UBE2I

UBE2I
Available structures PDB Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB List of PDB id codes 1A3S, 1KPS, 1Z5S, 2GRN, 2GRO, 2GRP, 2GRQ, 2GRR, 2O25, 2PE6, 2PX9, 2XWU, 3A4S, 3UIN, 3UIO, 3UIP, 4Y1L, 4W5V, 2VRR, 5D2M, 5F6D, 5F6U, 5F6W, 5F6E, 5F6X, 5F6V, 5F6Y
Identifiers
Aliases	UBE2I , C358B7.1, P18, UBC9, ubiquitin conjugating enzyme E2 I
External IDs	OMIM: 601661 MGI: 107365 HomoloGene: 5574 GeneCards: UBE2I
Gene location (Human) Chr. Chromosome 16 (human) [1] Band 16p13.3 Start 1,308,880 bp [1] End 1,327,018 bp [1]
Gene location (Mouse) Chr. Chromosome 17 (mouse) [2] Band 17|17 A3.3 Start 25,480,890 bp [2] End 25,493,596 bp [2]
RNA expression pattern Bgee Human Mouse (ortholog) Top expressed in oocyte ganglionic eminence monocyte thymus stromal cell of endometrium left uterine tube Left adrenal gland lymph node right coronary artery secondary oocyte Top expressed in spermatid spermatocyte yolk sac lip esophagus superior frontal gyrus morula thymus ganglionic eminence otolith organ More reference expression data BioGPS More reference expression data
Gene ontology Molecular function nucleotide binding SUMO transferase activity ubiquitin protein ligase activity transcription factor binding RING-like zinc finger domain binding HLH domain binding protein binding enzyme binding SUMO conjugating enzyme activity ATP binding ubiquitin protein ligase binding transferase activity RNA binding small protein activating enzyme binding ubiquitin-protein transferase activity protein C-terminus binding bHLH transcription factor binding Cellular component cytoplasm PML body nuclear body nucleoplasm transferase complex synaptonemal complex nucleus cytosol sumoylated E2 ligase complex fibrillar center nuclear envelope dendrite synapse Biological process ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process chromosome segregation protein sumoylation cell division global genome nucleotide-excision repair positive regulation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB signaling cell cycle positive regulation of SUMO transferase activity viral process negative regulation of transcription, DNA-templated negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II regulation of signaling receptor activity protein ubiquitination positive regulation of intracellular steroid hormone receptor signaling pathway proteasome-mediated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process positive regulation of DNA-binding transcription factor activity Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs Species Human Mouse Entrez 7329 22196 Ensembl ENSG00000103275 ENSMUSG00000015120 UniProt P63279 P63280 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_003345 NM_194259 NM_194260 NM_194261 NM_001177609 NM_001177610 NM_011665 NM_001357694 RefSeq (protein) NP_003336 NP_919235 NP_919236 NP_919237 NP_001171080 NP_001171081 NP_035795 NP_001344623 Location (UCSC) Chr 16: 1.31 – 1.33 Mb Chr 17: 25.48 – 25.49 Mb PubMed search [3] [4]
Wikidata
View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse

SUMO-conjugating enzyme UBC9 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the UBE2I gene. ^[5] It is also sometimes referred to as "ubiquitin conjugating enzyme E2I" or "ubiquitin carrier protein 9", even though these names do not accurately describe its function.

Expression

Four alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene. ^[6]

Function

The UBC9 protein encoded by the UBE2I gene constitutes a core machinery in the cell's sumoylation pathway. Sumoylation is a process in which a Small Ubiquitin-like MOdifier (SUMO) is covalently attached to other proteins in order to modify their behaviour. For example, sumoylation may affect a protein's localization in the cell, its ability to interact with other proteins or DNA.

UBC9 performs the third step in the sumoylation life cycle: the conjugation step. When SUMO protein precursors are first expressed, they first undergo a maturation step in which the four C-terminal amino acids are removed, revealing a di-glycine motif. In a second step, an E1 activating complex binds to SUMO at its di-glycine and passes it on to the E2 protein Ubc9, where it forms a thioester bond with a cysteine residue within Ubc9's catalytic pocket. The loaded Ubc9 is now ready to perform the sumoylation of its various target proteins (also called substrates). It recognizes a particular motif of amino acid residues in these substrates: A large hydrophobic residue, followed by a lysine, followed by a spacer, followed by an acidic residue. This motif is usually described in shorthand as ΨKxD/E. The central lysine within the substrate's recognition motif is inserted into the catalytic pocket. There the carboxyl terminus of SUMO's di-glycine forms a peptide bond with the ε-amino group of the lysine. This process can be assisted by an E3 ligase protein.

The sumoylation process is reversible. SENP proteases can remove SUMO from sumoylated proteins, freeing it to be used in further sumoylation reactions.

Clinical significance relevance

The protein UBC9 encoded by the UBE2I gene has been shown to be targeted by multiple viruses, including HIV and HPV. It has been hypothesized that these viruses hijack UBC9 to serve their own purposes. ^[7]

Interactions

UBE2I has been shown to interact with:

• ATF2, ^[8]
• Androgen receptor, ^[9]
• BLMH, ^[10]
• DACH1, ^{[11] [12]}
• DNMT3A, ^[13]
• DNMT3B, ^[14]
• DAXX, ^{[15] [16]}
• ETS1, ^[17]
• FHIT, ^[18]
• IPO13, ^[19]
• MAP3K1 ^[20] and
• MITF, ^[21]
• P53, ^{[22] [23] [24] [25]}
• PIAS1, ^{[26] [27] [28]}
• PIAS2, ^{[11] [26]}
• RAD51, ^{[22] [29]}
• RANBP2, ^{[30] [31]}
• RANGAP1, ^{[15] [30] [32]}
• SAE2, ^{[15] [30]}
• SALL1, ^[33]
• SUMO1, ^{[22] [23] [30] [32]}
• TCF3, ^[34]
• TNFRSF1A, ^[20]
• TOP1, ^[35] and
• WT1. ^[36]

Notes

1. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000103275 - Ensembl, May 2017
2. GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000015120 - Ensembl, May 2017
3. "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
4. "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
5. Watanabe TK, Fujiwara T, Kawai A, Shimizu F, Takami S, Hirano H, Okuno S, Ozaki K, Takeda S, Shimada Y, Nagata M, Takaichi A, Takahashi E, Nakamura Y, Shin S (March 1996). "Cloning, expression, and mapping of UBE2I, a novel gene encoding a human homologue of yeast ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes which are critical for regulating the cell cycle". Cytogenet Cell Genet. 72 (1): 86–9. doi:10.1159/000134169. PMID   8565643.
6. "Entrez Gene: UBE2I ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2I (UBC9 homolog, yeast)".
7. Varadaraj A, Mattoscio D, Chiocca S (Jan 2014). "SUMO Ubc9 enzyme as a viral target". IUBMB Life. 66 (1): 27–33. doi:10.1002/iub.1240. PMID   24395713. S2CID   42047371.
8. Firestein R, Feuerstein N (March 1998). "Association of activating transcription factor 2 (ATF2) with the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme hUBC9. Implication of the ubiquitin/proteasome pathway in regulation of ATF2 in T cells". J. Biol. Chem. 273 (10): 5892–902. doi: 10.1074/jbc.273.10.5892 . PMID   9488727.
9. Poukka H, Aarnisalo P, Karvonen U, Palvimo JJ, Jänne OA (July 1999). "Ubc9 interacts with the androgen receptor and activates receptor-dependent transcription". J. Biol. Chem. 274 (27): 19441–6. doi: 10.1074/jbc.274.27.19441 . PMID   10383460.
10. Koldamova RP, Lefterov IM, DiSabella MT, Lazo JS (Dec 1998). "An evolutionarily conserved cysteine protease, human bleomycin hydrolase, binds to the human homologue of ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme 9". Mol. Pharmacol. 54 (6): 954–61. doi:10.1124/mol.54.6.954. PMID   9855622.
11. Rual JF, Venkatesan K, Hao T, Hirozane-Kishikawa T, Dricot A, Li N, Berriz GF, Gibbons FD, Dreze M, Ayivi-Guedehoussou N, Klitgord N, Simon C, Boxem M, Milstein S, Rosenberg J, Goldberg DS, Zhang LV, Wong SL, Franklin G, Li S, Albala JS, Lim J, Fraughton C, Llamosas E, Cevik S, Bex C, Lamesch P, Sikorski RS, Vandenhaute J, Zoghbi HY, Smolyar A, Bosak S, Sequerra R, Doucette-Stamm L, Cusick ME, Hill DE, Roth FP, Vidal M (October 2005). "Towards a proteome-scale map of the human protein-protein interaction network". Nature. 437 (7062): 1173–8. Bibcode:2005Natur.437.1173R. doi:10.1038/nature04209. PMID   16189514. S2CID   4427026.
12. Machon O, Backman M, Julin K, Krauss S (October 2000). "Yeast two-hybrid system identifies the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme mUbc9 as a potential partner of mouse Dac". Mech. Dev. 97 (1–2): 3–12. doi: 10.1016/s0925-4773(00)00402-0 . PMID   11025202. S2CID   14154139.
13. Ling Y, Sankpal UT, Robertson AK, McNally JG, Karpova T, Robertson KD (2004). "Modification of de novo DNA methyltransferase 3a (Dnmt3a) by SUMO-1 modulates its interaction with histone deacetylases (HDACs) and its capacity to repress transcription". Nucleic Acids Res. 32 (2): 598–610. doi:10.1093/nar/gkh195. PMC   373322 . PMID   14752048.
14. Kang ES, Park CW, Chung JH (Dec 2001). "Dnmt3b, de novo DNA methyltransferase, interacts with SUMO-1 and Ubc9 through its N-terminal region and is subject to modification by SUMO-1". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 289 (4): 862–8. doi:10.1006/bbrc.2001.6057. PMID   11735126.
15. Knipscheer P, Flotho A, Klug H, Olsen JV, van Dijk WJ, Fish A, Johnson ES, Mann M, Sixma TK, Pichler A (August 2008). "Ubc9 sumoylation regulates SUMO target discrimination". Mol. Cell. 31 (3): 371–82. doi: 10.1016/j.molcel.2008.05.022 . PMID   18691969.
16. Ryu SW, Chae SK, Kim E (Dec 2000). "Interaction of Daxx, a Fas binding protein, with sentrin and Ubc9". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 279 (1): 6–10. doi:10.1006/bbrc.2000.3882. PMID   11112409.
17. Hahn SL, Wasylyk B, Criqui-Filipe P, Criqui P (September 1997). "Modulation of ETS-1 transcriptional activity by huUBC9, a ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme". Oncogene. 15 (12): 1489–95. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1201301. PMID   9333025. S2CID   26170389.
18. Shi Y, Zou M, Farid NR, Paterson MC (Dec 2000). "Association of FHIT (fragile histidine triad), a candidate tumour suppressor gene, with the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme hUBC9". Biochem. J. 352 (2): 443–8. doi:10.1042/0264-6021:3520443. PMC   1221476 . PMID   11085938.
19. Mingot JM, Kostka S, Kraft R, Hartmann E, Görlich D (July 2001). "Importin 13: a novel mediator of nuclear import and export". EMBO J. 20 (14): 3685–94. doi:10.1093/emboj/20.14.3685. PMC   125545 . PMID   11447110.
20. Saltzman A, Searfoss G, Marcireau C, Stone M, Ressner R, Munro R, Franks C, D'Alonzo J, Tocque B, Jaye M, Ivashchenko Y (April 1998). "hUBC9 associates with MEKK1 and type I TNF-alpha receptor and stimulates NFkappaB activity". FEBS Lett. 425 (3): 431–5. doi: 10.1016/s0014-5793(98)00287-7 . PMID   9563508. S2CID   84816080.
21. Xu W, Gong L, Haddad MM, Bischof O, Campisi J, Yeh ET, Medrano EE (March 2000). "Regulation of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor MITF protein levels by association with the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme hUBC9". Exp. Cell Res. 255 (2): 135–43. doi:10.1006/excr.2000.4803. PMID   10694430.
22. Shen Z, Pardington-Purtymun PE, Comeaux JC, Moyzis RK, Chen DJ (October 1996). "Associations of UBE2I with RAD52, UBL1, p53, and RAD51 proteins in a yeast two-hybrid system". Genomics. 37 (2): 183–186. doi:10.1006/geno.1996.0540. PMID   8921390.
23. Minty A, Dumont X, Kaghad M, Caput D (November 2000). "Covalent modification of p73alpha by SUMO-1. Two-hybrid screening with p73 identifies novel SUMO-1-interacting proteins and a SUMO-1 interaction motif". J. Biol. Chem. 275 (46): 36316–23. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M004293200 . PMID   10961991.
24. Gallagher WM, Argentini M, Sierra V, Bracco L, Debussche L, Conseiller E (June 1999). "MBP1: a novel mutant p53-specific protein partner with oncogenic properties". Oncogene. 18 (24): 3608–16. doi: 10.1038/sj.onc.1202937 . PMID   10380882.
25. Bernier-Villamor V, Sampson DA, Matunis MJ, Lima CD (February 2002). "Structural basis for E2-mediated SUMO conjugation revealed by a complex between ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme Ubc9 and RanGAP1". Cell. 108 (3): 345–56. doi: 10.1016/s0092-8674(02)00630-x . PMID   11853669. S2CID   15512250.
26. Lee BH, Yoshimatsu K, Maeda A, Ochiai K, Morimatsu M, Araki K, Ogino M, Morikawa S, Arikawa J (Dec 2003). "Association of the nucleocapsid protein of the Seoul and Hantaan hantaviruses with small ubiquitin-like modifier-1-related molecules". Virus Res. 98 (1): 83–91. doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2003.09.001. PMID   14609633.
27. Sapetschnig A, Rischitor G, Braun H, Doll A, Schergaut M, Melchior F, Suske G (October 2002). "Transcription factor Sp3 is silenced through SUMO modification by PIAS1". EMBO J. 21 (19): 5206–15. doi:10.1093/emboj/cdf510. PMC   129032 . PMID   12356736.
28. Kahyo T, Nishida T, Yasuda H (September 2001). "Involvement of PIAS1 in the sumoylation of tumor suppressor p53". Mol. Cell. 8 (3): 713–8. doi: 10.1016/s1097-2765(01)00349-5 . PMID   11583632.
29. Kovalenko OV, Plug AW, Haaf T, Gonda DK, Ashley T, Ward DC, Radding CM, Golub EI (April 1996). "Mammalian ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme Ubc9 interacts with Rad51 recombination protein and localizes in synaptonemal complexes". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93 (7): 2958–63. Bibcode:1996PNAS...93.2958K. doi: 10.1073/pnas.93.7.2958 . PMC   39742 . PMID   8610150.
30. Ewing RM, Chu P, Elisma F, Li H, Taylor P, Climie S, McBroom-Cerajewski L, Robinson MD, O'Connor L, Li M, Taylor R, Dharsee M, Ho Y, Heilbut A, Moore L, Zhang S, Ornatsky O, Bukhman YV, Ethier M, Sheng Y, Vasilescu J, Abu-Farha M, Lambert JP, Duewel HS, Stewart II, Kuehl B, Hogue K, Colwill K, Gladwish K, Muskat B, Kinach R, Adams SL, Moran MF, Morin GB, Topaloglou T, Figeys D (2007). "Large-scale mapping of human protein-protein interactions by mass spectrometry". Mol. Syst. Biol. 3: 89. doi:10.1038/msb4100134. PMC   1847948 . PMID   17353931.
31. Zhang H, Saitoh H, Matunis MJ (September 2002). "Enzymes of the SUMO modification pathway localize to filaments of the nuclear pore complex". Mol. Cell. Biol. 22 (18): 6498–508. doi:10.1128/mcb.22.18.6498-6508.2002. PMC   135644 . PMID   12192048.
32. Tatham MH, Kim S, Yu B, Jaffray E, Song J, Zheng J, Rodriguez MS, Hay RT, Chen Y (August 2003). "Role of an N-terminal site of Ubc9 in SUMO-1, -2, and -3 binding and conjugation". Biochemistry. 42 (33): 9959–69. doi:10.1021/bi0345283. PMID   12924945.
33. Netzer C, Bohlander SK, Rieger L, Müller S, Kohlhase J (August 2002). "Interaction of the developmental regulator SALL1 with UBE2I and SUMO-1". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 296 (4): 870–6. doi:10.1016/s0006-291x(02)02003-x. PMID   12200128.
34. Huggins GS, Chin MT, Sibinga NE, Lee SL, Haber E, Lee ME (October 1999). "Characterization of the mUBC9-binding sites required for E2A protein degradation". J. Biol. Chem. 274 (40): 28690–6. doi: 10.1074/jbc.274.40.28690 . PMID   10497239.
35. Mao Y, Sun M, Desai SD, Liu LF (April 2000). "SUMO-1 conjugation to topoisomerase I: A possible repair response to topoisomerase-mediated DNA damage". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97 (8): 4046–51. Bibcode:2000PNAS...97.4046M. doi: 10.1073/pnas.080536597 . PMC   18143 . PMID   10759568.
36. Wang ZY, Qiu QQ, Seufert W, Taguchi T, Testa JR, Whitmore SA, Callen DF, Welsh D, Shenk T, Deuel TF (October 1996). "Molecular cloning of the cDNA and chromosome localization of the gene for human ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme 9". J. Biol. Chem. 271 (40): 24811–6. doi: 10.1074/jbc.271.40.24811 . PMID   8798754.

References

• Kovalenko OV, Plug AW, Haaf T, Gonda DK, Ashley T, Ward DC, Radding CM, Golub EI (1996). "Mammalian ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme Ubc9 interacts with Rad51 recombination protein and localizes in synaptonemal complexes". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93 (7): 2958–63. Bibcode:1996PNAS...93.2958K. doi: 10.1073/pnas.93.7.2958 . PMC   39742 . PMID   8610150.
• Jiang W, Koltin Y (1996). "Two-hybrid interaction of a human UBC9 homolog with centromere proteins of Saccharomyces cerevisiae". Mol. Gen. Genet. 251 (2): 153–60. doi:10.1007/s004380050152. PMID   8668125.
• Yasugi T, Howley PM (1996). "Identification of the structural and functional human homolog of the yeast ubiquitin conjugating enzyme UBC9". Nucleic Acids Res. 24 (11): 2005–10. doi:10.1093/nar/24.11.2005. PMC   145898 . PMID   8668529.
• Göttlicher M, Heck S, Doucas V, Wade E, Kullmann M, Cato AC, Evans RM, Herrlich P (1996). "Interaction of the Ubc9 human homologue with c-Jun and with the glucocorticoid receptor". Steroids. 61 (4): 257–62. doi:10.1016/0039-128X(96)00032-3. PMID   8733011. S2CID   11608979.
• Schneikert J, Peterziel H, Defossez PA, Klocker H, de Launoit Y, Cato AC (1996). "Androgen receptor-Ets protein interaction is a novel mechanism for steroid hormone-mediated down-modulation of matrix metalloproteinase expression". J. Biol. Chem. 271 (39): 23907–13. doi: 10.1074/jbc.271.39.23907 . PMID   8798622.
• Wang ZY, Qiu QQ, Seufert W, Taguchi T, Testa JR, Whitmore SA, Callen DF, Welsh D, Shenk T, Deuel TF (1996). "Molecular cloning of the cDNA and chromosome localization of the gene for human ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme 9". J. Biol. Chem. 271 (40): 24811–6. doi: 10.1074/jbc.271.40.24811 . PMID   8798754.
• Hateboer G, Hijmans EM, Nooij JB, Schlenker S, Jentsch S, Bernards R (1996). "mUBC9, a novel adenovirus E1A-interacting protein that complements a yeast cell cycle defect". J. Biol. Chem. 271 (42): 25906–11. doi: 10.1074/jbc.271.42.25906 . PMID   8824223.
• Shen Z, Pardington-Purtymun PE, Comeaux JC, Moyzis RK, Chen DJ (1997). "Associations of UBE2I with RAD52, UBL1, p53, and RAD51 proteins in a yeast two-hybrid system". Genomics. 37 (2): 183–6. doi:10.1006/geno.1996.0540. PMID   8921390.
• Tachibana M, Iwata N, Watanabe A, Nobukuni Y, Ploplis B, Kajigaya S (1997). "Assignment of the gene for a ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (UBE2I) to human chromosome band 16p13.3 by in situ hybridization". Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 75 (4): 222–3. doi:10.1159/000134487. PMID   9067428.
• Masson M, Menissier-de Murcia J, Mattei MG, de Murcia G, Niedergang CP (1997). "Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase interacts with a novel human ubiquitin conjugating enzyme: hUbc9". Gene. 190 (2): 287–96. doi:10.1016/S0378-1119(97)00015-2. PMID   9197546.
• Yasugi T, Vidal M, Sakai H, Howley PM, Benson JD (1997). "Two classes of human papillomavirus type 16 E1 mutants suggest pleiotropic conformational constraints affecting E1 multimerization, E2 interaction, and interaction with cellular proteins". J. Virol. 71 (8): 5942–51. doi:10.1128/JVI.71.8.5942-5951.1997. PMC   191850 . PMID   9223484.
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• Tong H, Hateboer G, Perrakis A, Bernards R, Sixma TK (1997). "Crystal structure of murine/human Ubc9 provides insight into the variability of the ubiquitin-conjugating system". J. Biol. Chem. 272 (34): 21381–7. CiteSeerX   10.1.1.531.2567 . doi: 10.1074/jbc.272.34.21381 . PMID   9261152. S2CID   45098033.
• Hahn SL, Wasylyk B, Criqui-Filipe P, Criqui P (1997). "Modulation of ETS-1 transcriptional activity by huUBC9, a ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme". Oncogene. 15 (12): 1489–95. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1201301. PMID   9333025. S2CID   26170389.
• Hu G, Zhang S, Vidal M, Baer JL, Xu T, Fearon ER (1997). "Mammalian homologs of seven in absentia regulate DCC via the ubiquitin–proteasome pathway". Genes Dev. 11 (20): 2701–14. doi:10.1101/gad.11.20.2701. PMC   316613 . PMID   9334332.
• Firestein R, Feuerstein N (1998). "Association of activating transcription factor 2 (ATF2) with the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme hUBC9. Implication of the ubiquitin/proteasome pathway in regulation of ATF2 in T cells". J. Biol. Chem. 273 (10): 5892–902. doi: 10.1074/jbc.273.10.5892 . PMID   9488727.
• Joanisse DR, Inaguma Y, Tanguay RM (1998). "Cloning and developmental expression of a nuclear ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (DmUbc9) that interacts with small heat shock proteins in Drosophila melanogaster". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 244 (1): 102–9. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1998.8214. PMID   9514881.
• Saltzman A, Searfoss G, Marcireau C, Stone M, Ressner R, Munro R, Franks C, D'Alonzo J, Tocque B, Jaye M, Ivashchenko Y (1998). "hUBC9 associates with MEKK1 and type I TNF-alpha receptor and stimulates NFkappaB activity". FEBS Lett. 425 (3): 431–5. doi: 10.1016/S0014-5793(98)00287-7 . PMID   9563508. S2CID   84816080.
• Koldamova RP, Lefterov IM, DiSabella MT, Lazo JS (1999). "An evolutionarily conserved cysteine protease, human bleomycin hydrolase, binds to the human homologue of ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme 9". Mol. Pharmacol. 54 (6): 954–61. doi:10.1124/mol.54.6.954. PMID   9855622.