Haplogroup O-M122

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Haplogroup O-M122
Possible time of origin33,943 (95% CI 25,124 <-> 37,631) ybp [1]

35,000 (with slower average mutation rate) or 30,000 (with faster average mutation rate) years ago [2]
Coalescence age30,365 (95% CI 22,492 <-> 33,956) ybp [1]
Possible place of origin South Asia [ citation needed ] or Southeast Asia [3]
Ancestor O-M175
Defining mutationsM122 [4]
Highest frequencies Nyishi 94%, [5] Adi 89%, [5] Tamang 87%, [6] Kachari (Boro) 85%, [7] Apatani 82%, [5] Rabha 76.5%, [7] Naga 76%, [5] Bhutanese 74%[ citation needed ], Naiman Kazakhs 68%, [8] Han Chinese 56%, Tibetan 48%, She People 48% (78.6% Northern, [9] 62.7% [10] ), Manchus 47%, Hmong/Miao 46% (69.0% China, [10] 64.3% Thailand, [11] 44.0% Hunan, [9] 41.2% Laos, [9] 36.7% Yunnan, [9] 30.6% Guizhou, [9] 14.6% Điện Biên Phủ [12] ), Vietnamese 44%, Korean 43%, Karen 37%, [13] Filipinos 33%, Southwestern Tai approx. 30.4% [14] (Shan 40%, [15] Siamese 39.5%, [14] Northern Thai 37.2%, [15] Yong 37%, [13] Tai Lue 29%, [15] Saek 29%, [14] Phuan 29%, [14] Thái in Vietnam 29%, [12] Lao 27.5%, [14] Kaleun 24%, [14] Nyaw 22%, [14] Isan 21%, [14] Tai Khün 21%, [15] Phutai 17%, [14] Tai Dam 14% [14] )

Haplogroup O-M122 (also known as Haplogroup O2 (formerly Haplogroup O3)) is an Eastern Eurasian Y-chromosome haplogroup. The lineage ranges across Southeast Asia and East Asia, where it dominates the paternal lineages with extremely high frequencies. It is also significantly present in Central Asia, especially among the Naiman tribe of Kazakhs. [8]

Contents

This lineage is a descendant haplogroup of haplogroup O-M175.

Origins

Researchers believe that O-M122 first appeared in Southeast Asia approximately 25,000-30,000 years ago [3] or roughly between 30,000 and 35,000 years ago according to more recent studies (Karmin et al. 2015, Poznik et al. 2016, YFull January 4, 2018). In a systematic sampling and genetic screening of an East Asian–specific Y-chromosome haplogroup (O-M122) in 2,332 individuals from diverse East Asian populations, results indicate that the O-M122 lineage is dominant in East Asian populations, with an average frequency of 44.3%. Microsatellite data show that the O-M122 haplotypes are more diverse in Southeast Asia than those in northern East Asia. [3] This suggests a southern origin of the O-M122 mutation to be likely.

It was part of the settlement of East Asia. However, the prehistoric peopling of East Asia by modern humans remains controversial with respect to early population migrations and the place of the O-M122 lineage in these migrations is ambivalent.[ citation needed ]

Distribution

Although Haplogroup O-M122 appears to be primarily associated with ethnic Tibeto-Burman speaking groups inhabiting the Seven Sister States of north eastern India, it also forms a significant component of the Y-chromosome diversity of most modern populations of the East Asian region.

East Asia

Haplogroup O-M122 is found in approximately 53.27% of all modern Chinese males [16] (with frequency ranging from 30/101=29.7% among Pinghua-speaking Hans in Guangxi [17] to 110/148=74.3% among Hans in Changting, Fujian [18] ), about 40% of Manchu, Chinese Mongolian, Korean, and Vietnamese males, about 33.3% [19] to 62% (Jin 2009 and [20] ) of Filipino males, about 10.5% [21] to 55.6% [21] of Malaysian males, about 10% (4/39 Guide County, Qinghai) [22] to 45% (22/49 Zhongdian County, Yunnan) [23] of Tibetan males, about 20% (10/50 Shuangbai, northern Yunnan) [23] to 44% (8/18 Xishuangbanna, southern Yunnan) [23] and [24] of Yi males, about 25% of Zhuang [25] and Indonesian [26] males, and about 16% [27] [28] to 20% [19] of Japanese males. The distribution of Haplogroup O-M122 stretches far into Asia (approx. 40% of Dungans, [29] 30% of Salars, [30] 28% of Bonan, [30] 24% of Dongxiang, [30] 18% to 22.8% of Mongolian citizens in Ulaanbaatar, [19] 11%-15.4% of Khalkha Mongolians (Yamamoto et al. 2013 [31] ) but also as high as 31.1% (Kim et al. 2011), 12% of Uyghurs, [29] 9% of Kazakhs [29] but in the Naiman of Kazakhs 65.81%, [8] 6.8% of Kalmyks [32] (17.1% of Khoshuud, 6.1% of Dörwöd, 3.3% of Torguud, 0% of Buzawa), 6.2% of Altaians, [33] 5.3% of Kyrgyz, [34] 4.1% of Uzbeks, [29] and 4.0% of Buryats. [35]

Modern northern Han Chinese Y haplogroups and mtdna match those of ancient northern Han Chinese ancestors 3,000 years ago from the Hengbei archeological site. 89 ancient samples were taken. Y haplogroups O3a, O3a3, M, O2a, Q1a1, and O* were all found in Hengbei samples. [36] Three men who lived in the Neolithic era are the ancestors of 40% of Han Chinese, with their Y haplogroups being subclades of O3a-M324 and they are estimated to have lived 6,800 years ago, 6,500 years ago and 5,400 years ago. [37]

The East Asian O3-M122 Y chromosome Haplogroup is found in large quantities in other Muslims close to the Hui people like Dongxiang, Bo'an and Salar. The majority of Tibeto-Burmans, Han Chinese, and Ningxia and Liaoning Hui share paternal Y chromosomes of East Asian origin which are unrelated to Middle Easterners and Europeans. In contrast to distant Middle Eastern and Europeans whom the Muslims of China are not related to, East Asians, Han Chinese, and most of the Hui and Dongxiang of Linxia share more genes with each other. This indicates that native East Asian populations converted to Islam and were culturally assimilated to these ethnicities and that Chinese Muslim populations are mostly not descendants of foreigners as claimed by some accounts while only a small minority of them are. [38]

South Asia

Haplogroup O-M122 is restricted among tribal groups of Northeast India where it is found at very high frequencies. In Arunachal Pradesh, it is found at 89% among Adi, 82% among Apatani, and 94% among Nishi, while the Naga people show it at 100% (Cordaux 2004). In Meghalaya, 59.2% (42/71) of a sample of Garos and 31.7% (112/353) of a sample of Khasis have been found to belong to O-M122. [39] In Nepal, Tamang people present a very high frequency of O-M122 (39/45 = 86.7%), while much lower percentages of Newar (14/66 = 21.2%) and the general population of Kathmandu (16/77 = 20.8%) belong to this haplogroup. [40] A study published in 2009 found O-M122 in 52.6% (30/57, including 28 members of O-M117 and two members of O-M134(xM117)) of a sample of Tharus from a village in Chitwan District of south-central Nepal, 28.6% (22/77, all O-M117) of a sample of Tharus from another village in Chitwan District, and 18.9% (7/37, all O-M117) of a sample of Tharus from a village in Morang District of southeastern Nepal. [41] In contrast, the same study found O-M122 in only one individual in a sample of non-Tharu Hindus collected in Chitwan District (1/26 = 3.8% O-M134(xM117)), one tribal individual from Andhra Pradesh, India (1/29 = 3.4% O-M117), and one individual in a sample of Hindus from New Delhi, India (1/49 = 2.0% O-M122(xM134)). [41]

Southeast Asia

Among all the populations of East and Southeast Asia, Haplogroup O-M122 is most closely associated with those that speak a Sinitic, Tibeto-Burman, or Hmong–Mien language. Haplogroup O-M122 comprises about 50% or more of the total Y-chromosome variation among the populations of each of these language families. The Sinitic and Tibeto-Burman language families are generally believed to be derived from a common Sino-Tibetan protolanguage, and most linguists place the homeland of the Sino-Tibetan language family somewhere in northern China. The Hmong–Mien languages and cultures, for various archaeological and ethnohistorical reasons, are also generally believed to have derived from a source somewhere north of their current distribution, perhaps in northern or central China. The Tibetans, however, despite the fact that they speak a language of the Tibeto-Burman language family, have high percentages of the otherwise rare haplogroups D-M15 and D3, which are also found at much lower frequencies among the members of some other ethnic groups in East Asia and Central Asia.

Haplogroup O-M122 has been implicated as a diagnostic genetic marker [42] of the Austronesian expansion when it is found in populations of insular Southeast Asia and Oceania. It appears at moderately high frequencies in the Philippines, Malaysia, and Indonesia. Its distribution in Oceania is mostly limited to the traditionally Austronesian culture zones, chiefly Polynesia (approx. 25% [19] to 32.5% [21] ). O-M122 is found at generally lower frequencies in coastal and island Melanesia, Micronesia, and Taiwanese aboriginal tribes (18% [19] to 27.4% [21] of Micronesians, and 5% of Melanesians, [43] albeit with reduced frequencies of most subclades.

Haplogroup O-M122* Y-chromosomes, which are not defined by any identified downstream markers, are actually more common among certain non-Han Chinese populations than among Han Chinese ones, and the presence of these O-M122* Y-chromosomes among various populations of Central Asia, East Asia, and Oceania is more likely to reflect a very ancient shared ancestry of these populations rather than the result of any historical events. It remains to be seen whether Haplogroup O-M122* Y-chromosomes can be parsed into distinct subclades that display significant geographical or ethnic correlations.

Subclade Distribution

Paragroup O-M122*

Paragroup O2*-M122(xO2a-P197) Y-DNA is quite rare, having been detected only in 2/165 = 1.2% of a sample of Han Chinese in a pool of samples from mainland China, Taiwan, the Philippines, Vietnam, and Malaysia (n=581), 8/641 = 1.2% of a sample of Balinese in a pool of samples from western Indonesia (n=960), and 7/350 = 2.0% of a sample of males from Sumba in a pool of samples from eastern Indonesia (n=957). In the same study, O2*-M122(xO2a-P197) Y-DNA was not observed in a pool of samples from Oceania (n=182). [44]

A paper published by a group of mainly Chinese geneticists in the American Journal of Human Genetics in 2005 reported the detection of O2*-M122(xO2a-M324) Y-DNA in 1.6% (8/488) of a pool of seven samples of Han Chinese (3/64 = 4.7% Sichuan, 2/98 = 2.0% Zibo, Shandong, 1/60 = 1.7% Inner Mongolia, 1/81 = 1.2% Yunnan, 1/86 = 1.2% Laizhou, Shandong, 0/39 Guangxi, 0/60 Gansu). O2*-M122(xO2a-M324) Y-DNA also was detected in the following samples of ethnic minorities in China: 5.9% (1/17) Jingpo from Yunnan, 4.3% (2/47) Zhuang from Yunnan, 4.1% (2/49) Lisu from Yunnan, 3.2% (1/31) Wa from Yunnan, 2.6% (1/39) Zhuang from Guangxi, 2.5% (2/80) Bai from Yunnan, 2.4% (1/41) Hani from Yunnan, 2.3% (2/88) Lahu from Yunnan, 2.1% (1/47) Yi from Yunnan, 2.1% (1/48) Miao from Yunnan, 1.5% (2/132) Dai from Yunnan, 1.0% (1/105) Miao from Hunan, and 0.9% (2/225) Yao from Guangxi. [45]

O2*-M122(xO2a-M324) Y-DNA has been found as a singleton (1/156 = 0.6%) in a sample from Tibet. [40] It also has been found as a singleton in a sample of nineteen members of the Chin people in Chin State, Myanmar. [46]

In a paper published in 2011, Korean researchers have reported finding O2*-M122(xO2a-M324) Y-DNA in the following samples: 5.9% (3/51) Beijing Han, 3.1% (2/64) Filipino, 2.1% (1/48) Vietnamese, 1.7% (1/60) Yunnan Han, 0.4% (2/506) Korean, including 1/87 from Jeju and 1/110 from Seoul-Gyeonggi. [47] In another study published in 2012, Korean researchers have found O-M122(xM324) Y-DNA in 0.35% (2/573) of a sample from Seoul; however, no individual belonging to O-M122(xM324) was observed in a sample of 133 individuals from Daejeon. [48]

In 2011, Chinese researchers published a paper reporting their finding of O2*-M122(xO2a-M324) Y-DNA in 3.0% (5/167) of a sample of Han Chinese with origins in East China (defined as consisting of Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shanghai, and Anhui) and in 1.5% (1/65) of a sample of Han Chinese with origins in Southern China. O2* Y-DNA was not detected in their sample of Han Chinese with origins in Northern China (n=129).

In a paper published in 2012, O2*-M122(xO2a-P200) Y-DNA was found in 12% (3/25) of a sample of Lao males from Luang Prabang, Laos. O2* Y-DNA was not detected in this study's samples of Cham from Binh Thuan, Vietnam (n=59), Kinh from Hanoi, Vietnam (n=76), or Thai from northern Thailand (n=17). [49]

Trejaut et al. (2014) found O2-M122(xO2a-M324) in 6/40 (15.0%) Siraya in Kaohsiung, 1/17 (5.9%) Sulawesi, 1/25 (4.0%) Paiwan, 2/55 (3.6%) Fujian Han, 1/30 (3.3%) Ketagalan, 2/60 (3.3%) Taiwan Minnan, 1/34 (2.9%) Taiwan Hakka, 1/38 (2.6%) Siraya in Hwalien, 5/258 (1.9%) miscellaneous Han volunteers in Taiwan, and 1/75 (1.3%) in a sample of the general population of Thailand. [50]

Brunelli et al. (2017) found O2-M122(xO2a-M324) in 5/66 (7.6%) Tai Yuan, 1/91 (1.1%) Tai Lue, and 1/205 (0.5%) Khon Mueang in samples of the people of Northern Thailand. [15]

O-M324

O-M121

O2a1a1a1a1-M121 is a subclade of O2a1-L127.1, parallel to O2a1b-M164 and O2a1c-JST002611.

In an early survey of Y-DNA variation in present-day human populations of the world, O-M121 was detected only in 5.6% (1/18) of a sample from Cambodia and Laos and in 5.0% (1/20) of a sample from China. [51]

In a large study of 2,332 unrelated male samples collected from 40 populations in East Asia (and especially Southwest China), O-M121/DYS257 Y-DNA was detected only in 7.1% (1/14) of a sample of Cambodians and in 1.0% (1/98) of a sample of Han Chinese from Zibo, Shandong. [45]

In a study published in 2011, O-M121 Y-DNA was found in 1.2% (2/167) of a sample of Han Chinese with origins in East China, defined as consisting of Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang, and Shanghai, and in 0.8% (1/129) of a sample of Han Chinese with origins in Northern China. O-M121 was not detected in this study's sample of Han Chinese with origins in Southern China (n=65). [52]

O-L599 (considered to be phylogenetically equivalent to O-M121 [53] ) also has been found in one individual in the 1000 Genomes Project sample of Han Chinese from Hunan, China (n=37), one individual in the 1000 Genomes Project sample of Kinh from Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, one individual in the Human Genome Diversity Project sample of Tujia, an individual from Singapore, and an individual from the Jakarta metropolitan area. [54] According to 23mofang, O-L599 currently accounts for about 0.79% of the male population in China and is concentrated in Fujian, Taiwan, Jiangxi, Anhui, Hubei, Zhejiang and other provinces and cities; it appears to have undergone explosive population growth between about 2600 and 2300 years ago. [55]

O-M164

O2a1b-M164 is a subclade of O2a1-L127.1, parallel to O2a1a1a1a1-M121 and O2a1c-JST002611.

In an early survey of Y-DNA variation in present-day human populations of the world, O-M164 was detected only in 5.6% (1/18) of a sample from Cambodia and Laos. [51]

In a large study of 2,332 unrelated male samples collected from 40 populations in East Asia (and especially Southwest China), O2a1b-M164 Y-DNA was detected only in 7.1% (1/14) of a sample of Cambodians. [45]

According to 23mofang, O-M164 is a recent branch (TMRCA 2120 years) downstream of O2a1c-JST002611 rather than parallel to it. Out of fourteen members total, six are from Guangdong, five are from Fujian, one is from Nantong, one is from Wenzhou, and one is from Taiwan. [55]

O-JST002611

Haplogroup O2a1c-JST002611 is derived from O2-M122 via O2a-M324/P93/P197/P199/P200 and O2a1-L127.1/L465/L467. O2a1c-JST002611 is the most commonly observed type of O2a1 Y-DNA, and, more generally, represents the majority of extant O2-M122 Y-DNA that does not belong to the expansive subclade O2a2-P201.

Haplogroup O2a1c-JST002611 was first identified in 3.8% (10/263) of a sample of Japanese (Nonaka et al. 2007). It also has been found in 3.5% (2/57) of the JPT (Japanese in Tokyo, Japan) sample of the 1000 Genomes Project, including one member of the rare and deeply divergent paragroup O2a1c1-F18*(xO2a1c1a1-F117, O2a1c1a2-F449). [54] [2] Subsequently, this haplogroup has been found with higher frequency in some samples taken in and around China, including 12/58 = 20.7% Miao (China), 10/70 = 14.3% Vietnam, 18/165 = 10.9% Han (China & Taiwan), 4/49 = 8.2% Tujia (China). [44] O-002611 also has been found in a singleton from the Philippines (1/48 = 2.1%), but it has not been detected in samples from Malaysia (0/32), Taiwanese Aboriginals (0/48), She from China (0/51), Yao from China (0/60), Oceania (0/182), eastern Indonesia (0/957), or western Indonesia (0/960). [44] Haplogroup O2a1c‐JST002611 is prevalent in different ethnic groups in China and Southeast Asia, including Vietnam (14.29%), Sichuan of southwestern China (Han, 14.60%; Tibetan in Xinlong County, 15.22%), [56] Jilin of northeastern China (Korean, 9.36%), Inner Mongolia (Mongolian, 6.58%), and Gansu of northwestern China (Baima, 7.35%; Han, 11.30%). [57] Y-DNA belonging to haplogroup O-JST002611 has been observed in 10.6% (61/573) of a sample collected in Seoul and 8.3% (11/133) of a sample collected in Daejeon, South Korea. [48] [58]

According to 23mofang, haplogroup O-IMS-JST002611 currently accounts for approximately 14.72% of the entire male population of China, and its TMRCA is estimated to be 13,590 years. [59] Yan et al. (2011) have found O-IMS-JST002611 in 16.9% (61/361) of a pool of samples of Han Chinese from East China (n=167), North China (n=129), and South China (n=65). [60] According to Table S4 of He Guanglin et al. 2023, haplogroup O2a1b-IMS-JST002611 has been found in 17.50% (366/2091) of a pool of samples of Han Chinese from various provinces and cities of China. [61] Haplogroup O2a1b-IMS-JST002611 is the second most common Y-DNA haplogroup among Han Chinese (and among Chinese in general) after haplogroup O2a2b1a1-M117.

O-P201

O2a2-JST021354/P201 has been divided into primary subclades O2a2a-M188 (TMRCA 18,830 ybp, accounts for approximately 4.74% of all males in present-day China [62] ) and O2a2b-P164 (TMRCA 20,410 ybp, accounts for approximately 30.4% of all males in present-day China [63] [64] ). Among the various branches of O2a2a-M188, O-M7 (TMRCA 14,510 ybp, accounts for approximately 2.15% of all males in present-day China [65] ) is notable for its relatively high frequency over a wide swath of Southeast Asia and southern China, especially among certain populations that currently speak Hmong-Mien, Austroasiatic, or Austronesian languages. Other branches of O2a2a-M188, such as O-CTS201 (TMRCA 16,070 ybp, accounts for approximately 1.76% of all males in present-day China [66] ), O-MF39662 i.e. O-F2588(xCTS445), and O-MF109044 i.e. O-M188(xF2588) (TMRCA 9,690 ybp, accounts for approximately 0.4% of all males in present-day China [67] ) have been found with generally low frequency in China; however, the O-CTS201 > O-FGC50590 > O-MF114497 subclade is fairly common among males in Korea and Japan. O2a2b-P164 has been divided cleanly into O2a2b1-M134 (TMRCA 17,450 ybp, accounts for approximately 27.58% of all males in present-day China [68] ), which has been found with high frequency throughout East Asia and especially among speakers of Sino-Tibetan languages, and O2a2b2-AM01822 (TMRCA 16,000 ybp, accounts for approximately 2.80% of all males in present-day China [69] ), which has been found with relatively low frequency but high diversity throughout East Asia and with high frequency in Austronesia.

O2a2-P201(xO2a2a1a2-M7, O2a2b1-M134) Y-DNA has been detected with high frequency in many samples of Austronesian-speaking populations, in particular some samples of Batak Toba from Sumatra (21/38 = 55.3%), Tongans (5/12 = 41.7%), and Filipinos (12/48 = 25.0%). [44] Outside of Austronesia, O2a2-P201(xO2a2a1a2-M7, O2a2b1-M134) Y-DNA has been observed in samples of Tujia (7/49 = 14.3%), Han Chinese (14/165 = 8.5%), Japanese (11/263 = 4.2%), Miao (1/58 = 1.7%), and Vietnam (1/70 = 1.4%) (Karafet 2010 and Nonaka 2007).

O-M159

O2a2a1a1a-M159 is a subclade of O2a2-P201 and O2a2a1a1-CTS201. In an early survey of Y-DNA variation in present-day human populations of the world, O-M159 was detected only in 5.0% (1/20) of a sample from China. [51]

Unlike its phylogenetic siblings, O-M7 and O-M134, O-M159 is very rare, having been found only in 2.9% (1/35) of a sample of Han males from Meixian, Guangdong in a study of 988 males from East Asia. [70]

In a study published in 2011, O-M159 was detected in 1.5% (1/65) of a sample of Han Chinese with origins in Southern China. O-M159 was not detected in the same study's samples of Han Chinese with origins in East China (n=167) or Northern China (n=129). [52]

Trejaut et al. (2014) found O-M159 in 5.0% (3/60) Minnan in Taiwan, 4.2% (1/24) Hanoi, Vietnam, 3.88% (10/258) miscellaneous Han volunteers in Taiwan, 3.6% (2/55) Han in Fujian, 3.24% (12/370) Plains Aborigines in Taiwan (mostly assimilated to Han Chinese), 1.04% (2/192) Western Indonesia (1/25 Kalimantan, 1/26 Sumatra), and 0.68% (1/146) Philippines (1/55 South Luzon). [50]

Kutanan et al. (2019) found O-M159 in 1.6% (2/129) of their samples of Thai people from Central Thailand. [14]

According to 23mofang, the TMRCA of haplogroup O-M159 is estimated to be 8,900 years. It is currently distributed mainly in southern China, accounting for about 0.80% of the total male population of China. [71]

O-M7

Projected spatial frequency distribution for haplogroup O3-M7. Frequencies of Y-DNA haplogroup O3-M7.png
Projected spatial frequency distribution for haplogroup O3-M7.

Haplogroup O2a2a1a2-M7 Y-DNA has been detected with high frequency in some samples of populations who speak Hmong-Mien languages, Katuic languages, or Bahnaric languages, scattered through some mostly mountainous areas of southern China, Laos, and Vietnam. [73]

O-M7 has been noted for having a widespread but uneven distribution among populations that speak Hmong-Mien languages, such as She (29/51 = 56.9% She, 10/34 = 29.4% She, 14/56 = 25.0% Northern She from Zhejiang), Miao (21/58 = 36.2% Miao from China, 17/51 = 33.3% Hmong Daw from northern Laos, 6/49 = 12.2% Yunnan Miao, 2/49 = 4.1% Guizhou Miao, 4/100 = 4.0% Hunan Miao), and Yao (18/35 = 51.4% Yao from Liannan, Guangdong, 29/60 = 48.3% Yao from Guangxi, 12/35 = 34.3% Yao from Bama, Guangxi, 12/37 = 32.4% Zaomin from Guangdong, 5/36 = 13.9% Bunu from Guangxi, 1/11 = 9.1% Top-Board Mien, 3/41 = 7.3% Native Mien, 2/31 = 6.5% Southern Mien from Guangxi, 1/19 = 5.3% Flowery-Headed Mien from Guangxi, 1/20 = 5.0% Mountain Straggler Mien from Hunan, 1/28 = 3.6% Blue Kimmun from Guangxi, 1/31 = 3.2% Pahng from Guangxi, 1/47 = 2.1% Western Mien from Yunnan, 0/11 Thin Board Mien, 0/31 Lowland Yao from Guangxi, 0/32 Mountain Kimmun from Yunnan, 0/33 Northern Mien, and 0/41 Lowland Kimmun from Guangxi). [73] [44] [70]

Cai et al. 2010 have reported finding high frequencies of O-M7 in their samples of Katuic (17/35 = 48.6% Ngeq, 10/45 = 22.2% Katu, 6/37 = 16.2% Kataang, 3/34 = 8.8% Inh (Ir), 4/50 = 8.0% So, 1/39 = 2.6% Suy) and Bahnaric (15/32 = 46.9% Jeh, 17/50 = 34.0% Oy, 8/32 = 25.0% Brau, 8/35 = 22.9% Talieng, 4/30 = 13.3% Alak, 6/50 = 12.0% Laven) peoples from southern Laos. However, O-M7 has been found only with low frequency in samples of linguistically related Khmuic populations from northern Laos (1/50 = 2.0% Mal, [9] 1/51 = 2.0% Khmu, [9] 0/28 Bit, [9] 0/29 Xinhmul [9] ), Vietic peoples from Vietnam and central Laos (8/76 = 10.5% Kinh from Hanoi, Vietnam, [74] 4/50 = 8.0% Kinh from northern Vietnam, [12] 2/28 = 7.1% Bo, [9] 4/70 = 5.7% Vietnamese, [10] 0/12 Muong, [9] 0/15 Kinh, [9] 0/38 Aheu [9] ), Palaungic peoples from northwestern Laos and southwestern Yunnan (2/35 = 5.7% Lamet, [9] 0/29 Ava, [9] 0/52 Blang [9] ), and Pakanic peoples from southeastern Yunnan and northwestern Guangxi (0/30 Palyu, [9] 0/32 Bugan [9] ). [73] [44] [49]

Haplogroup O-M7 has been found with notable frequency in some samples of Austronesian populations from the central part of the Malay Archipelago (17/86 = 19.8% Indonesians from Borneo, [10] 4/32 = 12.5% Malaysia, [10] 7/61 = 11.5% Java (mostly sampled in Dieng), [10] 6/56 = 10.7% Sumatra, [75] 4/53 = 7.5% Java, [75] 1/17 = 5.9% Malaysia [75] ), but the frequency of this haplogroup appears to drop off very quickly toward the east (1/48 = 2.1% Philippines, [10] 5/641 = 0.8% Balinese, [10] 0/9 Timor, [10] 0/28 Alor, [10] 0/30 Moluccas, [10] 0/31 Nusa Tenggaras, [75] 0/33 Moluccas, [75] 0/37 Philippines, [75] 0/40 Borneo, [75] 0/48 Taiwanese Aboriginals, [10] 0/54 Mandar from Sulawesi, [10] 0/92 Lembata, [10] 0/350 Sumba, [10] 0/394 Flores [10] ) and toward the west (0/38 Batak Toba from Sumatra, [10] 0/60 Nias, [10] 0/74 Mentawai [10] ). O-M7 has been found in 14.8% (4/27) of a sample of Giarai from southern Vietnam, [12] 8.3% (2/24) of a sample of Ede from southern Vietnam, [12] and 5.1% (3/59) of a sample of Cham from Binh Thuan, Vietnam. [74] These Chamic-speaking peoples inhabit southern Vietnam and eastern Cambodia, but their languages are related to those of the Acehnese and Malays. O-M7 also has been found in 21.1% (8/38) of a small set of samples of highlanders of northern Luzon (including 1/1 Ifugao, 1/2 Ibaloi, 4/12 Kalangoya, and 2/6 Kankanaey). [76]

In the northern fringes of its distribution, O-M7 has been found in samples of Oroqen (2/31 = 6.5%), Tujia from Hunan (3/49 = 6.1%), Qiang (2/33 = 6.1%), Han Chinese (2/32 = 6.3% Han from Yili, Xinjiang, 4/66 = 6.1% Han from Huize, Yunnan, 2/35 = 5.7% Han from Meixian, Guangdong, 1/18 = 5.6% Han from Wuhan, Hubei, 6/148 = 4.1% Han from Changting, Fujian, 20/530 = 3.8% Han Chinese from Chongming Island, [77] 2/63 = 3.2% Han from Weicheng, Sichuan, 18/689 = 2.6% Han Chinese from Pudong, [77] 2/100 = 2.0% Han from Nanjing, Jiangsu, 3/165 = 1.8% Han Chinese, [44] 1/55 = 1.8% Han from Shanghai), [23] [70] Manchus (1/50 = 2.0% Manchu from Liaoning [78] ), and Koreans (2/133 = 1.5% Daejeon, [48] 1/300 = 0.3% unrelated Korean males obtained from the National Biobank of Korea, [79] 1/573 = 0.2% Seoul [48] ).

According to 23mofang, O-M7 has a TMRCA of approximately 14,530 years and is currently relatively common among many ethnic groups in Sichuan and Yunnan, as well as among the Zhuang, Austroasiatic, and Austronesian groups. O-M7 now accounts for about 2.15% of the total male population in China. [80] The O-N5 subclade (TMRCA 4,230 ybp) by itself accounts for about 0.40% of the total male population in China at present, with its proportion among Hmong-Mien-speaking populations in Southwest China being rather high; in regard to geography, it is found mainly in Guizhou (3.52% of the total provincial population), Hunan (1.63%), Chongqing (1.05%), Sichuan (0.83%), Guangxi (0.76%), Fujian (0.44%), Yunnan (0.35%), Guangdong (0.28%), Jiangxi (0.26%), Hubei (0.26%), Shaanxi (0.20%), and Ningxia (0.18%). [81]

O-M134

O-M134*

Paragroup O-M134(xM117) has been found with very high frequency in some samples of Kim Mun people, a subgroup of the Yao people of southern China (16/32 = 50.0% Mountain Kimmun from southern Yunnan, 11/28 = 39.3% Blue Kimmun from western Guangxi). However, this paragroup has been detected in only 3/41 = 7.3% of a sample of Lowland Kimmun from eastern Guangxi. [73] This paragroup also has been found with high frequency in some Kazakh samples, especially the Naiman tribe (102/155 = 65.81%)(Dulik 2011) Dulik hypothesizes that O-M134 in Kazakhs was due to a later expansion due to its much more recent TMRCA time.

The general outline of the distribution of O-M134(xM117) among modern populations is different as that of the related clade O-M117. In particular, O-M134(xM117) occurs with only low frequency or is nonexistent among most Tibeto-Burman-speaking populations of Southwest China, Northeast India, and Nepal, who exhibit extremely high frequencies of O-M117.[ citation needed ] This paragroup also occurs with very low frequency or is non-existent among most Mon-Khmer population of Laos, who exhibit much higher frequencies of O-M117. [73] In Han Chinese, the paragroup is found in approximately the same percentage as O-M117, but has a higher distribution in northern Han Chinese than Southern Han Chinese.[ citation needed ]

According to 23mofang, the TMRCA of O-M134 is estimated to be 17,450 years, and O-M134(xM117) can be divided into two subsets: O-F122 (TMRCA 17,420 years), which is subsumed alongside O-M117 in an O-F450 clade (TMRCA 17,430 years), and O-MF59333 (TMRCA 13,900 years, currently distributed mainly in southern China and accounting for the Y-DNA of approximately 0.03% of the total male population of China), which is derived from O-M134 but basal to O-F450. O-F122 in turn is divided into O-MF38 (TMRCA 4,680 years, currently distributed mainly in northern China and accounting for the Y-DNA of approximately 0.02% of the total male population of China) and O-F114 (TMRCA 15,320 years, accounts for the Y-DNA of approximately 11.29% of the total male population of China). [55] The O-F46 (TMRCA 10,050 years) subclade of O-F114 by itself accounts for the Y-DNA of approximately 10.07% of the total male population of present-day China. [55]

In a study of Koreans from Seoul (n=573) and Daejeon (n=133), haplogroup O-M134(xM117), all members of which have been found to belong to O-F444 [58] (phylogenetically equivalent to O-F114 [55] ), has been found in 9.42% of the sample from Seoul and 10.53% of the sample from Daejeon. [48]

In a study of Japanese (n=263), haplogroup O-M134(xM117) has been observed in nine individuals, or 3.4% of the entire sample set. [82] The Japanese members of O-M134(xM117) in this study have originated from Shizuoka (3/12 = 25%), Tokyo (2/52 = 3.8%), Toyama (1/3), Ishikawa (1/4), Tochigi (1/5), and Ibaraki (1/5), respectively. [83]

O-M117

Haplogroup O2a2b1a1-M117 (also defined by the phylogenetically equivalent mutation Page23) is a subclade of O2a2b1-M134 that occurs frequently in China and in neighboring countries, especially among Tibeto-Burman-speaking peoples. Haplogroup O2a2b1a1-M117 is the most common Y-DNA haplogroup among present-day Chinese (16.27% China, [84] 59/361 = 16.3% Han Chinese, [60] 397/2091 = 18.99% Han Chinese [61] ), followed closely by haplogroup O2a1b-IMS-JST002611.

O-M117 has been detected in samples of Tamang (38/45 = 84.4%),Tibetans (45/156 = 28.8% or 13/35 = 37.1%), Tharus (57/171 = 33.3%), Han Taiwanese (40/183 = 21.9%), Newars (14/66 = 21.2%), the general population of Kathmandu, Nepal (13/77 = 16.9%), Han Chinese (5/34 = 14.7% Chengdu, 5/35 = 14.3% Harbin, 4/35 = 11.4% Meixian, 3/30 = 10.0% Lanzhou, 2/32 = 6.3% Yili), Tungusic peoples from the PRC (7/45 = 15.6% Hezhe, 4/26 = 15.4% Ewenki, 5/35 = 14.3% Manchu, 2/41 = 4.9% Xibe, 1/31 = 3.2% Oroqen), Koreans (4/25 = 16.0% Koreans from the PRC, 5/43 = 11.6% Koreans from South Korea), Mongols (5/45 = 11.1% Inner Mongolian, 3/39 = 7.7% Daur, 3/65 = 4.6% Outer Mongolian), and Uyghurs (2/39 = 5.1% Yili, 1/31 = 3.2% Urumqi) (Xue 2006, Gayden 2007, and Fornarino 2009).

Like O-M7, O-M117 has been found with greatly varying frequency in many samples of Hmong-Mien-speaking peoples, such as Mienic peoples (7/20 = 35.0% Mountain Straggler Mien, 9/28 = 32.1% Blue Kimmun, 6/19 = 31.6% Flower Head Mien, 3/11 = 27.3% Top Board Mien, 3/11 = 27.3% Thin Board Mien, 11/47 = 23.4% Western Mien, 6/33 = 18.2% Northern Mien, 5/31 = 16.1% Lowland Yao, 5/35 = 14.3% Yao from Liannan, Guangdong, 5/37 = 13.5% Zaomin, 5/41 = 12.2% Lowland Kimmun, 3/41 = 7.3% Native Mien, 2/31 = 6.5% Southern Mien, 2/32 = 6.3% Mountain Kimmun, but 0/35 Yao from Bama, Guangxi), She (6/34 = 17.6% She, 4/56 = 7.1% Northern She), and Hmongic peoples (9/100 = 9.0% Miao from Hunan, 4/51 = 7.8% Hmong Daw from northern Laos, 3/49 = 6.1% Miao from Yunnan, 1/49 = 2.0% Miao from Guizhou, but 0/36 Bunu from Guangxi) (Cai 2011 and Xue 2006).

In a study published by Chinese researchers in the year 2006, O-M117 has been found with high frequency (8/47 = 17.0%) in a sample of Japanese that should be from Kagawa Prefecture according to the geographical coordinates (134.0°E, 34.2°N) that have been provided. [70] However, in a study published by Japanese researchers in the year 2007, the same haplogroup has been found with much lower frequency (11/263 = 4.2%) in a larger sample of Japanese from various regions of Japan. [28] More precisely, the Japanese members of O-M117 in this study's sample set have originated from Tokyo (4/52), Chiba (2/44), Gifu (1/2), Yamanashi (1/2), Hiroshima (1/3), Aichi (1/6), and Shizuoka (1/12). [83]

In Meghalaya, a predominantly tribal state of Northeast India, O-M133 has been found in 19.7% (14/71) of a sample of the Tibeto-Burman-speaking Garos, but in only 6.2% (22/353, ranging from 0/32 Bhoi to 6/44 = 13.6% Pnar) of a pool of eight samples of the neighboring Khasian-speaking tribes. [39]

O-M300

O-M333

PopulationFrequencynSourceSNPs
Derung 1 Shi 2009  
Naga
(Sagaing, Myanmar)
1.00015[ citation needed ]Page23=15
Nishi 0.94 Cordaux 2004  
Adi 0.89 Cordaux 2004  
Tamang 0.86745 Gayden 2007 M134
Nu 0.86 Wen 2004  
Yao (Liannan)0.82935 Xue 2006 M7=18
M117=5
M122(xM159, M7, M134)=4
M134(xM117)=2
Achang 0.825 Shi 2009  
Apatani 0.82 Cordaux 2004  
Bai 0.82 Shi 2009  
CHS
(Han in Hunan & Fujian)
0.78852 Poznik 2016 M122=41
Naga (NE India)0.76534 Cordaux 2004 M134=26
Ava (Yunnan)0.75929 Cai 2011 M122
Han Chinese 0.74 Wen 2004  
She 0.73534 Xue 2006 M7=10
M122(xM159, M7, M134)=7
M117=6
M134(xM117)=2
Nu 0.7 Shi 2009  
Miao 0.7 Karafet 2001  
Shui 0.7 Shi 2009  
Han (Harbin)0.65735 Xue 2006 M122(xM159, M7, M134)=10
M134(xM117)=8
M117=5
Lisu 0.65 Wen 2004  
Zaomin (Guangdong)0.64937 Cai 2011 M122
She 0.63 Karafet 2001  
Filipinos 0.62 Jin 2009  
Taiwan Han 0.61921 Tajima 2004 M122
Philippines 0.60728 Hurles 2005 M122
Han (East China)0.593167 Yan 2011 M122
Garo 0.59 Reddy 2007  
Kinh (Hanoi, Vietnam)0.5848[ citation needed ]M122=28
Chin
(Chin State, Myanmar)
0.57919[ citation needed ]Page23=10
M122(xM324)=1
Han (North China)0.566129 Yan 2011 M122
Toba (Sumatra)0.55338 Karafet 2010 P201(xM7, M134)
Northern Han 0.55149 Tajima 2004 M122
Garo 0.55 Kumar 2007  
Tujia 0.54 Shi 2009  
Tujia 0.53 Karafet 2001  
Han (Chengdu)0.52934 Xue 2006 M122(xM159, M7, M134)=8
M134(xM117)=5
M117=5
Han (NE China)0.52442 Katoh 2005 M122=22
Han (Meixian)0.51435 Xue 2006 M122(xM159, M7, M134)=10
M117=4
M7=2
M159=1
M134(xM117)=1
CHB
(Han Chinese in Beijing)
0.50046 Poznik 2016 F444=8
M117=7
JST002611=5
KL2(xJST002611)=2
M188(xM7)=1
Han (South China)0.49265 Yan 2011 M122
Va 0.48 Shi 2009  
Bai 0.48 Shi 2009
Wen 2004
 
KHV
(Kinh in Ho Chi Minh City)
0.47846 Poznik 2016 M7=6
M133=4
F444=4
JST002611=4
KL2(xJST002611)=2
N6>F4124=1
CTS1754=1
Koreans 0.472216 Kim 2007  
Lisu 0.47 Shi 2009  
Hani 0.47 Wen 2004  
Han (Yili)0.46932 Xue 2006 M122(xM159, M7, M134)=10
M7=2
M117=2
M134(xM117)=1
Bai (Dali, Yunnan)0.4650 Wen 2004 M122
Mongols (Baotou)0.45533[ citation needed ]F273=2
F4249=2
FGC23868=1
Z26109=1
F133=1
F12=1
Y26383=1
CTS201=1
F8=1
Y20928=1
F748=1
SK1783=1
SK1775=1
Hezhe (China)0.44445 Xue 2006 M122(xM159, M7, M134)=11
M134(xM117)=2
M117=7
Koreans 0.443506 Kim 2011 P201=146
M324(xP201)=76
M122(xM324)=2
Tibetans
(Zhongdian, Yunnan)
0.44050 Wen 2004 M122
Miao 0.44 Shi 2009  
Yi 0.44 Wen 2004  
Lahu 0.43 Shi 2009  
Bit (Laos)0.42928 Cai 2011 M122
Manchu (NE China)0.426101 Katoh 2005 M122=43
Koreans (Seoul)0.422573 Park 2012 M122
Koreans (Daejeon)0.414133 Park 2012 M122
Hmong Daw (Laos)0.41251 Cai 2011 M122
Vietnamese 0.41 Karafet 2001  
Dai 0.4 Yang 2005  
Dungan (Kyrgyzstan)0.4040 Wells 2001 M122
Tibetans 0.40035 Xue 2006 M117=13
M134(xM117)=1
Koreans (China) 0.40025 Xue 2006 M122(xM159, M7, M134)=6
M117=4
Shan
(Northern Thailand)
0.40020 Brunelli 2017 M117=7
M7=1
Thai (Central Thailand)0.395129 Kutanan 2019 F8/F42*=17
M7=11
JST002611=10
F474/F317=4
F323/F46=4
M159=2
F2055/CTS445=1
F2137=1
F837=1
Koreans (South Korea)0.39543 Xue 2006 M122(xM159, M7, M134)=7
M134(xM117)=5
M117=5
Vietnamese 0.39 Jin 2009  
Khon Mueang
(Northern Thailand)
0.390205 Brunelli 2017 O-M117=46
O-M7=17
O-M324(xM7, M134)=16
O-M122(xM324)=1
Mon
(Northern Thailand)
0.38918 Brunelli 2017 M117=4
M324(xM7, M134)=3
Blang (Yunnan)0.38552 Cai 2011 M122
Northern Thai people
(Khon Mueang & Tai Yuan)
0.38486 Kutanan 2019 F8/F42=24
M7=7
JST002611=1
F999/F717=1
Manchu 0.38 Karafet 2001  
Philippine
(Tagalog language group)
0.38050 Tajima 2004 M122
Hanoi, Vietnam0.37524 Trejaut 2014 M7=3
M134(xM133)=3
M133=1
JST002611=1
M159=1
Manchu 0.37135 Xue 2006 M122(xM159, M7, M134)=6
M117=5
M134(xM117)=2
Han (Lanzhou)0.36730 Xue 2006 M122(xM159, M7, M134)=6
M117=3
M134(xM117)=2
Lahu 0.36 Wen 2004  
Qiang 0.36433 Xue 2006 M134(xM117)=4
M117=3
M122(xM159, M7, M134)=3
M7=2
Bamar (Myanmar)0.36172[ citation needed ]Page23=26
Borneo, Indonesia0.36086 Karafet 2010 M122
Korean 0.35645 Wells 2001 M122
Pahng (Guangxi)0.35531 Cai 2011 M122
Philippines 0.35448 Karafet 2010 M122
Western Yugur 0.35 Zhou 2008  
Thai
(Chiang Mai & Khon Kaen)
0.35334 Shi 2009
Tajima 2004
M122
Tai Yong
(Northern Thailand)
0.34626 Brunelli 2017 M324(xM7, M134)=4
M117=3
M7=2
Tharu 0.345171 Fornarino 2009 M134
Kinh (Hanoi, Vietnam)0.34276 He 2012 M122
Koreans (Seoul)0.34185 Katoh 2005 M122=29
Tibet 0.340156 Gayden 2007 M122
Yao (Bama)0.34335 Xue 2006 M7=12
Kazakhs (SE Altai)0.33789 Dulik 2011 M134(xM117, P101)
Tai Yuan
(Thailand)
0.32985 Brunelli 2017 M117=15
M7=5
M122(xM324)=5
M134(xM117)=3
Dai
(Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)
0.32752 Poznik 2016 O-M133=13
O-M7=2
O-F444=1
O-JST002611=1
Polynesians 0.325 Su 2000  
Tibetans 0.32 Wen 2004  
Khasi 0.32 Reddy 2007  
Lao
(Luang Prabang, Laos)
0.3225 He 2012 M122
Eastern Yugur 0.31 Zhou 2008  
Malays 0.31 Karafet 2001  
Buyei 0.31435 Xue 2006 M7=6
M134(xM117)=3
M117=1
M122(xM159, M7, M134)=1
Mongolian (Khalkh) 0.311 Kim 2011  
Filipinos 0.308146 Trejaut 2014 P164(xM134)=26
JST002611=7
M7=3
M133=3
M134(xM133)=2
P201(xM159, M7, P164)=2
M159=1
M324(xKL1, P201)=1
Han (Pinghua speakers)0.3 Gan 2008  
Salar 0.30243 Wang 2003 M122
Dong 0.30020 Xie 2004 M134=3
M122(xM7, M134)=3
Thailand 0.29375 Trejaut 2014 M133(xM162)=10
M7=5
M134(xM133)=3
JST002611=2
P164(xM134)=1
M122(xM324)=1
Koreans (NE China) 0.29179 Katoh 2005 M122=23
Khasi 0.29 Kumar 2007  
Zhuang 0.29 Su 2000  
Inner Mongolian 0.28945 Xue 2006 M122(xM159, M7, M134)=5
M117=5
M134(xM117)=3
Tai Lue
(Northern Thailand)
0.28691 Brunelli 2017 O-M117=16
O-M7=6
O-M324(xM7, M134)=3
O-M122(xM324)=1
Zhuang 0.28628 Xie 2004 M134=7
M122(xM7, M134)=1
Laotian
(Vientiane & Luang Prabang)
0.27540 Kutanan 2019 F8/F42=6
M7=2
M188(xM7)=2
P164(xF8,F46,F4110,F706,F717)=1
Bonan 0.27344 Wang 2003 M122
Sibe 0.26841 Xue 2006 M134(xM117)=5
M122(xM159, M7, M134)=4
M117=2
Micronesia 0.27 Su 2000  
Mon (Thailand)0.267105 Kutanan 2019 F8/F42=15
M7=4
F323/F46=4
JST002611=3
F2859=1
M122(x002611,M188,P164,F837)=1
Daur 0.25639 Xue 2006 M122(xM159, M7, M134)=7
M117=3
Polynesians 0.25 Hammer 2005
Kayser 2006
 
Bunu (Guangxi)0.2536 Cai 2011 M122
Malay
(near Kuala Lumpur)
0.2512 Tajima 2004 M122
Zhuang (Guangxi)0.247166 Chen 2006 M122(xM121, M134)=23
M117=9
M134(xM117)=7
M121=2
Japanese (Kyūshū)0.240104 Tajima 2004 M122
Dongxiang 0.24 Wang 2003  
Manchurian Evenks 0.24 Karafet 2001  
Thai (Northern Thailand)0.23517 He 2012 M122
Japanese (Kagawa)0.23447 Xue 2006 M117=8
M134(xM117)=2
M122(xM159, M7, M134)=1
Mosuo (Ninglang, Yunnan)0.23447 Wen 2004 M122
Evenks (China)0.23126 Xue 2006 M117=4
M134(xM117)=1
M122(xM159, M7, M134)=1
Mongolia
(mainly Khalkhs [85] )
0.228149 Hammer 2005 M134=24
M122(xM134)=10
Zhuang
(Napo County, Guangxi)
0.22263[ citation needed ]M117=5
M122(xM188, M134)=4
M188=3
M134(xM117)=2
Lawa
(Northern Thailand)
0.22050 Brunelli 2017 M324(xM7, M134)=6
M117=5
Mal (Laos)0.22050 Cai 2011 M122
Cambodian (Siem Reap)0.216125 Black 2006 M122
Japanese (Tokushima)0.21470 Hammer 2005 M134=11
M122(xM134, LINE)=2
LINE=2
Newar 0.21266 Gayden 2007 M117
Lao Isan 0.21062 Kutanan 2019 M7=6
F8=4
JST002611=3
Blang 0.21 Shi 2009  
Okinawans 0.21 Nonaka 2007  
Tai Khün
(Northern Thailand)
0.20824 Brunelli 2017 M117=4
M134(xM117)=1
Kathmandu, Nepal0.20877 Gayden 2007 M324
Sui 0.20050 Xie 2004 M134=10
Yi (Shuangbai, Yunnan)0.2050 Wen 2004 M122(xM7)
Japanese (Shizuoka)0.19761 Hammer 2005 M122(xM134, LINE)=7
M134=5
Khmu (Laos)0.19651 Cai 2011 M122
Dongxiang 0.19646 Wang 2003 M122
Oroqen 0.19431 Xue 2006 M122(xM159, M7, M134)=2
M7=2
M134(xM117)=1
M117=1
Khalkh (Mongolia)0.18885 Katoh 2005 M122=16
Japanese (Miyazaki)0.1831285 Nohara 2021 M134=118
M122(xM134)=117
Japanese (Tokyo)0.17956 Poznik 2016 M117=5
M134(xM117)=3
JST002611=2
Hani 0.17634 Xue 2006 M134(xM117)=3
M117=2
M122(xM159, M7, M134)=1
Micronesia 0.17617 Hammer 2005 M122(xM134, LINE)=3
Hui 0.17135 Xue 2006 M122(xM159, M7, M134)=4
M134(xM117)=1
M117=1
Kalmyk (Khoshuud)0.17182 Malyarchuk 2013 M122=14
Japanese 0.167263 Nonaka 2007 M122
Mandar (Sulawesi)0.16754 Karafet 2010 M122
Mulam (Luocheng)0.16742 Wang 2003 JST002611=3
M134(xM117)=3
M117=1
Japanese (Kantō)0.162117 Katoh 2005 M122=19
Thai 0.16 Jin 2009  
Zhuang 0.16 Karafet 2001  
Aheu (Laos)0.15838 Cai 2011 M122
Bugan (Yunnan)0.15632 Cai 2011 M122
Okinawans 0.15645 Hammer 2005 M122(xM134, LINE)=3
LINE=3
M134=1
Uygur (Yili)0.15439 Xue 2006 M122(xM159, M7, M134)=2
M134(xM117)=2
M117=2
Japanese (Aomori)0.15426 Hammer 2005 M134=3
M122(xM134, LINE)=1
Cambodia 0.14 Shi 2009  
Cham
(Binh Thuan, Vietnam)
0.13659 He 2012 M122
Java
(mainly sampled in Dieng)
0.13161 Karafet 2010 M122
Aboriginal Taiwanese 0.126223 Tajima 2004 M122
Uighur (Kazakhstan)0.12241 Wells 2001 M122
Uzbek (Bukhara)0.12158 Wells 2001 M122
Ulchi 0.11552[ citation needed ]O-M122(xP201)=6
Karakalpak (Uzbekistan)0.11444 Wells 2001 M122
Utsat (Sanya, Hainan)0.11172 Li 2013 M117=3
M122(xM159, M117)=3
M159=2
Outer Mongolian 0.10865 Xue 2006 M122(xM159, M7, M134)=3
M117=3
M134(xM117)=1
Bo (Laos)0.10728 Cai 2011 M122
Tibetans 0.1 Zhou 2008  
Maluku Islands 0.130 Karafet 2010 M122
Kazakh (Kazakhstan)0.09354 Wells 2001 M122
Bouyei 0.08945 Xie 2004 M122(xM7, M134)=2
M7=1
M134=1
Pumi (Ninglang, Yunnan)0.08547 Wen 2004 M122(xM7)
Zakhchin (Mongolia)0.08360 Katoh 2005 M122=5
Mongols 0.08324 Wells 2001 M122
Balinese (Bali)0.073641 Karafet 2010 M122
Japanese 0.06859 Ochiai 2016 P198
Uriankhai (Mongolia)0.06760 Katoh 2005 M122=4
Sinte (Uzbekistan)0.06715 Wells 2001 M122
Uygur (Urumqi)0.06531 Xue 2006 M134(xM117)=1
M117=1
Iranian (Esfahan)0.06316 Wells 2001 M122
Kalmyk (Dörwöd)0.061165 Malyarchuk 2013 M122=10
Flores 0.046394 Karafet 2010 M122
Buryat 0.040298 Kharkov 2014 M324(xM134)=5
M134(xM117)=4
M117=3
Buyei 0.04 Yang 2005  
Kalmyk (Torguud)0.033150 Malyarchuk 2013 M122=5
Kazakhs (SW Altai)0.03330 Dulik 2011 M134(xM117, P101)
Munda
(Jharkhand)
0.03294[ citation needed ]M134=3
Burusho 0.03197 Firasat 2007 M122
Li 0.02934 Xue 2006 M134(xM117)=1
Sumba 0.029350 Karafet 2010 M122
Khoton (Mongolia)0.02540 Katoh 2005 M122=1
Naxi (Lijiang, Yunnan)0.02540 Wen 2004 M134
Rajbanshi
(West Bengal)
0.02245[ citation needed ]M134=1
Pathan 0.01096 Firasat 2007 M122
Pakistan 0.005638 Firasat 2007 M122

Phylogenetics

Phylogenetic History

Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.

YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand)(α)(β)(γ)(δ)(ε)(ζ)(η)YCC 2002 (Longhand)YCC 2005 (Longhand)YCC 2008 (Longhand)YCC 2010r (Longhand)ISOGG 2006ISOGG 2007ISOGG 2008ISOGG 2009ISOGG 2010ISOGG 2011ISOGG 2012
O-M175 26VII1U28Eu16H9IO*OOOOOOOOOO
O-M119 26VII1U32Eu16H9HO1*O1aO1aO1aO1aO1aO1aO1aO1aO1aO1a
O-M101 26VII1U32Eu16H9HO1aO1a1O1a1aO1a1aO1a1O1a1O1a1aO1a1aO1a1aO1a1aO1a1a
O-M50 26VII1U32Eu16H10HO1bO1a2O1a2O1a2O1a2O1a2O1a2O1a2O1a2O1a2O1a2
O-P31 26VII1U33Eu16H5IO2*O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2
O-M95 26VII1U34Eu16H11GO2a*O2aO2aO2aO2aO2aO2aO2aO2aO2a1O2a1
O-M88 26VII1U34Eu16H12GO2a1O2a1O2a1O2a1O2a1O2a1O2a1O2a1O2a1O2a1aO2a1a
O-SRY465 20VII1U35Eu16H5IO2b*O2bO2bO2bO2bO2bO2bO2bO2bO2bO2b
O-47z 5VII1U26Eu16H5IO2b1O2b1aO2b1O2b1O2b1aO2b1aO2b1O2b1O2b1O2b1O2b1
O-M12226VII1U29Eu16H6LO3*O3O3O3O3O3O3O3O3O3O3
O-M121 26VII1U29Eu16H6LO3aO3aO3a1O3a1O3a1O3a1O3a1O3a1O3a1O3a1aO3a1a
O-M164 26VII1U29Eu16H6LO3bO3bO3a2O3a2O3a2O3a2O3a2O3a2O3a2O3a1bO3a1b
O-M159 13VII1U31Eu16H6LO3cO3cO3a3aO3a3aO3a3O3a3O3a3aO3a3aO3a3aO3a3aO3a3a
O-M7 26VII1U29Eu16H7LO3d*O3cO3a3bO3a3bO3a4O3a4O3a3bO3a3bO3a3bO3a2bO3a2b
O-M113 26VII1U29Eu16H7LO3d1O3c1O3a3b1O3a3b1-O3a4aO3a3b1O3a3b1O3a3b1O3a2b1O3a2b1
O-M134 26VII1U30Eu16H8LO3e*O3dO3a3cO3a3cO3a5O3a5O3a3cO3a3cO3a3cO3a2c1O3a2c1
O-M117 26VII1U30Eu16H8LO3e1*O3d1O3a3c1O3a3c1O3a5aO3a5aO3a3c1O3a3c1O3a3c1O3a2c1aO3a2c1a
O-M162 26VII1U30Eu16H8LO3e1aO3d1aO3a3c1aO3a3c1aO3a5a1O3a5a1O3a3c1aO3a3c1aO3a3c1aO3a2c1a1O3a2c1a1

Original Research Publications

The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC Tree.

Phylogenetic Trees

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup O subclades is based on the YCC 2008 tree [86] and subsequent published research.

See also

Genetics

Y-DNA O Subclades

Y-DNA Backbone Tree


Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Haplogroup M (mtDNA)</span> Widespread human mitochondrial DNA grouping indicating common ancestry

Haplogroup M is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. An enormous haplogroup spanning all the continents, the macro-haplogroup M, like its sibling the macro-haplogroup N, is a descendant of the haplogroup L3.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Haplogroup N (mtDNA)</span> Widespread human mitochondrial DNA grouping indicating common ancestry

Haplogroup N is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) clade. A macrohaplogroup, its descendant lineages are distributed across many continents. Like its sibling macrohaplogroup M, macrohaplogroup N is a descendant of the haplogroup L3.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Haplogroup A (mtDNA)</span> Human mitochondrial DNA grouping indicating common ancestry

In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup A is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.

Haplogroup D1 or D-M174 is a subclade of haplogroup D-CTS3946. This male haplogroup is found primarily in East Asia, Magar-ethnic Nepal and the Andaman Islands. It is also found regularly with lower frequency in Central Asia and Mainland Southeast Asia, and, more rarely, in Europe and the Middle East.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Haplogroup F-M89</span> Human Y chromosome DNA grouping indicating common ancestry

Haplogroup F, also known as F-M89 and previously as Haplogroup FT, is a very common Y-chromosome haplogroup. The clade and its subclades constitute over 90% of paternal lineages outside of Africa.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Haplogroup H (Y-DNA)</span> Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup

Haplogroup H (Y-DNA), also known as H-L901/M2939, is a Y-chromosome haplogroup.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Haplogroup N-M231</span> Human Y chromosome DNA grouping common in North Eurasia

Haplogroup N (M231) is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup defined by the presence of the single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) marker M231.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Haplogroup O-M175</span> Haplogroup O. Human Y chromosome DNA grouping common in Asia.

Haplogroup O, also known as O-M175, is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. It is primarily found among populations in Southeast Asia and East Asia. It also is found in various percentages of populations of the Russian Far East, South Asia, Central Asia, Caucasus, Crimea, Ukraine, Iran, Oceania, Madagascar and the Comoros. Haplogroup O is a primary descendant of haplogroup NO-M214.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Haplogroup Q-M242</span> Human Y chromosome DNA grouping common among Native Americans

Haplogroup Q or Q-M242 is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. It has one primary subclade, Haplogroup Q1 (L232/S432), which includes numerous subclades that have been sampled and identified in males among modern populations.

In human genetics, Haplogroup O-M268, also known as O1b, is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. Haplogroup O-M268 is a primary subclade of haplogroup O-F265, itself a primary descendant branch of Haplogroup O-M175.

In human genetics, Haplogroup O-M119 is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. Haplogroup O-M119 is a descendant branch of haplogroup O-F265 also known as O1a, one of two extant primary subclades of Haplogroup O-M175. The same clade previously has been labeled as O-MSY2.2.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Haplogroup C-M217</span> Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup

Haplogroup C-M217, also known as C2, is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. It is the most frequently occurring branch of the wider Haplogroup C (M130). It is found mostly in Central Asia, Eastern Siberia and significant frequencies in parts of East Asia and Southeast Asia including some populations in the Caucasus, Middle East, South Asia, East Europe. It is found in a much more widespread area with a low frequency of less than 2%.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Haplogroup Y</span> Human mitochondrial DNA grouping indicating common ancestry

In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup Y is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Haplogroup R1a</span> Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup

Haplogroup R1a, or haplogroup R-M420, is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup which is distributed in a large region in Eurasia, extending from Scandinavia and Central Europe to Central Asia, southern Siberia and South Asia.

Haplogroup Q-M120, also known as Q1a1a1, is a Y-DNA haplogroup. It is the only primary branch of haplogroup Q1a1a (F746/NWT01). The lineage is most common amongst modern populations in eastern Eurasia.

Haplogroup C-M48 also known as C2b1a2 is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Haplogroup O-M117</span> Descendant branch of haplogroup O2a (formerly O3a)

Haplogroup O2a2b1a1-M117 or Haplogroup O2a2b1a1-M117 is a subclade of O2a2b1-M134 that occurs frequently in China and in neighboring countries like Bhutan, Nepal, and Korea, also found among Sino-Tibetan language speaking people.

Haplogroup D-M55 (M64.1/Page44.1) also known as Haplogroup D1a2a is a Y-chromosome haplogroup. It is one of two branches of Haplogroup D1a. The other is D1a1, which is found with high frequency in Tibetans and other Tibeto-Burmese populations and geographical close groups. D is also distributed with low to medium frequency in Central Asia, East Asia, and Mainland Southeast Asia.

Various genetic studies on Filipinos have been performed, to analyze the population genetics of the various ethnic groups in the Philippines.

This article summarizes the genetic makeup and population history of East Asian peoples and their connection to genetically related populations, as well as Oceanians and partly, Central Asians and South Asians, which are collectively referred to as "East Eurasians" in population genomics.

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