Montmartre Funicular

Last updated

Montmartre Funicular
Funiculaire de Montmartre, Paris 23 May 2014.jpg
Overview
Stations2
Service
Operator(s) RATP
Rolling stock2 cabins
Ridership2 million journeys per year
History
Opened13 July 1900
Technical
Line length0.108 km (0.067 mi)
Track gauge 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in)

The Montmartre Funicular (French : Funiculaire de Montmartre) is an inclined transport system serving the Montmartre neighbourhood of Paris, France, in the 18th arrondissement. Operated by the RATP, the Paris transport authority, the system opened in 1900; it was entirely rebuilt in 1935 and again in 1991.

Contents

The system is a funicular in name only. Its formal title, the Montmartre Funicular, is a vestige of its earlier configuration, where its cars operated in a counterbalanced, interconnected pair, always moving in opposite directions in concert, thus meeting the definition of a funicular. The system now uses two independently operating cars that can each ascend or descend on demand, qualifying as a double inclined elevator, [1] [2] [3] retaining the term funicular in its title as a historical reference.

The system carries passengers between the base of Montmartre and its summit, accessing the nearby Sacré-Cœur basilica and paralleling the adjacent staircases of Rue Foyatier. The 108 m (354 ft) cars climbs 36 m (118 ft) in under a minute and a half and carry two million passengers a year.

Current design

Constructed by the Schindler Group, the system with electrical traction entered service on 1 June 1991. It has two cabins with sixty places each which travel on two separate, parallel tracks using the international standard gauge of 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in). It has a capacity of 2,000 passengers per hour in each direction. A trip in either direction, which covers a vertical distance of 36 m (118 ft) over a track distance of 108 m (354 ft), takes less than 90 seconds and climbs or descends a gradient as high as 35.2% (a little steeper than 1:3).

The technology of the Montmartre line differs from a funicular in that it uses independently operating cars more related to standard up-down elevators, each equipped with its own counterweight. Again, a funicular's cars are by definition arranged in counterbalanced, interconnected pairs, moving in concert. The Montmartre system now allows each car to function independently, with its own hoist and cables. Advantages of this arrangement include the ability of one car to remain in service during maintenance of the other. Also, both cabins can ascend simultaneously (usually, more passengers use the system to ascend than to descend), where cars of a funicular always travel in opposite directions. [4]

The see-through stations were designed by architect François Deslaugiers and the cabins were designed by Roger Tallon, who also designed the carriages of the TGV Atlantique. The cabin roofs are partly glazed, allowing a view during transit. [4]

One of the cabins taken from the level of its wheels Funiculaire de montmartre.jpg
One of the cabins taken from the level of its wheels

The system operates daily from 6 am until 12.45 am, transporting 6,000 people a day, or around 2 million annually. [5]

The lower station (Gare Basse) is located between the Place Saint-Pierre and the Place Suzanne-Valadon , and the upper one (Gare Haute) on the Rue du Cardinal-Dubois .

History

The first, water-driven Montmartre funicular PARIS - Le funiculaire du Sacre-Coeur.jpg
The first, water-driven Montmartre funicular

The Paris city government voted to construct the Montmartre transport system in 1891. Initially, operation was subcontracted to Decauville through a concession that ended in 1931. [6] Thereafter, the Société des transports en commun de la région parisienne (STCRP) took control, and this was nationalized together with the Compagnie du chemin de fer métropolitain de Paris (CMP) to form the Régie autonome des transports parisiens (RATP), which continues to operate the funicular today.

The original system in contrast to the current system was, in fact, a funicular with twin counterbalanced and interconnected cars. In the case of the Montmartre design, a system of onboard water bladders of 5 m3 (180 cu ft) could be filled or emptied to move the cars and to compensate for passenger load. In 1935, the system was converted to electricity. The system was completely rebuilt by the RATP in 1990–1991, as dual independently operating inclined elevators.

The system was shut down after a minor accident during tests by the RATP in December 2006. It reopened in July 2007.

Chronology

Origins

First Montmartre funicular Funiculaire Montmartre debut XXe.JPG
First Montmartre funicular

Construction of the Montmartre transport system was authorized by the Paris municipal council in 1891. It was built to serve the Sacré-Cœur Basilica at the summit of the outlier of Montmartre and was inaugurated on 5 June 1891. Original plans specified electrical traction and six stations between two termini. [7] As built, the system used only two terminal stations and water-filled bladders as counterweights for motion.

The funicular entered service on 12 [8] or 13 July (sources vary), and its operation was ceded to the Decauville company with a contract lasting until 1931. However, lacking the necessary authorisation from the Paris Prefecture of Police to run the service, the company had to close the funicular from 24 November 1900 [9] until 22 May 1901. [10]

The funicular was of double track at standard gauge, using the Strub rack system for braking. The rails were supported by sleepers made of structural steel, supported on concrete pedestals. [11]

The system was powered by two sealed water tanks/bladders with a capacity of 5 m3 (180 cu ft) located under the floor of each cabin. The tanks of one cabin were refilled at the upper station, allowing its descent under gravity with the combined weight of the passengers and water, enabling the other carriage to ascend. A steam engine situated at the lower station worked the filling pumps at the upper station. The cabins held forty-eight passengers in four closed compartments arranged like a staircase; the two end platforms were reserved for the driver and brakeman. These were retained for a brake system established on the rack railway. This system transported a million passengers a year for some thirty years.

First renovation, 1931

A cabin in 1963, after the first renovation JHM-1963-0057 - Paris, funiculaire de Montmartre.jpg
A cabin in 1963, after the first renovation
Profile Montmartre funicular profile-fr.svg
Profile

When the contract expired, the Mayor of Paris and the Seine Department charged the Société des transports en commun de la région parisienne (STCRP) with running the service and modernising the infrastructure. The rack system was deemed too dangerous and so the initial system was shut down; operations ceased on 1 November 1931. The water-driven system was replaced by two electrically driven cabins and reopened on 2 February 1935 after an interruption of more than three years. [12] Traction was provided by a winch driven by a 50 hp (37 kW) electric motor, allowing a cabin holding fifty people to make the journey in 70 seconds at a speed of 2 m/s (4.5 mph). The cabins were no longer arranged like a staircase but composed of a single compartment with a horizontal floor.

By 1955, the line was in service from 7 am until 9 pm in winter and until 11 pm in summer, entry to the station being made by cancelling a bus ticket. [13] In 1962, the funicular transported 1,600,000 passengers and operations were suspended for some weeks for a new renovation. The line was opened in the presence of " poulbots " (Parisian illustrators) and Émile Kérembrun, the President of the République de Montmartre  [ fr ], a philanthropic society. [14]

Second renovation, 1991

After fifty-five years of operation, transporting two million passengers annually, the system was in need of renovation. An idea was proposed by the RATP and the Mairie de Paris, to lengthen the line with a tunnel to the Anvers métro station. The idea was abandoned due to high cost.

The RATP entirely rebuilt the funicular in 1990–1991. Operations ceased on 1 October 1990, being substituted with a minibus service, the "Montmartrobus", between the Place Pigalle and the top of the butte, until the new system entered service on 5 October 1991. The old stations were demolished and rebuilt as designed by architect François Deslaugiers. The works were undertaken by Schindler Group, a lift manufacturer, and cost 43.1 million francs. [15]

Track and cabins after the second renovation Paris Montmartre Cable-Car.JPG
Track and cabins after the second renovation

Since its latest renovation, the system uses angled lift technology with electrical traction. It is no longer a funicular but retains the term in reflection of its history. The system no longer functions with the requisite interconnected and counterbalanced arrangement of a funicular (where cabins always move in opposite directions, the descending cabin counterweighing the ascending one). The machinery is located in the higher station; it is composed of two totally independent winches powered by 130 kW (170 hp) motors. The cabins each weigh 6 tonnes (5.9 long tons; 6.6 short tons) unladen, 10 tonnes (9.8 long tons; 11 short tons) when full. They have a service brake and an emergency brake. The carriages and chassis were made by Skirail, and the electrics by Poma.

Operation is entirely automatic: The presence and number of passengers are detected by a system combining electronic balance scales mounted in the cabin floor, and radar in the stations. A computer determines the cabin's departure, indicated with a display board in the cabin. According to the amount of passenger traffic, it chooses between the two possible operating speeds, 2 m/s (6.6 ft/s) and 3.5 m/s (11 ft/s). For safety, the platform edge doors open only when a cabin is present, as on the Paris Métro Line 14 and some stations on London's Jubilee line. [16]

On 7 December 2006 at 5.50 pm, a cabin crashed down the slope during a brake system test by RATP. [17] [18] The terminal of the lifting cable broke. The service was suspended, adding to the problems of the residents and traders on the butte, the first having to make do with a less-frequent replacement bus service, the second seeing their trading levels fall (20–30% lower than for December 2006[ sic ]) from having fewer tourists. One of the two cabins was put back in service on 30 June 2007, [19] the other on 2 August 2008. [20]

Operation

The upper station Funiculaire de Montmartre devant le Sacre-Coeur.jpg
The upper station

The funicular has a similar tarification as the Paris Métro network. [21] The two stations each have turnstiles which can read magnetic paper tickets and Navigo passes. A Ticket t+ can be used for a single trip. (The Ticket t+ does not allow for a free interchange between the Métro or bus network and the funicular. [22] ) Daily, weekly, or monthly passes on a Navigo card, as well as the Paris Visite ticket, are also valid for the funicular.

Two métro stations are within easy walking distance of the lower station: Anvers on Line 2 about 200 m (220 yd) to the south and Abbesses on Line 12 about 350 m (380 yd) to the west. Bus line 40 has a stop Rue du Cardinal-Dubois in front of the upper station.

The Codes d'oblitération ("Allocation codes") of the lower and upper stations are respectively 31-02 and 31-03. Code 31 corresponds to the Quartier Pigalle, or FUNB and FUNH. [23]

Finance

The RATP finances the line's operation (maintenance, infrastructure and cost of personnel). Fares are set by political decisions which do not cover the true cost of transportation. The loss is made good by the controlling authority, the Syndicat des transports d'Île-de-France (STIF), which since 2005 has been under the control of the Conseil régional d'Île-de-France ("Île-de-France Regional Council") and composed of local representatives. It defines the general conditions of operation and the duration and frequency of services. Losses are made good by an annual block grant to regional transport operators funded by the versement transport ("Transport payment"), a tax raised on companies with more than nine employees. Public bodies also contribute. [24]

Projects

Given the interest in the technical solution provided by the funicular for public passenger transport over relatively short and extremely steep routes, studies have called for the RATP to build similar systems, notably at Issy-les-Moulineaux, in the renovation project of the Fort d'Issy quarter, and to link the Meudon-sur-Seine station on Paris Tramway Line 2 with the Gare de Bellevue, which would recreate the old Bellevue funicular at Meudon, demolished in 1934.

The funicular is an essential element in Paris life, and thus appears in many films and television series having Montmartre as a theme. One of the most famous is Ripoux contre ripoux (1990), starring Thierry Lhermitte and Philippe Noiret, [25] [26] and it also appears in Les Randonneurs (1997), [27] El Tourbini (2006) [28] and Louise (Take 2) (1998). [26]

In the first pilot episode of the police series Capitaine Casta , a chase takes place on the Rue Foyatier steps alongside the funicular, just like in the classic film Céline et Julie vont en bateau (1974, Jacques Rivette); in the pilot, the character played by Jean-Pierre Castaldi runs up it to catch the crooks. Similarly in the film Une affaire d'État (2009), Michel Fernandez (Thierry Frémont) flees by the stairs, chased by Nora Chahyd (Rachida Brakni) who takes the funicular. [29]

Jean-Pierre Melville opened his film Bob le flambeur (1956) with a tracking shot around the Montmartre quarter where the film is set, and voiceover then says "c'est tout à la fois le ciel[ shot over the Basilique du Sacré-Coeur]et... [bird's eye view of the funicular descending, with music poco a poco fortissimo] ... l'enfer [Shot of the Place Pigalle]" ("It is at one and the same time heaven ... and ... hell"). [30]

The funicular figures in an eponymous work by Jean Marchand (1883–1940), on view at the Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris. [31] It appears in literature in a short story by Boileau-Narcejac titled L’énigme du funiculaire ("The enigma of the funicular"), published in 1971 in the review Manigances, and also in the works of Jacques Charpentreau who, in a poem entitled Le funiculaire de Montmartre, compares the cabins to two contrary brothers: Quand l'un s'envole dans les airs/ L'autre se précipite en bas/ Et lan lan la ("When one flies into the air, the other falls to the ground/ And la, la la"). [32]

In October 2006, at the request of the website la Blogothèque for its "concerts à emporter" ("concerts to download"), the singer Cali made an appearance in one of the funicular's cabins surrounded by passengers, singing her song La Fin du monde pour dans 10 minutes ("The end of the world in ten minutes") from the album Menteur as it ascended. [33] The funicular also appears in the 2011 3D computer generated animated film, A Monster in Paris.

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Funicular</span> Form of cable railway

A funicular is a type of cable railway system that connects points along a railway track laid on a steep slope. The system is characterized by two counterbalanced carriages permanently attached to opposite ends of a haulage cable, which is looped over a pulley at the upper end of the track. The result of such a configuration is that the two carriages move synchronously: as one ascends, the other descends at an equal speed. This feature distinguishes funiculars from inclined elevators, which have a single car that is hauled uphill.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Paris Métro</span> Rapid transit system of Paris, France

The Paris Métro, short for Métropolitain, is a rapid transit system serving the Paris metropolitan area in France. A symbol of the city, it is known for its density within the capital's territorial limits, uniform architecture and historical entrances influenced by Art Nouveau. The system is 245.6 kilometres (152.6 mi) long, mostly underground. It has 320 stations of which 61 have transfers between lines. Operated by the Régie autonome des transports parisiens (RATP), it has sixteen lines, numbered 1 to 14, with two lines, Line 3bis and Line 7bis, named because they used to be part of Line 3 and Line 7, respectively. Three lines are automated. Lines are identified on maps by number and colour, with the direction of travel indicated by the terminus.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">RATP Group</span> French public transport operator

The RATP Group is a French state-owned enterprise (EPIC) that operates public transport systems. Headquartered in Paris, it originally operated under the name Régie autonome des transports parisiens. Its logo represents, in a stylized version, the Seine's meandering through the Paris area as the face of a person looking up. The company had described itself as the fourth-largest presence in public transport.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Anvers station</span> Metro station in Paris, France

Anvers is a station on Line 2 of the Paris Métro. It is located in Montmartre, on the border of the 9th and the 18th arrondissements.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Paris Métro Line 14</span> Rapid transit line in Paris, France

Paris Métro Line 14 is one of the sixteen lines on the Paris Métro. It connects Saint-Denis–Pleyel and Aéroport d'Orly on a north-west south-east diagonal via the three major stations of Gare Saint-Lazare, the Châtelet–Les-Halles complex, and Gare de Lyon. The line goes through the centre of Paris, and also serves the communes of Saint-Denis, Saint-Ouen-sur-Seine, Clichy, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Gentilly, Villejuif, Chevilly-Larue, L'Haÿ-les-Roses, Thiais and Paray-Vieille-Poste.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lyon Metro</span> Rapid transit system in Lyon, France

The Lyon Metro is a rapid transit system serving Lyon Metropolis, France. First opened in 1974, it currently consists of four lines, serving 42 stations and comprising 34.4 kilometres (21.4 mi) of route. Part of the Transports en Commun Lyonnais (TCL) system of public transport, it is supported by two funiculars and a tramway network.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Transport in Paris</span>

Paris is the centre of a national, and with air travel, international, complex transport system. The modern system has been superimposed on a complex map of streets and wide boulevards that were set in their current routes in the 19th century. On a national level, it is the centre of a web of road and railway, and at a more local level, it is covered with a dense mesh of bus, tram and metro service networks.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Paris Métro Line 11</span> Subway route in the French capital

Paris Métro Line 11 is one of the sixteen lines of the Paris Métro. It links Châtelet to Rosny–Bois-Perrier in the northeastern suburbs. This line was one of the last to be put into service in 1935; it was then intended to replace the Belleville funicular tramway, which closed in 1924. The line is 11.7 km in length with 19 stations.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Paris Métro Line 12</span> Subway route in the French capital

Paris Métro Line 12 is one of the sixteen lines of the Paris Métro. It links Issy-les-Moulineaux, a suburban town southwest of Paris, to Aubervilliers, in the north. With around 54 million passengers per year, Line 12 was the twelfth busiest line of the network in 2021. It has several major stops, such as Madeleine, Concorde, Porte de Versailles and two national railway stations, Gare Montparnasse and Gare Saint-Lazare. The service runs every day of the week, and the line uses MF 67 series trains, the network's standard since the early 1970s.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lyon Metro Line C</span> Metro line in Lyon, France

Line C of the Lyon Metro is the modern incarnation of the Funiculaire Croix-Rousse – Croix-Paquet, an old cable-hauled railway operating on part of the current alignment.

The Funiculars of Lyon is a network of funicular railways in Lyon, France. Of the five lines once in existence, only the two routes on the Fourvière hill remain in operation, with the rest of the network now either closed, converted to road vehicle use, or integrated within the Lyon underground system.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Old Quebec Funicular</span> Canadian railway

The Old Quebec Funicular is an inclined elevator, formerly a funicular railway, in the Old Quebec neighbourhood of Quebec City, Quebec, Canada. It links the Haute-Ville at Dufferin Terrace to the Basse-Ville at Rue du Petit-Champlain. The Basse-Ville includes such sites as the colonial-era Notre Dame des Victoires church, the historic Petit Champlain district, the port, and the Musée de la civilisation. Climbing at a 45-degree angle, the railway covers a total distance of 64 metres (210 ft).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Île-de-France tramway lines 3a and 3b</span> Tram lines in Paris

Île-de-France tramway lines 3a and 3b are the first modern tramway in Paris proper since the 1937 closure of the previous comparable system. They are operated by the RATP and divided into two sections called T3a and T3b. The line is also known as the Tramway des Maréchaux because it follows the Boulevards of the Marshals, a series of boulevards that encircle Paris along the route of the former Thiers Wall. The boulevards are, with three exceptions, named for Napoleon's First Empire marshals (maréchaux); they were transformed by redevelopment works carried out during the two-and-a-half-year construction of the line, which opened on 16 December 2006 under the designation T3.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Les Avants–Sonloup funicular</span> Funicular railway in the canton of Vaud, Switzerland

The Les Avants–Sonloup funicular is a metre gauge funicular railway in the Swiss canton of Vaud. It links the railway station of Les Avants, on the Montreux–Lenk im Simmental line between Montreux and Montbovon, with an upper terminus at Sonloup.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bellevue funicular</span>

The Bellevue funicular, in Meudon, Hauts-de-Seine department, was from 1893 to 1934 a funicular running from the Bellevue-Funiculaire station on the Coteaux line, to the Gare de Bellevue, on the Paris–Brest railway line.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Belleville funicular tramway</span>

The Belleville funicular tramway was a cable car which from 1891 to 1924 connected the Place de la République in Paris to the Église Saint-Jean-Baptiste de Belleville, on a hill in the Belleville quarter. It has since been demolished.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">MP 14 (Paris Métro)</span> Paris Metro train

The MP 14 is a rubber-tyred electric multiple unit for the Paris Métro. Manufactured by Alstom as part of the Alstom Metropolis family of units, it is the seventh generation of the rubber-tyred class of trains to be used on the system and is used on Line 14, Line 4 and Line 11. In the future, trains could be ordered for Line 1 and Line 6.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Inclined elevator</span> Form of a cable railway system for steep gradient, similar to a funicular

An inclined elevator or inclined lift is a form of cable railway that hauls rail cars up a steep gradient.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Grand Paris Express</span> French subway network project

The Grand Paris Express is a project consisting of new rapid transit lines and the extension of existing lines being built in the Île-de-France region of France. The project comprises four new lines for the Paris Métro, plus extensions of the existing Lines 11 and 14. A total of 200 kilometres (120 mi) of new tracks and 68 new stations are to be added, serving a projected 2 million passengers a day.

References

  1. ↑ "MiniMetro" (PDF). LEITNER ropeways.
  2. ↑ "7 Line Extension Inclined Elevators" (PDF). MTA Capital Construction . 28 April 2014. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
  3. ↑ Pyrgidis, Christos N. (4 January 2016). "Cable railway systems for steep gradients". Railway Transportation Systems: Design, Construction and Operation. Taylor & Francis. p. 251. ISBN   978-1-4822-6215-5.
  4. 1 2 Andrew Ayers (2004). The architecture of Paris: an architectural guide. Axel Menges. p. 257. ISBN   978-3-930698-96-7.
  5. ↑ Buffier, Dominique (8 July 2007). "Le funiculaire de Montmartre a repris son service" [Montmartre funicular resumes service]. Le Monde (in French).
  6. ↑ Philippe Mellot (2006). Paris au temps des fiacres[Paris at the time of hackney carriages] (in French). Editions de Borée. p. 10. ISBN   978-2-84494-432-0.
  7. ↑ Figuier, Louis, ed. (1893). "Projet de chemin de fer funiculaire de Montmartre à traction électrique" [Montmartre funicular railway project with electrical traction]. L'Année scientifique et industrielle (in French) (36th (1892)). Bibliothèque nationale de France: 219–220. Retrieved 8 August 2010.
  8. ↑ Maïstre, Henri (1901). "12 July entry in the Chronique de l'année 1900". Bulletin de la Société de l'histoire de Paris et de l'Île-de-France (in French). Bibliothèque nationale de France: 176. Retrieved 9 August 2010.
  9. ↑ Maïstre, Henri (1901). "24 November entry in the Chronique de l'année 1900". Bulletin de la Société de l'histoire de Paris et de l'Île-de-France (in French). Bibliothèque nationale de France: 180. Retrieved 9 August 2010.
  10. ↑ Maïstre, Henri (1901). "22 March entry in the Chronique de l'année 1901". Bulletin de la Société de l'histoire de Paris et de l'Île-de-France (in French). Bibliothèque nationale de France: 152. Retrieved 9 August 2010.
  11. ↑ Robert 1992, p. 207.
  12. ↑ "Humpbacked Cars Used on Incline". Popular Science Monthly : 32. July 1935. Retrieved 14 March 2012.
  13. ↑ Patrimoine 1996, p. 218.
  14. ↑ Gennesseaux 1992, p. 33.
  15. ↑ Gennesseaux 1992, p. 34.
  16. ↑ Gennesseaux 1992, p. 35.
  17. ↑ "Communiqué de la RATP – Interruption du funiculaire de Montmartre" (PDF) (in French). RATP. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 October 2007. Retrieved 10 August 2010.
  18. ↑ "The Montmartre funicular is still stopped!". Funimag.com (in English and French). 7 January 2007. Retrieved 10 August 2010.
  19. ↑ "Communiqué de la RATP – Reprise de l'exploitation le 30 juin 2007 sur une cabine" (PDF) (in French). RATP. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 October 2007. Retrieved 10 August 2010.
  20. ↑ "Communiqué de la RATP – Funiculaire de Montmartre: Reprise de l'exploitation de la 2ème cabine" (PDF) (in French). RATP. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 November 2008. Retrieved 10 August 2010.
  21. ↑ "Article 7-3" (PDF). Cahier des charges de la Régie autonome des transports parisiens[Specifications of the RATP] (in French). STIF. 22 November 2005. p. 18. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 January 2011. Retrieved 10 August 2010.{{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  22. ↑ "Conditions générales de vente et d'utilisation (CGVU) du ticket T+ sur support sans contact". Île-de-France Mobilités (in French). 30 December 2019. Retrieved 9 June 2023.
  23. ↑ Baro, Aurélien. "Les codes d'oblitération du métro" [Métro allocation codes]. Personal website. Retrieved 10 August 2010.
  24. ↑ "Le financement des transports franciliens" [Île-de-France transport funding] (in French). STIF. 2007. Archived from the original on 1 October 2011. Retrieved 10 August 2010.
  25. ↑ "Ripoux contre ripoux". l2tc.com (in French and English). Archived from the original on 13 July 2011. Retrieved 10 August 2010.
  26. 1 2 Lemonier, Marc (2008). Paris des films cultes: Les films qui y sont tournés, les acteurs qui en foulent les pavés[Paris in cult films: Films made there, the actors who walk its streets]. Le Guide (in French). Bonneton. pp. 175–176. ISBN   978-2-86253-436-7.
  27. ↑ "Les Randonneurs". l2tc.com (in French and English). Archived from the original on 13 July 2011. Retrieved 10 August 2010.
  28. ↑ "El Tourbini". l2tc.com (in French and English). Retrieved 10 August 2010.
  29. ↑ Chapuys, Sébastien (24 November 2009). "Que de la gueule: Une affaire d'État" [Word of mouth: Une affaire d'Etat]. Critikat.com (in French). Archived from the original on 5 January 2011. Retrieved 10 August 2010.
  30. ↑ Nichols, Jay (29 January 2002). "Pierre Melville: Bob le flambeur" (in French). Retrieved 10 August 2010. Transcription on a viewer's personal website
  31. ↑ Marchand, Jean. "Funiculaire de Montmartre" (in French). Réunion des musées nationaux. Archived from the original on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 10 August 2010.
  32. ↑ "Transcription in a document from the Brisbane Alliance française" (PDF). Retrieved 10 August 2010.[ dead link ]
  33. ↑ "Les concerts à emporter: No. 31 Cali". La Blogothèque (in English and French). 15 January 2007. Archived from the original on 28 October 2007. Retrieved 10 August 2010.

Sources

48°53′07″N2°20′33″E / 48.88528°N 2.34250°E / 48.88528; 2.34250

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.