PMC   2720951 . PMID   19573232.
• Hurles, M; Sykes, B; Jobling, M; Forster, P (2005). "The Dual Origin of the Malagasy in Island Southeast Asia and East Africa: Evidence from Maternal and Paternal Lineages". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 76 (5): 894–901. doi:10.1086/430051. PMC   1199379 . PMID   15793703.
• Karafet, Tatiana M.; Lansing, J. S.; Redd, Alan J.; Watkins, Joseph C.; Surata, S. P. K.; Arthawiguna, W. A.; Mayer, Laura; Bamshad, Michael; et al. (2005). "Balinese Y-Chromosome Perspective on the Peopling of Indonesia: Genetic Contributions from Pre-Neolithic Hunter-Gatherers, Austronesian Farmers, and Indian Traders". Human Biology. 77 (1): 93–114. doi:10.1353/hub.2005.0030. hdl: 1808/13586 . PMID   16114819. S2CID   7953854.
• Sahoo, Sanghamitra; Kashyap, V.K. (2006). "Phylogeography of mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosome haplogroups reveal asymmetric gene flow in populations of Eastern India". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 131 (1): 84–97. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20399. PMID   16485297.
• Trivedi, Rajni; Sitalaximi, T.; Banerjee, Jheelam; Singh, Anamika; Sircar, P. K.; Kashyap, V. K. (2006). "Molecular insights into the origins of the Shompen, a declining population of the Nicobar archipelago". Journal of Human Genetics. 51 (3): 217–26. doi: 10.1007/s10038-005-0349-2 . PMID   16453062.
• Shi Yan; Chuan-Chao Wang; Hui Li; Shi-Lin Li; Li Jin; The Genographic Consortium (2011). "An updated tree of Y-chromosome Haplogroup O and revised phylogenetic positions of mutations P164 and PK4". European Journal of Human Genetics. 19 (9): 1013–1015. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2011.64. PMC   3179364 . PMID   21505448.

Sources for conversion tables

• Capelli, Cristian; Wilson, James F.; Richards, Martin; Stumpf, Michael P.H.; et al. (February 2001). "A Predominantly Indigenous Paternal Heritage for the Austronesian-Speaking Peoples of Insular Southeast Asia and Oceania". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 68 (2): 432–443. doi:10.1086/318205. PMC   1235276 . PMID   11170891.
• Hammer, Michael F.; Karafet, Tatiana M.; Redd, Alan J.; Jarjanazi, Hamdi; et al. (1 July 2001). "Hierarchical Patterns of Global Human Y-Chromosome Diversity". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 18 (7): 1189–1203. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003906. PMID   11420360.
• Jobling, Mark A.; Tyler-Smith, Chris (2000), "New uses for new haplotypes", Trends in Genetics, 16 (8): 356–62, doi:10.1016/S0168-9525(00)02057-6, PMID   10904265
• Kaladjieva, Luba; Calafell, Francesc; Jobling, Mark A; Angelicheva, Dora; et al. (February 2001). "Patterns of inter- and intra-group genetic diversity in the Vlax Roma as revealed by Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA lineages". European Journal of Human Genetics. 9 (2): 97–104. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200597. PMID   11313742. S2CID   21432405.
• Karafet, Tatiana; Xu, Liping; Du, Ruofu; Wang, William; et al. (September 2001). "Paternal Population History of East Asia: Sources, Patterns, and Microevolutionary Processes". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 69 (3): 615–628. doi:10.1086/323299. PMC   1235490 . PMID   11481588.
• Karafet, T. M.; Mendez, F. L.; Meilerman, M. B.; Underhill, P. A.; Zegura, S. L.; Hammer, M. F. (2008), "New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree", Genome Research, 18 (5): 830–8, doi:10.1101/gr.7172008, PMC   2336805 , PMID   18385274
• Semino, O.; Passarino, G; Oefner, PJ; Lin, AA; et al. (2000), "The Genetic Legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in Extant Europeans: A Y Chromosome Perspective", Science, 290 (5494): 1155–9, Bibcode:2000Sci...290.1155S, doi:10.1126/science.290.5494.1155, PMID   11073453
• Su, Bing; Xiao, Junhua; Underhill, Peter; Deka, Ranjan; et al. (December 1999). "Y-Chromosome Evidence for a Northward Migration of Modern Humans into Eastern Asia during the Last Ice Age". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 65 (6): 1718–1724. doi:10.1086/302680. PMC   1288383 . PMID   10577926.
• Underhill, Peter A.; Shen, Peidong; Lin, Alice A.; Jin, Li; et al. (November 2000). "Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations". Nature Genetics. 26 (3): 358–361. doi:10.1038/81685. PMID   11062480. S2CID   12893406.

Further reading

• Hammer, Michael F.; Karafet, Tatiana M.; Park, Hwayong; Omoto, Keiichi; Harihara, Shinji; Stoneking, Mark; Horai, Satoshi (2005). "Dual origins of the Japanese: Common ground for hunter-gatherer and farmer Y chromosomes". Journal of Human Genetics. 51 (1): 47–58. doi: 10.1007/s10038-005-0322-0 . PMID   16328082. S2CID   6559289.
• Shi, Hong; Dong, Yong-li; Wen, Bo; Xiao, Chun-Jie; Underhill, Peter A.; Shen, Pei-Dong; Chakraborty, Ranajit; Jin, Li; Su, Bing (2005). "Y-Chromosome Evidence of Southern Origin of the East Asian–Specific Haplogroup O3-M122". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 77 (3): 408–19. doi:10.1086/444436. PMC   1226206 . PMID   16080116.
• Thanseem, Ismail; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy; Chaubey, Gyaneshwer; Singh, Vijay; Bhaskar, Lakkakula VKS; Reddy, B Mohan; Reddy, Alla G; Singh, Lalji (2006). "Genetic affinities among the lower castes and tribal groups of India: Inference from Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA". BMC Genetics. 7 (1): 42. doi:10.1186/1471-2156-7-42. PMC   1569435 . PMID   16893451.