# Tonelli's theorem (functional analysis)

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In mathematics, Tonelli's theorem in functional analysis is a fundamental result on the weak lower semicontinuity of nonlinear functionals on Lp spaces. As such, it has major implications for functional analysis and the calculus of variations. Roughly, it shows that weak lower semicontinuity for integral functionals is equivalent to convexity of the integral kernel. The result is attributed to the Italian mathematician Leonida Tonelli.

## Statement of the theorem

Let Ω be a bounded domain in n-dimensional Euclidean space Rn and let f : Rm  R  {±} be a continuous extended real-valued function. Define a nonlinear functional F on functions u : Ω  Rm by

${\displaystyle F[u]=\int _{\Omega }f(u(x))\,\mathrm {d} x.}$

Then F is sequentially weakly lower semicontinuous on the Lp space Lp(Ω; Rm) for 1 < p < + and weakly- lower semicontinuous on L(Ω; Rm) if and only if the function f

${\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{m}\ni u\mapsto f(u)\in \mathbb {R} \cup \{\pm \infty \}\ }$

is convex.

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## References

• Renardy, Michael & Rogers, Robert C. (2004). An introduction to partial differential equations. Texts in Applied Mathematics 13 (Second ed.). New York: Springer-Verlag. p. 347. ISBN   0-387-00444-0. (Theorem 10.16)