List of presidents of the United States who enslaved human beings

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Hannah Jackson was enslaved by Andrew Jackson at The Hermitage Photograph of Hannah Jackson, Slave of Andrew Jackson.jpg
Hannah Jackson was enslaved by Andrew Jackson at The Hermitage

This is a list of presidents of the United States who enslaved human beings.

Contents

Slavery was legal in the United States from its beginning as a nation, having been practiced in North America from early colonial days. The Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution formally abolished slavery in 1865, immediately after the end of the American Civil War.

Twelve U.S. presidents enslaved human beings at some point in their lives; of these, eight enslaved human beings while in office. Ten of the first twelve American presidents enslaved human beings, the only exceptions being John Adams and his son John Quincy Adams, neither of whom approved of slavery. George Washington was the first president who enslaved human beings, including while he was president. Zachary Taylor was the last who enslaved human beings during his presidency, and Ulysses S. Grant was the last president to have enslaved human beings at some point in his life. Of those presidents who enslaved human beings, Thomas Jefferson enslaved the most, with 600+ slaves, followed closely by George Washington.

Woodrow Wilson was the last president born into a household with slave labor, though the Civil War concluded during his childhood. [1]

Presidents who owned slaves

No.PresidentApproximate number
of slaves held		While in office?Notes
1st George Washington 250 [2] –600+ [3] Yes (1789–1797)Washington was a major slaveholder before, during, and after his presidency. His will freed his slaves pending the death of his widow, though she freed them within a year of her husband's death. As President, Washington oversaw the implementation of the 1787 Northwest Ordinance, which banned slavery north of the Ohio River. This was the first major restriction on the domestic expansion of slavery by the federal government in US history.

See George Washington and slavery for more details

3rd Thomas Jefferson 200 [2] –600+ [4] Yes (1801–1809)Jefferson fathered multiple enslaved children with the enslaved woman Sally Hemings, the likely half-sister of his late wife Martha Wayles Skelton. [5] [6] Despite being a lifelong slave owner, Jefferson routinely condemned the institution of slavery, attempted to restrict its expansion, and advocated gradual emancipation. As President, he oversaw the abolition of the international slave trade.

See Thomas Jefferson and slavery for more details

4th James Madison 100+ [2] Yes (1809–1817)Madison occasionally condemned the institution of slavery and opposed the international slave trade, but he also vehemently opposed any attempts to restrict its domestic expansion. Madison did not free his slaves during his lifetime or in his will. [7] Paul Jennings, one of Madison's slaves, served him during his presidency and later published the first memoir of life in the White House.

See James Madison and slavery for more details

5th James Monroe 75 [2] Yes (1817–1825)Like Thomas Jefferson, Monroe condemned the institution of slavery as evil and advocated its gradual end, but still owned many slaves throughout his entire adult life, freeing only one of them in his final days. [8] As President, he oversaw the Missouri Compromise, which admitted Missouri to the Union as a slave state in exchange for admitting Maine as a free state and banning slavery above the parallel 36°30′ north. Monroe supported sending freed slaves to the new country of Liberia; its capital, Monrovia, is named after him.

See James Monroe and slavery for more details

7th Andrew Jackson Yes (1829–1837)Jackson owned many slaves. One controversy during his presidency was his reaction to anti-slavery tracts. During his campaign for the presidency, he faced criticism for being a slave trader. He did not free his slaves in his will.

See Andrew Jackson and slavery for more details

8th Martin Van Buren 1 [2] [9] No (1837–1841)Van Buren's father owned six slaves. [10] The only slave Van Buren personally owned, Tom, escaped in 1814, and Van Buren made no effort to find him. [11] In December 1824, A. G. Hammond of Berlin, New York, located Tom in Worcester, Massachusetts. [10] Van Buren tentatively agreed to sell him to Hammond for $50, provided Hammond could capture him without violence. [10] [11] Hammond could not make the guarantee, [11] and was disinclined to pay because New York's gradual emancipation law guaranteed that if he was re-enslaved, Tom would be freed in 1827. [10] Tom remained free, as Van Buren probably intended. [11] [lower-alpha 1] Later in life, Van Buren belonged to the Free Soil Party, which opposed the expansion of slavery into the Western territories, but not immediate abolition. [12]

See Martin Van Buren and slavery for more details

9th William Henry Harrison 11 [2] No (1841)Harrison inherited several slaves. As the first governor of the Indiana Territory, he unsuccessfully lobbied Congress to legalize slavery in Indiana.

See William Henry Harrison and slavery for more details

10th John Tyler 29 [13] Yes (1841–1845)Tyler never freed any of his slaves and consistently supported the slaveholder's rights and the expansion of slavery during his time in political office.

See John Tyler and slavery for more details

11th James K. Polk 56 [14] Yes (1845–1849)Polk became the Democratic nominee for president in 1844 partially because of his tolerance of slavery, in contrast to Van Buren. As president, he generally supported the rights of slave owners. His will provided for the freeing of his slaves after the death of his wife, though the Emancipation Proclamation and the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution ended up freeing them long before her death in 1891.

See James K. Polk and slavery for more details

12th Zachary Taylor 300 [15] Yes (1849–50)Although Taylor owned slaves throughout his life, he generally resisted attempts to expand slavery in the territories. Taylor opposed the Compromise of 1850, which admitted California into the Union as a free state and banned the slave trade in Washington, DC, in exchange for allowing most of the remaining territory captured from Mexico to decide the issue of slavery locally and passing a federal fugitive slave law requiring state authorities to assist federal marshals in capturing and detaining escaped slaves. However, Taylor died in office before he could veto the bill, leading to its successful passage under his successor Millard Fillmore. After his death, there were rumors that slavery advocates had poisoned him; tests of his body over 100 years later have been inconclusive. Taylor did not free any of his slaves in his will.

See Zachary Taylor and slavery for more details

17th Andrew Johnson 9 [16] No (1865–1869)Johnson owned a few slaves and was supportive of James K. Polk's slavery policies. As military governor of Tennessee, he convinced Abraham Lincoln to exempt that area from the Emancipation Proclamation. Johnson went on to free all his personal slaves on August 8, 1863. [17] On October 24, 1864, Johnson officially freed all slaves in Tennessee. [18]

See Andrew Johnson and slavery for more details

18th Ulysses S. Grant 1 [19] No (1869–1877)Although he later served as a general in the Union Army, his wife Julia had control of four slaves during the American Civil War, given to her by her father. It is unclear if she actually was granted legal ownership of them or merely temporary custody. [20] All would be freed by the Emancipation Proclamation of 1863 (she chose to free them at that time even though the proclamation did not apply to her state of Missouri). [20] Grant personally owned one slave, William Jones, given to him by his father-in-law and freed by Grant on March 29, 1859. [21]

See Ulysses S. Grant and slavery for more details

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ If Van Buren re-enslaved Tom, he risked alienating northern political supporters who opposed slavery. If he publicly refused to return Tom to slavery, he risked alienating pro-slavery supporters in the southern states. By taking no action, Van Buren eliminated the possibility of losing supporters from either side.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Martin Van Buren</span> President of the United States from 1837 to 1841

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Thomas Jefferson</span> Founding Father, 3rd president of the United States

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Madison Hemings</span> American freed slave (1805–1877)

James Madison Hemings was the son of the mixed-race enslaved woman Sally Hemings and her enslaver, President Thomas Jefferson. He was the third of her four children to survive to adulthood. Born into slavery, according to partus sequitur ventrem, Hemings grew up on Jefferson's Monticello plantation, where his mother was also enslaved. After some light duties as a young boy, Hemings became a carpenter and fine woodwork apprentice at around age 14 and worked in the joiner's shop until he was about 21. He learned to play the violin and was able to earn money by growing cabbages. Jefferson died in 1826, after which Sally Hemings was "given her time" by Jefferson's surviving daughter Martha Jefferson Randolph.

James Hemings (1765–1801) was the first American to train as a chef in France. Three-quarters white in ancestry, he was born into slavery in Virginia in 1765. At eight years old, he was purchased by Thomas Jefferson at his residence of Monticello.

Thomas Jefferson, the third president of the United States, owned more than 600 slaves during his adult life. Jefferson freed two slaves while he lived, and five others were freed after his death, including two of his children from his relationship with his slave Sally Hemings. His other two children with Hemings were allowed to escape without pursuit. After his death, the rest of the slaves were sold to pay off his estate's debts.

National conventions of the Free Soil and Liberty parties met in 1847 and 1848 to nominate candidates for president and vice president in advance of the 1848 United States presidential election. The conventions resulted in the creation of the national Free Soil Party, a union of political abolitionists with antislavery Conscience Whigs and Barnburner Democrats to oppose the westward extension of slavery into the U.S. territories. Former President Martin Van Buren was nominated for president by the Free Soil National Convention that met at Buffalo, New York on August 9, 1848; Charles Francis Adams Sr. was nominated for vice president. Van Buren and Adams received 291,409 popular votes in the national election, almost all from the free states; his popularity among northern Democrats was great enough to deny his Democratic rival, Lewis Cass, the crucial state of New York, throwing the state and the election to Whig Zachary Taylor.

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Edith Hern Fossett (1787–1854) was an African American chef who for much of her life was enslaved by Thomas Jefferson before being freed. Three generations of her family, the Herns, worked in Jefferson's fields, performed domestic and leadership duties, and made tools. Like Hern, they also took care of children. She cared for Harriet Hemings, the daughter of Sally Hemings, at Thomas Jefferson's Monticello plantation when she was a girl.

References

  1. ↑ Ewen, Lara (January–February 2021). "Tarnished legacies: Presidential libraries grapple with the histories of their subjects". American Libraries . Chicago: American Library Association.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Whitney, Gleaves. "Slaveholding Presidents". Ask Gleaves. Grand Valley State University. Retrieved October 14, 2020.
  3. ↑ Irwin, James. "George Washington's Tangled Relationship With Slavery". GWToday. George Washington University. Retrieved October 15, 2020.
  4. ↑ "Thomas Jefferson: Liberty & Slavery". Monticello. Thomas Jefferson Foundation. Retrieved October 15, 2020.
  5. ↑ "Monticello Affirms Thomas Jefferson Fathered Children with Sally Hemings". Monticello.org. Charlottesville, VA: Thomas Jefferson Foundation. Retrieved February 10, 2022.
  6. ↑ "The Life of Sally Hemings". Monticello.org. Charlottesville, VA: Thomas Jefferson Foundation. Retrieved February 10, 2022.
  7. ↑ "Madison, James and Slavery – Encyclopedia Virginia".
  8. ↑ "Highland and Slavery".
  9. ↑ Adamack, Joe (2008). "Politics versus Convictions: Martin Van Buren, Roger Sherman Baldwin, and the Trials of Mutinous Slaves" . Retrieved October 14, 2020.
  10. 1 2 3 4 "Martin Van Buren and the Politics of Slavery". NPS.gov. Washington, DC: National Park Service. November 30, 2021. Retrieved February 2, 2022.
  11. 1 2 3 4 Navarro, Bob (2006). The Era of Change: Executives and Events in a Period of Rapid Expansion. Bloomington, IN: Xlibris. p. 78-79. ISBN   978-1-4628-2150-1 – via Google Books.
  12. ↑ "The Election of 1848: Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men". NPS.gov. Washington, DC: National Park Service. December 9, 2020. Retrieved February 10, 2022.
  13. ↑ Leahy, Christopher Joseph. "John Tyler Before the Presidency: Principles and Politics of a Southern Planter". Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College: 193. Retrieved October 14, 2020.
  14. ↑ Ownby, Ted. "James K. Polk". Mississippi Encyclopedia. Center for Study of Southern Culture. Retrieved October 14, 2020.
  15. ↑ "Zachary Taylor". 64 Parishes. Tulane University. Retrieved October 14, 2020.
  16. ↑ Fling, Sarah. "The Formerly Enslaved Households of President Andrew Johnson". The White House Historical Association. Retrieved October 14, 2020.
  17. ↑ "Andrew Johnson and Emancipation in Tennessee – Andrew Johnson National Historic Site (U.S. National Park Service)".
  18. ↑ ""The Moses of the Colored Men" Speech – Andrew Johnson National Historic Site (U.S. National Park Service)".
  19. ↑ "Slavery at White Haven". Ulysses S Grant National Historic Site. National Park Service. Retrieved October 14, 2020.
  20. 1 2 "The Two Julias". February 14, 2013.
  21. ↑ "Slavery at White Haven – Ulysses S Grant National Historic Site (U.S. National Park Service)". nps.gov. Retrieved June 20, 2020.
  22. ↑ "William Andrew on Air from New York Tonight". The Knoxville News-Sentinel. December 30, 1937. p. 2. Retrieved April 29, 2023.
  23. ↑ "The Roving Reporter by Ernie Pyle". Daily News. October 18, 1938. p. 15. Retrieved April 29, 2023.
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