Human habitation of the area started about 8,000years ago with small family groups of Native Americans, one of which was the semi-nomadic BasketmakerAncestral Puebloans (who used to be called Anasazi by early non-indigenous archeologists[5]) (c.300 CE). Subsequently, what has been called the Virgin Anasazi culture (c.500) and the Parowan Fremont group developed as the Basketmakers settled in permanent communities.[6] Both groups moved away by 1300 and were replaced by the Parrusits and several other Southern Paiute subtribes. Mormons came into the area in 1858 and settled there in the early 1860s.
Name change
In 1909, President William Howard Taft named the area Mukuntuweap National Monument in order to protect the canyon.[7] In 1918, the acting director of the newly created National Park Service, Horace Albright, drafted a proposal to enlarge the existing monument and change the park's name to Zion National Monument, Zion being a term used by the Mormons.[7] According to historian Hal Rothman: "The name change played to a prevalent bias of the time. Many believed that Spanish and Indian names would deter visitors who, if they could not pronounce the name of a place, might not bother to visit it.[8] The new name, Zion, had greater appeal to an ethnocentric audience."[9] On November 19, 1919, Congress redesignated the monument as Zion National Park, and the act was signed by President Woodrow Wilson.[10] The Kolob section was proclaimed a separate Zion National Monument in 1937, but was incorporated into the national park in 1956.[11] Congress designated 85% of the park a wilderness area in 2009.
The geology of the Zion and Kolob canyons area includes nine formations that together represent 150 million years of mostly Mesozoic-aged sedimentation. At various periods in that time warm, shallow seas, streams, ponds and lakes, vast deserts, and dry near-shore environments covered the area. Uplift associated with the creation of the Colorado Plateau lifted the region 10,000 feet (3,000m) starting 13 million years ago.[12]
The purpose of Zion National Park is to preserve the dramatic geology including Zion Canyon and a labyrinth of deep and brilliantly colored Navajo sandstone canyons formed by extraordinary processes of erosion at the margin of the Colorado Plateau; to safeguard the park's wilderness character and its wild and scenic river values; to protect evidence of human history; and to provide for scientific research and the enjoyment and enlightenment of the public.
Geomorphically, it is located on the Markagunt and Kolob plateaus, at the intersection of three North American geographic provinces: the Colorado Plateau, the Great Basin, and the Mojave Desert. The northern part of the park is known as the Kolob Canyons section and is accessible from Interstate 15, exit40.[18]
The 8,726-foot (2,660m) summit of Horse Ranch Mountain is the highest point in the park; the lowest point is the 3,666-foot (1,117m) elevation of Coal Pits Wash, creating a relief of about 5,100 feet (1,600m).[19]
Streams in the area take rectangular paths because they follow jointing planes in the rocks.[20] The stream gradient of the Virgin River, whose North Fork flows through Zion Canyon in the park, ranges from 50 to 80 feet per mile (9.5 to 15.2m/km) (0.9–1.5%)—one of the steepest stream gradients in North America.[21]
The road into Zion Canyon is 6 miles (9.7km) long, ending at the Temple of Sinawava, which is named for the coyote god of the Paiute Indians.[22] The canyon becomes more narrow near the Temple and a hiking trail continues to the mouth of The Narrows, a gorge only 20 feet (6m) wide and up to 2,000 feet (610m) tall.[23] The Zion Canyon road is served by a free shuttle bus from early April to late October and by private vehicles the other months of the year. Other roads in Zion are open to private vehicles year-round.
Spring weather is unpredictable, with stormy, wet days being common, mixed with occasional warm, sunny weather. Precipitation is normally heaviest in March.[26] Spring wildflowers bloom from April through June, peaking in May. Fall days are usually clear and mild; nights are often cool. Summer days are hot (95 to 110°F; 35 to 43°C), but overnight lows are usually comfortable (65 to 70°F; 18 to 21°C).[26] Afternoon thunderstorms are common from mid-July through mid-September.[26] Storms may produce waterfalls as well as flash floods. Autumn tree-color displays begin in September in the high country; in Zion Canyon, autumn colors usually peak in late October. Winter in Zion Canyon is fairly mild. Winter storms bring rain or light snow to Zion Canyon and heavier snow to the higher elevations. Clear days may become quite warm, reaching 60°F (16°C); nights are often 20 to 40°F (−7 to 4°C).[26] Winter storms can last several days and make roads icy. Zion roads are plowed, except the Kolob Terrace Road which is closed when covered with snow.[26] Winter driving conditions last from November through March.[26]
Climate
Zion National Park has a BSk (Köppen climate classification) cold semi-arid climate consisting of very hot summers and mild winters with a limited amount of precipitation throughout the year.
Climate data for Zion National Park, Utah, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1904–present
Archaeologists have divided the long span of Zion's human history into three cultural periods: the Archaic, Protohistoric and Historic periods. Each period is characterized by distinctive technological and social adaptations.
Archaic period
The first human presence in the region dates to 8,000years ago when family groups camped where they could hunt or collect plants and seeds.[29] About 2,000years ago, some groups began growing corn and other crops, leading to an increasingly sedentary lifestyle.[30] Later groups in this period built permanent villages called pueblos. Archaeologists call this the Archaic period and it lasted until c.500.[31] Baskets, cordage nets, and yucca fiber sandals have been found and dated to this period. The Archaic toolkits included flaked stone knives, drills, and stemmed dart points. The dart points were attached to wooden shafts and propelled by throwing devices called atlatls.[31]
By c.300, some of the archaic groups developed into an early branch of seminomadic Anasazi, the Basketmakers.[31] Basketmaker sites have grass- or stone-lined storage cists and shallow, partially underground dwellings called pithouses. They were hunters and gatherers who supplemented their diet with limited agriculture. Locally collected pine nuts were important for food and trade.
Both the Virgin Anasazi and the Parowan Fremont disappeared from the archaeological record of southwestern Utah by c.1300.[31] Extended droughts in the 11th and 12th centuries, interspersed with catastrophic flooding, may have made horticulture impossible in this arid region.[31]
Tradition and archaeological evidence hold that their replacements were Numic-speaking cousins of the Virgin Anasazi, such as the Southern Paiute and Ute.[31] The newcomers migrated on a seasonal basis up and down valleys in search of wild seeds and game animals.[32] Some, particularly the Southern Paiute, also planted fields of corn, sunflowers, and squash to supplement their diet.[32] These more sedentary groups made brownware vessels that were used for storage and cooking.[31]
Exploration and settlement
The Historic period begins in the late 18th century[31] with the exploration of southern Utah by padre Silvestre Vélez de Escalante and padre Francisco Atanasio Domínguez. The padres passed near what is now the Kolob Canyons Visitor Center on October 13, 1776, becoming the first people of European descent known to visit the area.[33] In 1825, trapper and trader Jedediah Smith explored some of the downstream areas while under contract with the American Fur Company.[33]
In 1847, Mormon farmers from the Salt Lake area became the first people of European descent to settle the Virgin River region.[21] In 1851, the Parowan and Cedar City areas were settled by Mormons who used the Kolob Canyons area for timber, and for grazing cattle, sheep, and horses.[34] They prospected for mineral deposits, and diverted Kolob water to irrigate crops in the valley below. Mormon settlers named the area Kolob which in Mormon scripture is the heavenly place nearest the residence of God.[35]
Settlements had expanded 30 miles (48km) south to the lower Virgin River by 1858.[21] That year, a Southern Paiute guide led young Mormon missionary and interpreter Nephi Johnson into the upper Virgin River area and Zion Canyon.[33] Johnson wrote a favorable report about the agricultural potential of the upper Virgin River basin, and returned later that year to found the town of Virgin. In 1861 or 1862, Joseph Black made the arduous journey to Zion Canyon and was very impressed by its beauty.[6]
The floor of Zion Canyon was settled in 1863 by Isaac Behunin, who farmed corn, tobacco, and fruit trees.[6] The Behunin family lived in Zion Canyon near the site of today's Zion Lodge during the summer, and wintered in Springdale. Behunin is credited with naming Zion, a reference to the place of peace mentioned in the Bible.[6] Two more families settled Zion Canyon in the next couple of years, bringing with them cattle and other domesticated animals. The canyon floor was farmed until Zion became a Monument in 1909.[21]
The Powell Geographic Expedition of 1869 entered the area after their first trip through the Grand Canyon.[21]John Wesley Powell visited Zion Canyon in 1872 and named it Mukuntuweap, under the impression that that was the Paiute name.[36] Powell Survey photographers John K. Hillers and James Fennemore first visited the Zion Canyon and Kolob Plateau region in the spring of 1872.[21] Hillers returned in April 1873 to add more photographs to the "Virgin River Series" of photographs and stereographs.[37] Hillers described wading the canyon for four days and nearly freezing to death to take his photographs.[37]
Paintings of the canyon by Frederick S. Dellenbaugh were exhibited at the Saint Louis World's Fair in 1904,[21] followed by a favorable article in Scribner's Magazine the next year. The article and paintings, along with previously created photographs, paintings, and reports, led to President William Howard Taft's proclamation on July 31, 1909, that created Mukuntuweap National Monument.[33] In 1917, the acting director of the newly created National Park Service visited the canyon and proposed changing its name from the locally unpopular Mukuntuweap to Zion, a name used by the local Mormon community.[38] The United States Congress added more land and established Zion National Park on November 19, 1919.[6] A separate Zion National Monument, the Kolob Canyons area, was proclaimed on January 22, 1937, and was incorporated into the park on July 11, 1956.[39]
Travel to the area before it was a national park was rare due to its remote location, lack of accommodations, and the absence of real roads in southern Utah. Old wagon roads were upgraded to the first automobile roads starting about 1910, and the road into Zion Canyon was built in 1917 leading to the Grotto, short of the present road that now ends at the Temple of Sinawava.[31]
1938 poster of Zion National Park
Touring cars could reach Zion Canyon by the summer of 1917.[31] The first visitor lodging in Zion Canyon, called Wylie Camp, was established that same year as a tent camp.[31] The Utah Parks Company, a subsidiary of the Union Pacific Railroad, acquired Wylie Camp in 1923, and offered ten-day rail/bus tours to Zion, nearby Bryce Canyon, the Kaibab Plateau, and the North Rim of the Grand Canyon.[40] The Zion Lodge complex was built in 1925 at the site of the Wylie tent camp.[31] Architect Gilbert Stanley Underwood designed the Zion Lodge in a rustic architectural style, while the Utah Parks Company funded the construction.[31]
Work on the Zion Mount Carmel Highway started in 1927 to enable reliable access between Springdale and the east side of the park.[6] The road opened in 1930 and park visit and travel in the area greatly increased.[41] The most famous feature of the Zion – Mount Carmel Highway is its 1.1-mile (1.8km) tunnel, which has six large windows cut through the massive sandstone cliff.[21]
In 1896, local rancher John Winder improved the Native American footpath up Echo Canyon, which later became the East Rim Trail.[42] Entrepreneur David Flanigan used this trail in 1900 to build cableworks that lowered lumber into Zion Canyon from Cable Mountain. More than 200,000 board feet (470m3) of lumber were lowered by 1906.[42] The auto road was extended to the Temple of Sinawava, and a trail built from there 1 mile (1.6km) to the start of the Narrows.[43] Angel's Landing Trail was constructed in 1926 and two suspension bridges were built over the Virgin River.[36] Other trails were constructed by the Civilian Conservation Corps during the 1930s.[36]
Zion Canyon Scenic Drive provides access to Zion Canyon. Traffic congestion in the narrow canyon was recognized as a major problem in the 1990s and a public transportation system using propane-powered shuttle buses was instituted in the year 2000.[45] As part of its shuttle fleet, Zion has two electric trams each holding up to 36 passengers.[46] Usually from early April through late October, the scenic drive in Zion Canyon is closed to private vehicles and visitors ride the shuttle buses.[45] The National Park Service has contracted the management of the shuttle bus system to transit operator RATP Dev.[47]
Zion shuttle bus stops are marked with numbers
On April 12, 1995, heavy rains triggered a landslide that blocked the Virgin River in Zion Canyon.[48] Over a period of two hours, the river carved away part of the only exit road from the canyon, trapping 450 guests and employees at the Zion Lodge.[48] A one-lane, temporary road was constructed within 24hours to allow evacuation of the Lodge.[48] A more stable albeit temporary road was completed on May 25, 1995, to allow summer visitors to access the canyon.[48] This road was replaced with a permanent road during the first half of 1996.[48]
The Zion–Mount Carmel Highway can be travelled year-round. Access for oversized vehicles requires a special permit, and is limited to daytime hours, as traffic through the tunnel must be one way to accommodate large vehicles. The 5-mile (8.0km)-long Kolob Canyons Road was built to provide access to the Kolob Canyons section of the park.[49] This road often closes in the winter.
In September 2015, flooding trapped a party of seven in Keyhole Canyon, a slot canyon in the park. The flash flood killed all seven members of the group, whose remains were located after a search lasting several days.[51]
In 2017, some scenes from the TV series Extinct were shot in the park.[52]
On March 25, 2020, the park campgrounds were closed to help prevent the spread of COVID-19.[53]
The nine known exposed geologic formations in Zion National Park are part of a super-sequence of rock units called the Grand Staircase. Together, these formations represent about 150million years of mostly Mesozoic-aged sedimentation in that part of North America. The formations exposed in the Zion area were deposited as sediment in very different environments:
The dry near-shore environment of the Carmel Formation
The Kolob Canyons are a set of finger canyons cut into the Kolob Plateau. Timber Top Mountain to right.
Uplift affected the entire region, known as the Colorado Plateaus, by slowly raising these formations more than 10,000 feet (3,000m) higher than where they were deposited.[54] This steepened the stream gradient of the ancestral Virgin and other rivers on the plateau.
The faster-moving streams took advantage of uplift-created joints in the rocks. Eventually, all Cenozoic-aged formations were removed and gorges were cut into the plateaus. Zion Canyon was cut by the North Fork of the Virgin River in this way. During the later part of this process, lava flows and cinder cones covered parts of the area.[55]
High water volume in wet seasons does most of the downcutting in the main canyon. These flood events are responsible for transporting most of the 3million shorttons (2.7million metrictons) of rock and sediment that the Virgin River transports yearly.[21] The Virgin cuts away its canyon faster than its tributaries can cut away their own streambeds, so tributaries end in waterfalls from hanging valleys where they meet the Virgin.[21] The valley between the peaks of the Twin Brothers is a notable example of a hanging valley in the canyon.
Table of formations exposed in Zion National Park[56]
Rangers at the visitor centers in Zion Canyon and Kolob Canyons can help visitors plan their stay. Guided horseback riding trips, nature walks, and evening programs are available from late March to early November.[69] The Junior Ranger Program for children ages 4 and up is active year-round at the Nature Center, Human History Museum, and the visitor centers.[70] A bookstore attached to the Zion Canyon visitor center offers books, maps, and souvenirs.[71] The Grotto in Zion Canyon, the visitor center, and the viewpoint at the end of Kolob Canyons Road have the only designated picnic sites.[19] The visitor center also utilizes multiple types of environmental technology, including windcatchers for passive cooling and cross ventilation, which bring the center's temperature down during hot summer weather, a trombe wall to keep heat in during the winter, and solar panels for an electrical source (excess energy goes to the power grid).[72]
Trails
The Subway, a slot canyon within the Kolob Terrace section
Seven trails with round-trip times of half an hour (Weeping Rock) to 4 hours (Angels Landing) are found in Zion Canyon.[73] Two popular trails, Taylor Creek (4 hours round trip) and Kolob Arch (8 hours round trip), are in the Kolob Canyons section of the park, near Cedar City.[73]Hiking up into The Narrows from the Temple of Sinawava is popular in summer, but hiking beyond Big Springs requires a permit. The entire Narrows from Chamberlain's Ranch is a 16-mile one way trip that typically takes 12 hours of strenuous hiking.[74] A shorter alternative is to enter the Narrows via Orderville Canyon. Both Orderville and the full Narrows require a back country permit. Entrance to the Parunuweap Canyon section of the park downstream of Labyrinth Falls is prohibited. Other often-used backcountry trails include the West Rim and LaVerkin Creek.[75] The more primitive sections of Zion include the Kolob Terrace and the Kolob Canyons.[19] A network of trails totaling 50 miles in distance connect Zion's northwest corner of the park (Lee Pass Trailhead) to its southeast section (East Rim Trailhead). Popularly known as the Zion Traverse, the route offers backpackers a diverse experience of the park.
Zion is a center for rock climbing, with short walls like Spaceshot, Moonlight Buttress, Prodigal Son, Ashtar Command, and Touchstone being the most popular, highly rated routes.[76][77]
Lodging in the park is available at Zion Lodge, located halfway through Zion Canyon. Just outside the park more lodging is available in Springdale.[78]
Zion has three campgrounds: South and Watchman at the far southern side of the park, and a primitive site at Lava Point in the middle of the park off Kolob Terrace Road.[79] Overnight camping in the backcountry requires permits.[80]
Bryce Canyon National Park is a national park of the United States located in southwestern Utah. The major feature of the park is Bryce Canyon, which despite its name, is not a canyon, but a collection of giant natural amphitheaters along the eastern side of the Paunsaugunt Plateau. Bryce is distinctive due to geological structures called hoodoos, formed by frost weathering and stream erosion of the river and lake bed sedimentary rock. The red, orange, and white colors of the rocks provide spectacular views for park visitors. Bryce Canyon National Park is much smaller and sits at a much higher elevation than nearby Zion National Park. The rim at Bryce varies from 8,000 to 9,000 feet.
Capitol Reef National Park is a national park of the United States in south-central Utah. The park is approximately 60 miles (100 km) long on its north–south axis and just 6 miles (10 km) wide on average. The park was established in 1971 to preserve 241,904 acres of desert landscape and is open all year, with May through September being the highest visitation months.
The Narrows is the narrowest section of Zion Canyon in Zion National Park, Utah, United States. Situated on the North Fork of the Virgin River and upstream of the main canyon, The Narrows is one of the premier hikes in the park and on the Colorado Plateau. The Narrows refers to both the 3.6-mile (5.8 km) bottom-up hike from the Temple of Sinawava to Big Springs, as well as the 16-mile (26 km) top-down hike from Chamberlain's Ranch back to the Temple of Sinawava.
The geology of the Zion and Kolob canyons area includes nine known exposed formations, all visible in Zion National Park in the U.S. state of Utah. Together, these formations represent about 150 million years of mostly Mesozoic-aged sedimentation in that part of North America. Part of a super-sequence of rock units called the Grand Staircase, the formations exposed in the Zion and Kolob area were deposited in several different environments that range from the warm shallow seas of the Kaibab and Moenkopi formations, streams and lakes of the Chinle, Moenave, and Kayenta formations to the large deserts of the Navajo and Temple Cap formations and dry near shore environments of the Carmel Formation.
Zion Canyon is a deep and narrow gorge in southwestern Utah, United States, carved by the North Fork of the Virgin River. Nearly the entire canyon is located within the western half of Zion National Park.
The Subway is a small, uniquely-shaped slot canyon within the Zion Wilderness in Zion National Park in northeastern Washington County, Utah, United States. The National Park Service limits access to the canyon via a permit system.
Mount Carmel Junction and Mount Carmel are unincorporated communities located 12 miles (19 km) east of Zion National Park and 17 miles (27 km) north of Kanab in Kane County, Utah, United States. They lie in close proximity to the Coral Pink Sand Dunes State Park.
State Route 9 (SR-9) is a 57.075-mile-long (91.853 km) state highway in southern Utah, serving Zion National Park. It starts at the western terminus at exit 16 on Interstate 15 (I-15), passing through Zion National Park, and ending at the eastern junction with U.S. Route 89 (US-89). The entire length of the highway has been designated the Zion Park Scenic Byway. There is a fee to travel through Zion National Park, but the Zion-Mt. Carmel Highway is open to private vehicles year-round. A separate fee is required for vehicles 7'10" wide and/or 11'4" tall or larger. This fee pays for a park employee to stop traffic from the other side of the Zion - Mt. Carmel Tunnel to allow the larger vehicles to pass through. There is a smaller tunnel in Zion National Park that does not require an escort. Commercial vehicles are prohibited from using SR-9 and are directed to use SR-20 instead.
The Floor of the Valley Road, also known as the Zion Canyon Scenic Drive, follows the canyon of the North Fork of the Virgin River, also known as Zion Canyon, through Zion National Park, Utah, USA. A precursor to the present nine-mile road was first built in 1916, but was later redesigned by the National Park Service Branch of Plans and Designs to highlight the natural features of the valley while presenting a natural-appearing built environment. The road begins at the south boundary of the park and ends at the Temple of Sinawava.
The Zion – Mount Carmel Highway is a 25-mile (40 km) long road in Washington and Kane counties in southern Utah, United States, that is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and is a National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark.
The historical buildings and structures of Zion National Park represent a variety of buildings, interpretive structures, signs and infrastructure associated with the National Park Service's operations in Zion National Park, Utah. Structures vary in size and scale from the Zion Lodge to road culverts and curbs, nearly all of which were designed using native materials and regional construction techniques in an adapted version of the National Park Service Rustic style. A number of the larger structures were designed by Gilbert Stanley Underwood, while many of the smaller structures were designed or coordinated with the National Park Service Branch of Plans and Designs. The bulk of the historic structures date to the 1920s and 1930s. Most of the structures of the 1930s were built using Civilian Conservation Corps labor.
Harry Langley was an architect of the National Park Service. He was born in England. He retired in 1957.
The West Temple is a prominent 7,810-foot mountain summit composed of Navajo Sandstone in Zion National Park in Washington County of Utah, United States. The West Temple, the highest feature in Zion Canyon, was originally called "Temp-o-i-tin-car-ur" meaning "Mountain without a trail" by the Paiute people. It was called Steamboat Mountain by local Mormon settlers before 1934, when the USGS officially changed it to its present name, which was applied by John Wesley Powell during his explorations in 1872. West Temple is situated two miles northwest of Springdale, Utah, one mile northeast of Mount Kinesava, and two miles west of the park headquarters. It is one of the notable landmarks in the park. The nearest higher peak is Windy Peak, 10.46 miles (16.83 km) to the north. Precipitation runoff from the mountain drains into tributaries of the Virgin River.
The Watchman is a 6,545-foot (1,995 m) sandstone mountain summit located in Zion National Park, in Washington County of southwest Utah, United States.
Mount Kinesava is a 7,285-foot (2,220 m) sandstone mountain summit located in Zion National Park, in Washington County of southwest Utah, United States.
Johnson Mountain is a 6,106-foot (1,861 m) Navajo Sandstone summit located in Zion National Park, in Washington County of southwest Utah, United States.
Pine Valley Peak is a 7,415-foot (2,260 m) mountain located in Zion National Park in Washington County, Utah, United States.
Shunesburg Mountain is a 5,960-foot (1,820 m) mountain in Zion National Park in Washington County, Utah, United States.
Deertrap Mountain is a 6,837-foot (2,084 m) mountain in Zion National Park in Washington County, Utah, United States.
Tabernacle Dome is a 6,430-foot elevation summit located in Zion National Park, in Washington County of southwest Utah, United States. Tabernacle Dome, a formation composed of Navajo Sandstone, is situated at the southeastern end of Cave Valley, 10 mi (16 km) northwest of Springdale, Utah. Its nearest higher neighbor is Cave Knoll, 1.6 mi (3 km) to the north-northwest. Other neighbors include South Guardian Angel, 1.9 mi (3 km) to the east, and North Guardian Angel, 2.2 mi (4 km) to the northeast. Precipitation runoff from this mountain drains into tributaries of the Virgin River. Access to this peak is via the Kolob Terrace Road. This peak's name was officially adopted in 1934 by the U.S. Board on Geographic Names. It is named for its resemblance to the Mormon Tabernacle in Salt Lake City.
↑ Alexander, Charles P (January 1948). "Records and Descriptions of North American Crane-Flies (Diptera). Part VII. The Tipuloidea of Utah". American Midland Naturalist. 39 (1). The University of Notre Dame: 1–82. doi:10.2307/2421428. JSTOR2421428.
1 2 3 4 5 Mentz, Kevin M.; Worrell, Eric; Zanetell, F. Dave (1997). "Park Project Is a Paragon of Partnership". Public Roads. 60 (4). Federal Highway Administration, United States Department of Transportation. Archived from the original on January 17, 2009. Retrieved January 18, 2009.
↑ Backcountry Planner(PDF). Washington, D.C.: National Park Service. 2008. p.10. Archived(PDF) from the original on February 25, 2009. Retrieved January 18, 2009.
↑ "Zion National Park Climbing". mountainproject.com. Adventure Projects, Inc. Archived from the original on November 11, 2019. Retrieved November 11, 2019.
↑ "Wilderness Climbing Permits". nps.gov. National Park Service. June 21, 2018. Archived from the original on November 11, 2019. Retrieved November 11, 2019.
Harris, Ann G.; Tuttle, Esther; Tuttle, Sherwood D. (1997). "2: Zion National Park, Southwest Utah". Geology of National Parks (5thed.). Iowa: Kendall/Hunt Publishing. pp.28–42. ISBN0-7872-5353-7.
Schneider, Stuart (2001). Kolob Canyons Road Guide. Zion Natural History Association. ISBN0-915630-28-1.
Tufts, Lorraine Salem (1998). Secrets in The Grand Canyon, Zion and Bryce Canyon National Parks (3rded.). North Palm Beach, Florida: National Photographic Collections. ISBN0-9620255-3-4.
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