Xanthoria parietina

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Xanthoria parietina
Xanthoria-parietina-gelbflechte.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Lecanoromycetes
Order: Teloschistales
Family: Teloschistaceae
Genus: Xanthoria
Species:
X. parietina
Binomial name
Xanthoria parietina
(L.) Th.Fr (1860)
Synonyms [1]
  • Xanthoria coomae S.Y.Kondr. & Kärnefelt (2007)
  • Xanthoria polessicaS.Y.Kondr. & Yatsyna (2013)

Xanthoria parietina is a foliose lichen in the family Teloschistaceae. It has wide distribution, and many common names such as common orange lichen, yellow scale, [2] maritime sunburst lichen and shore lichen. It can be found near the shore on rocks or walls (hence the epithet parietina meaning "on walls"), [3] and also on inland rocks, walls, or tree bark. [4] It was chosen as a model organism for genomic sequencing (planned in 2006) by the US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute (JGI).

X. parietina growing on brick... FlechteaufMauer.jpg
X. parietina growing on brick...
... on a branch of Cornus mas ... Xanthoria parietina - Common orange lichen - Gewohnliche Gelbflechte - 04.jpg
... on a branch of Cornus mas ...
... and on a dead branch. P1060196w2 Xanthoria parietina.jpg
... and on a dead branch.

Taxonomy

The species was first scientifically described by Carl Linnaeus in 1753, as Lichen parietinus.

Xanthoria coomae, described from New South Wales in 2007, and Xanthoria polessica, described from Belarus in 2013, were later determined to be synonyms of Xanthoria parietina. [1]

Description

The vegetative body of the lichen, the thallus, is foliose, and typically less than 8 centimetres (3.1 in) wide. The lobes of the thallus are 1–4 mm in diameter, and flattened down. The upper surface is some shade of yellow, orange, or greenish yellow, almost green when growing in shady situations, while the lower surface is white, with a cortex, and with sparse pale rhizines or hapters . The vegetative reproductive structures soredia and isidia are absent in this species, however, apothecia are usually present. [5]

The outer "skin" of the lichen, the cortex, is composed of closely packed fungal hyphae and serves to protect the thallus from water loss due to evaporation as well as harmful effects of high levels of irradiation. In Xanthoria parietina, the thickness of the thalli is known to vary depending on the habitat in which it grows. Thalli are much thinner in shady locations than in those exposed to full sunshine; this has the effect of protecting the algae that cannot tolerate high light intensities. The lichen pigment parietin gives this species a deep yellow or orange-red color. [6]

Xanthoria parietina prefers growing on bark and wood; it is found more rarely on rock. [5] Nutrient enrichment by bird droppings enhances the ability of X. parietina to grow on rock. [7]

Photobiont

The photosynthetic symbionts, or photobionts, associated with X. parietina are from the green algal genus Trebouxia . Species that have been found include Trebouxia arboricola and T. irregularis. [8] Both of these photobionts are known to occur free-living in nature, having been found on bark colonized by X. parietina as well as on bark not colonized by lichens. [9]

In one study, the photobiont was shown to occupy 7% of the volume of the thallus. [10] The density of pigmentation of the upper cortex also varies and seems to control the amount of light reaching the algae. [10]

Reproduction and dispersal

A large number of lichens disperse very effectively by means of symbiotic vegetative propagules such as soredia, isidia and blastidia, and thallus fragmentation. However, X. parietina does not produce such vegetative propagules, but must establish the symbiotic state at each reproductive cycle. Two oribatid mite species, Trhypochtonius tectorum and Trichoribates trimaculatus , which are common inhabitants and consumers of X. parietina, are vectors of the photobiont cells. Faecal pellets of both species contain both viable ascospores and photobiont cells, and are suggested to be a common mode of short- and long-distance dispersal of this species. [11]

Habitat and distribution

Xanthoria parietina occurs in hardwood forests in broad, low-elevation valleys, as well as scattered on Populus and other hardwoods in riparian areas in agricultural and populated areas. [5] It is often associated with high level of nitrogen and favored by eutrophication, [12] [13] and can be often found near farmland and around livestock. [14] The lichen is used as a food source and shelter for the snail Balea perversa . [15]

The species is widespread, and has been reported from Australia, Africa, Asia, North America [16] and throughout much of Europe. [17] In eastern North America and Europe, it is found more frequently near coastal locations. [5] The increases in nitrate deposition as a result of industrial and agricultural developments in southern Ontario, Canada in the 20th century are thought to be responsible for the reappearance of this species in the local lichen flora. [18]

Pollution tolerance

Xanthoria parietina is a very pollution-tolerant species. In laboratory experiments, this species can tolerate exposure to air contaminants and bisulphite ions with little or no damaging effect. [19] It is also tolerant of heavy metal contamination [20] and to nitrogen pollution. [21]

For these reasons, this species has found use as a biomonitor for measuring levels of toxic elements. [22] [23]

Bioactive compounds

Structure of parietin, orange-colored pigment found in X. parietina. Parietin.svg
Structure of parietin, orange-colored pigment found in X. parietina.

Xanthoria parietina produces an orange colored anthraquinone pigment, parietin, that is deposited as tiny crystals in the top layer of the upper cortex. Parietin synthesis is enhanced by UV-B, [24] and stimulated by photosynthates, such as those provided by the green algal Trebouxia symbiont. [25] X. parietina also produces the metabolite 2-methoxy-4,5,7-trihydroxy-anthraquinone. [26]

Species interactions

The biochemical impacts of the lichenicolous fungus Xanthoriicola physciae on its host Xanthoria parietina were investigated using Raman spectroscopy. This technique revealed that the fungus destroys key photoprotective pigments such as parietin and carotenoids in the host, which are vital for protecting the lichen from intense sunlight. Additionally, the presence of scytonemin—a pigment typically produced by cyanobacteria and known for UV protection—was detected in the infected tissues, suggesting secondary colonisation by cyanobacteria. [27]

Research

The water extract of X. parietina has good antiviral activity in vitro , inhibiting the replication of human parainfluenza virus type 2. [28] In the past it was used as a remedy for jaundice because of its yellow color. [29]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lichen</span> Symbiosis of fungi with algae or cyanobacteria

Beginning in 1867, a lichen was understood as a symbiosis of an algae or cyanobacteria, living among filaments of multiple fungi species. In 2016, new research by T. Spribille et al. revealed a third partner, a yeast imbedded in the lichen cortex or "skin."

<i>Trebouxia</i> Genus of algae

Trebouxia is a unicellular green alga. It is a photosynthetic organism that can exist in almost all habitats found in polar, tropical, and temperate regions. It can either exist in a symbiotic relationship with fungi in the form of lichen or it can survive independently as a free-living organism alone or in colonies. Trebouxia is the most common photobiont in extant lichens. It is a primary producer of marine, freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems. It uses carotenoids and chlorophyll a and b to harvest energy from the sun and provide nutrients to various animals and insects.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Parietin</span> Chemical compound

Parietin is the predominant cortical pigment of lichens in the genus Caloplaca, a secondary product of the lichen Xanthoria parietina, and a pigment found in the roots of curled dock. It has an orange-yellow color and absorbs blue light.

<i>Lobaria pulmonaria</i> Species of lichen

Lobaria pulmonaria is a large epiphytic lichen consisting of an ascomycete fungus and a green algal partner living together in a symbiotic relationship with a cyanobacterium—a symbiosis involving members of three kingdoms of organisms. Commonly known by various names like tree lungwort, lung lichen, lung moss, lungwort lichen, oak lungs or oak lungwort, it is sensitive to air pollution and is also harmed by habitat loss and changes in forestry practices. Its population has declined across Europe and L. pulmonaria is considered endangered in many lowland areas. The species has a history of use in herbal medicines, and recent research has corroborated some medicinal properties of lichen extracts.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Teloschistaceae</span> Family of lichen-forming fungi

The Teloschistaceae are a large family of mostly lichen-forming fungi belonging to the class Lecanoromycetes in the division Ascomycota. The family has a cosmopolitan distribution, although its members occur predominantly in temperate regions. Most members are lichens that either live on rock or on bark, but about 40 species are lichenicolous – meaning they are non-lichenised fungi that live on other lichens. Many members of the Teloschistaceae are readily identifiable by their vibrant orange to yellow hue, a result of their frequent anthraquinone content. The presence of these anthraquinone pigments, which confer protection from ultraviolet light, enabled this group to expand from shaded forest habitats to harsher environmental conditions of sunny and arid ecosystems during the Late Cretaceous.

<i>Rusavskia elegans</i> Species of lichenised fungus

Rusavskia elegans, commonly known as the elegant sunburst lichen, is a lichenized species of fungus in the genus Rusavskia, family Teloschistaceae. Recognized by its bright orange or red pigmentation, this species grows on rocks, often near bird or rodent perches. It has a circumpolar and alpine distribution. It was one of the first lichens to be used for the rock-face dating method known as lichenometry.

<i>Punctelia</i> Genus of foliose lichens

Punctelia is a genus of foliose lichens belonging to the large family Parmeliaceae. The genus, which contains about 50 species, was segregated from genus Parmelia in 1982. Characteristics that define Punctelia include the presence of hook-like to thread-like conidia, simple rhizines, and point-like pseudocyphellae. It is this last feature that is alluded to in the vernacular names speckled shield lichens or speckleback lichens.

<i>Pilophorus acicularis</i> Species of fungus

Pilophorus acicularis, commonly known as the nail lichen or the devil's matchstick lichen, is a species of matchstick lichen in the family Cladoniaceae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Crustose lichen</span> Growth form of lichen as a continuously adherent crust

Crustose lichens are lichens that form a crust which strongly adheres to the substrate, making separation from the substrate impossible without destruction. The basic structure of crustose lichens consists of a cortex layer, an algal layer, and a medulla. The upper cortex layer is differentiated and is usually pigmented. The algal layer lies beneath the cortex. The medulla fastens the lichen to the substrate and is made up of fungal hyphae. The surface of crustose lichens is characterized by branching cracks that periodically close in response to climatic variations such as alternate wetting and drying regimes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lichen growth forms</span> Gross morphological classification

Lichens are symbiotic organisms made up of multiple species: a fungus, one or more photobionts and sometimes a yeast. They are regularly grouped by their external appearance – a characteristic known as their growth form. This form, which is based on the appearance of vegetative part of the lichen, varies depending on the species and the environmental conditions it faces. Those who study lichens (lichenologists) have described a dozen of these forms: areolate, byssoid, calicioid, cladoniform, crustose, filamentous, foliose, fruticose, gelatinous, leprose, placoidioid and squamulose. Traditionally, crustose (flat), foliose (leafy) and fruticose (shrubby) are considered to be the three main forms. In addition to these more formalised, traditional growth types, there are a handful of informal types named for their resemblance to the lichens of specific genera. These include alectorioid, catapyrenioid, cetrarioid, hypogymnioid, parmelioid and usneoid.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lichen morphology</span>

Lichen morphology describes the external appearance and structures of a lichen. These can vary considerably from species to species. Lichen growth forms are used to group lichens by "vegetative" thallus types, and forms of "non-vegetative" reproductive parts. Some lichen thalli have the aspect of leaves ; others cover the substrate like a crust, others such as the genus Ramalina adopt shrubby forms, and there are gelatinous lichens such as the genus Collema.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Symbiosis in lichens</span>

Symbiosis in lichens is the mutually beneficial symbiotic relationship of green algae and/or blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) living among filaments of a fungus, forming lichen.

A spot test in lichenology is a spot analysis used to help identify lichens. It is performed by placing a drop of a chemical reagent on different parts of the lichen and noting the colour change associated with application of the chemical. The tests are routinely encountered in dichotomous keys for lichen species, and they take advantage of the wide array of lichen products produced by lichens and their uniqueness among taxa. As such, spot tests reveal the presence or absence of chemicals in various parts of a lichen. They were first proposed as a method to help identify species by the Finnish lichenologist William Nylander in 1866.

<i>Hydropunctaria maura</i> Species of lichen

Hydropunctaria maura, still often called by the older name Verrucaria maura and commonly known as tar lichen, is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichen belonging to the family Verrucariaceae. A perennial species that does not experience seasonal variations, it is the type species of the genus Hydropunctaria. The medulla is a black basal layer that forms columns to the upper surface and isolates the algae into pockets near the upper surface. The black band formed by H. maura can often be seen at a distance as a marker of the high water point.

<i>Xanthoria aureola</i> Species of lichen-forming fungus

Xanthoria aureola, commonly known as the seaside sunburst lichen, is a lichenized species of fungus in the family Teloschistaceae and phylum Ascomycota. X. aureola can be recognized by its bright yellow-orange pigmentation and abundant strap-shaped lobes. It is usually found growing on exposed, nutrient-rich rocks in sunny, maritime habitats. It is largely restricted to European coasts, stretching from Portugal to Norway.

Trebouxia decolorans is a widespread and common symbiotic species of green alga that is found in association with different species of lichen-forming fungi. Some lichens in which it is the photobiont partner are Xanthoria parietina and Anaptychia ciliaris.

<i>Anaptychia ciliaris</i> Species of lichen

Anaptychia ciliaris, commonly known as the great ciliated lichen or eagle's claws, is a species of fruticose lichen in the family Physciaceae. It is predominantly found in Northern Europe, with its range extending to European Russia, the Caucasus, Central and Southern Europe, the Canary Islands, and some parts of Asia. First mentioned in botanical literature by Italian botanist Fabio Colonna in 1606, the species was formally described by Carl Linnaeus in 1753, who highlighted its unique physical characteristics such as its grey colour, its unusual leafy form with linear fringe-like segments, and the presence of hair-like structures. This lichen is adaptable in its choice of substrates, mostly growing on tree barks, and less commonly on rocks.

Trebouxia arboricola is a symbiotic species of green alga in the family Trebouxiaceae. Described as new to science in 1924, it is usually found in association with different species of lichen-forming fungi and has a broad global distribution.

Caloplaca sterilis is a corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen belonging to the family Teloschistaceae, described in 2011. It is primarily found in steppe and sand dune habitats in the Black Sea region, and has been recorded from Bulgaria, Romania, southwest Russia, and Ukraine. Caloplaca sterilis is characterised by tiny squamules/areoles with contrasting pale greyish-green to greenish soredia. It is easily overlooked and challenging to identify when completely sorediate and sterile, especially as its soredia do not contain the typical Sedifolia-grey pigment.

<i>Gallowayella weberi</i> Species of lichen

Gallowayella weberi is a species of corticolous and saxicolous, foliose lichen in the family Teloschistaceae. Found in the eastern United States, it is a small lichen with a smooth yellow to orange upper surface and a contrasting white lower surface.

References

  1. 1 2 Tsurykau, Andrei; Bely, Pavel; Arup, Ulf (2020). "Molecular phylogenetic analyses reveal two new synonyms of Xanthoria parietina". Plant and Fungal Systematics. 65 (2): 620–623. doi: 10.35535/pfsyst-2020-0033 .
  2. ↑ David Chapman (2008). Exploring the Cornish Coast. Penzance: Alison Hodge. p. 121. ISBN   9780906720561.
  3. ↑ "Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Short, A Latin Dictionary, părĭĕtārĭus". www.perseus.tufts.edu.
  4. ↑ Paul, Heather; Knight, Sue. "Xanthoria parietina" (PDF). British Lichen Society. Retrieved 4 August 2022.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Geiser, Linda; McCune, Bruce (1997). Macrolichens of the Pacific Northwest. Corvallis: Oregon State University Press. p. 321. ISBN   978-0-87071-394-1.
  6. ↑ Galun, Margalith (1988). CRC Handbook of Lichenology, Volume I. Boca Raton: CRC. p. 105. ISBN   978-0-8493-3581-5.
  7. ↑ Armstrong, R.A. (February 1984). "The influence of bird droppings and uric acid on the radial growth of five species of saxicolous lichens". Environmental and Experimental Botany. 24 (1): 95–99. doi:10.1016/0098-8472(84)90065-0.
  8. ↑ Ahmadjian, Vernon. (1993). The lichen symbiosis. New York: John Wiley. pp. 32–33. ISBN   978-0-471-57885-7.
  9. ↑ Bubrick, P.; Galun, Margalith; Frensdorff, A. (1984). "Observations on Free-Living Trebouxia De Puymaly and Pseudotrebouxia Archibald, and Evidence that Both Symbionts from Xanthoria parientina (L.) Can be Found Free-Living in Nature". The New Phytologist. 97 (3): 455–462. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.1984.tb03611.x . JSTOR   2432333.
  10. 1 2 Biology of Lichens. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 1983. p. 51. ISBN   978-0-7131-2457-6.
  11. ↑ Meier, Franz A.; Scherrer, Sandra; Honegger, Rosmarie (28 June 2008). "Faecal pellets of lichenivorous mites contain viable cells of the lichen-forming ascomycete Xanthoria parietina and its green algal photobiont, Trebouxia arboricola". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 76 (2): 259–68. doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2002.tb02087.x .
  12. ↑ Gaio-Oliveira, Gisela; Dahlman, Lena; Palmqvist, Kristin; Mguas, Cristina (January 2004). "Ammonium uptake in the nitrophytic lichen Xanthoria parietina and its effects on vitality and balance between symbionts". The Lichenologist. 36 (1): 75–86. doi:10.1017/S0024282904014124. S2CID   86013611.
  13. ↑ van Herk, C. M. (28 March 2007). "Mapping of Ammonia Pollution with Epiphytic Lichens in the Netherlands". The Lichenologist. 31 (1): 9–20. doi:10.1006/lich.1998.0138. S2CID   85721871.
  14. ↑ Frati, L.; Santoni, S.; Nicolardi, V.; Gaggi, C.; Brunialti, G.; Guttova, A.; Gaudino, S.; Pati, A.; Pirintsos, S.A.; Loppi, S. (March 2007). "Lichen biomonitoring of ammonia emission and nitrogen deposition around a pig stockfarm". Environmental Pollution. 146 (2): 311–316. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2006.03.029. PMID   16777293.
  15. ↑ Baur, Bruno; Baur, Anette (2007). "Xanthoria parietina as a food resource and shelter by the land snail Balea perversa" (PDF). The Lichenologist. 29 (1): 99–102. doi:10.1017/S0024282997000145. S2CID   84672072.
  16. ↑ Hogan, C. Michael. 2008. Black Spruce: Picea mariana, GlobalTwitcher.com, ed. Nicklas Stromberg Archived October 5, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
  17. ↑ Lindblom, Louise (1997). The genus Xanthoria (Fr.) Th.Fr. in North America (Thesis). Lund University. ISBN   978-91-628-2777-9.
  18. ↑ Brodo, Irwin M.; Lewis, Chris; Craig, Brian (June 2007). "Xanthoria parietina, a Coastal Lichen, Rediscovered in Ontario". Northeastern Naturalist. 14 (2): 300–306. doi:10.1656/1092-6194(2007)14[300:XPACLR]2.0.CO;2. S2CID   84646971.
  19. ↑ Silberstein, L.; Siegel, B. Z.; Siegel, S. M.; Mukhtar, A.; Galun, M. (28 March 2007). "Comparative Studies on Xanthoria Parietina, a Pollution Resistant Lichen, and Ramalina Duriaei, a Sensitive Species. I. Effects of Air Pollution on Physiological Processes". The Lichenologist. 28 (4): 355–365. doi:10.1006/lich.1996.0033. S2CID   86012279.
  20. ↑ Backor, M.; Fahselt, D.; Davidson, R. D.; Wu, C.T. (1 August 2003). "Effects of Copper on Wild and Tolerant Strains of the Lichen Photobiont Trebouxia erici (Chlorophyta) and Possible Tolerance Mechanisms". Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 45 (2): 159–167. doi:10.1007/s00244-002-0134-6. PMID   14565572. S2CID   42330557.
  21. ↑ Munzi, S.; Cruz, C.; Branquinho, C.; Pinho, P.; Leith, I. D.; Sheppard, L. J. (2014-04-01). "Can ammonia tolerance amongst lichen functional groups be explained by physiological responses?". Environmental Pollution. 187: 206–209. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2014.01.009. ISSN   0269-7491. PMID   24485905.
  22. ↑ Brunialti, G.; Frati, L. (15 November 2007). "Biomonitoring of nine elements by the lichen Xanthoria parietina in Adriatic Italy: A retrospective study over a 7-year time span". Science of the Total Environment. 387 (1–3): 289–300. Bibcode:2007ScTEn.387..289B. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.06.033. PMID   17716704.
  23. ↑ Loppi, Stefano; Paoli, Luca; Gaggi, Carlo (17 March 2006). "Diversity of Epiphytic Lichens and Hg Contents of Xanthoria parietina Thalli as Monitors of Geothermal Air Pollution in the Mt. Amiata Area (Central Italy)". Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry. 53 (2): 93–105. Bibcode:2006JAtC...53...93L. doi:10.1007/s10874-006-6648-y. S2CID   94574341.
  24. ↑ Solhaug, Knut Asbjorn; Gauslaa, Yngvar; Nybakken, Line; Bilger, Wolfgang (April 2003). "UV-induction of sun-screening pigments in lichens". New Phytologist. 158 (1): 91–100. doi: 10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00708.x .
  25. ↑ Solhaug, K. A.; Gauslaa, Y. (February 2004). "Photosynthates stimulate the UV-B induced fungal anthraquinone synthesis in the foliose lichen Xanthoria parietina". Plant, Cell and Environment. 27 (2): 167–176. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2003.01129.x .
  26. ↑ Ivanova V, Schlegel R, Gräfe U (October 2000). "2-Methoxy-4,5,7-trihydroxy-anthraquinone, a new lichen metabolite produced by Xanthoria parietina". Pharmazie. 55 (10): 785–6. PMID   11082848.
  27. ↑ Edwars, Howell G.M.; Seaward, Mark R.D.; Preece, Tom F.; Jorge-Villar, Susana E.; Hawksworth, David L. (2017). "Raman spectroscopic analysis of the effect of the lichenicolous fungus Xanthoriicola physciae on its lichen host". Symbiosis. 71: 57–63. doi:10.1007/s13199-016-0447-2.
  28. ↑ Karagoz, Ali; Doğruöz Güngör, Nihal; Zeybek, Zuhal; Aslan, Ali (December 2014). "Antibacterial activity of some lichen extracts". Journal of Medicinal Plant Research. 60 (3): 281–6.
  29. ↑ Vartia, K.O. (1973). "Antibiotics in Lichens". The Lichens. pp. 547–561. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-044950-7.50022-2. ISBN   978-0-12-044950-7.
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