In England buildings of particular architectural merit and/or historic significance are given statutory protection under the Listed buildings scheme. [1] The scheme categorises buildings in three grades; Grade I, the highest grade, Grade II*, and Grade II, the lowest grade. Approximately 500,000 buildings in England have listed building status, [2] the vast majority at the lowest grade, Grade II. [note 1] [3] Decisions on listing are made by the Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport, on advice from Historic England, the agency with responsibility for the historic environment. Decisions on listing are closely related to the age of the building. Buildings constructed before 1700 will almost certainly be listed and many constructed between 1700 and 1850 will be. Construction dates between 1850 and 1945 will reduce the likelihood of listing, and even greater selectivity is exercised for post-war buildings. There is a presumption against listing buildings that are less than 30 years old. This approach has seen a relatively small proportion of buildings dating from after 1901 receiving listed status, and even fewer, the highest listing designation, Grade I. [3]
Grade I listed status has been given to 113 buildings completed in the 20th century. [note 2] Of these, there are twenty-four cathedrals, churches and chapels, nineteen war memorials, [note 3] seventeen houses, seven memorials, seven university buildings and seven office blocks, four art and museum galleries, three apartment blocks, three military installations and three bridges, two telescopes, two sets of gates, two factories, two animal enclosures and a range of other structures including an orangery, a clinic and a concert hall. Of architects whose work has been listed, the most prolific is Edwin Lutyens, with twenty-one buildings to his own account, and two more in partnership, the gardens at Hestercombe House with Gertrude Jekyll, and Middleton Park with his son. Lutyens is followed by the Dane, Arne Jacobsen, with six buildings at St Catherine's College, Oxford including England's only Grade I listed bike shed. [5] The Modernist Berthold Lubetkin has five buildings on the list, two in conjunction with Ove Arup, who is individually represented by his Kingsgate Bridge in Durham. [note 4] [7] The Scott architectural dynasty is represented through four ecclesiastical buildings, St John the Baptist Cathedral, Norwich by George Gilbert Scott Jr. and John Oldrid Scott, and three by Giles Gilbert Scott. Robert Lorimer has three war memorials, [8] while Aston Webb also has three structures, all sited at either end of The Mall in central London. [9] Robert Atkinson, William Bidlake, George Frederick Bodley, Ninian Comper, Charles Holden, Goscombe John, Temple Moore, Basil Spence, Owen Williams and Edgar Wood have two buildings each. The engineer Charles Husband designed the two listed telescopes at Jodrell Bank Observatory, the first in partnership with Bernard Lovell. [10] The architects of the two listed military workshops at RAE Farnborough are unknown, while Bob Creer of the Air Ministry is credited with the Operations Room at RAF Uxbridge. [11]
The most recent building to be designated Grade I is Colin St John Wilson's British Library, constructed between 1982 and 1999. [12] The newest designations are for the Sainsbury Wing at the National Gallery, the only work in Britain by Robert Venturi and Denise Scott Brown, [13] [14] which was listed in May 2018; and The New House at Wadhurst Park in Sussex, a private house for members of the Rausing family, which was listed in July 2020. [15] Between 2014 and 2018, the First World War Memorials Programme, run by Historic England in commemoration of the centenary of the First World War, saw an increase in the number of Grade I listed structures, with the listing of some 2,500 additional war memorials, [16] and the upgrading of a number of previously listed memorials to the highest, Grade I, designation. [17] There are, as of December 2023, no buildings completed in the 21st century which have been awarded Grade I listed status. [18]
A listed building is a structure of particular architectural and/or historic interest deserving of special protection. Such buildings are placed on a statutory list maintained by the historic environment agency, Historic England. [19] Buildings are categorised under one of three grades, in descending order of importance: [19]
Listings are formally decided by the Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport, on the advice of Historic England, on the basis of a building's architectural and/or historic merit. [19] The specific criteria for listing include:
As a consequence of the first criterion, buildings constructed after 1901 comprise a small proportion of the total number of listed buildings. Of those that are listed, even fewer are given the highest, Grade I, designation. [2]
In the United Kingdom, a listed building is a structure of particular architectural and/or historic interest deserving of special protection. Such buildings are placed on one of the four statutory lists maintained by Historic England in England, Historic Environment Scotland in Scotland, Cadw in Wales, and the Northern Ireland Environment Agency in Northern Ireland. The classification schemes differ between England and Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland. The term has also been used in the Republic of Ireland, where buildings are protected under the Planning and Development Act 2000, although the statutory term in Ireland is "protected structure".
Brutalist architecture is an architectural style that emerged during the 1950s in the United Kingdom, among the reconstruction projects of the post-war era. Brutalist buildings are characterised by minimalist constructions that showcase the bare building materials and structural elements over decorative design. The style commonly makes use of exposed, unpainted concrete or brick, angular geometric shapes and a predominantly monochrome colour palette; other materials, such as steel, timber, and glass, are also featured.
Lingfield is a village and civil parish in the Tandridge district of Surrey, England, approximately 23 miles (37 km) south of London. Several buildings date from the Tudor period and the timber-frame medieval church is Grade I listed. The stone cage or old gaol, constructed in 1773, was last used in 1882 to hold a poacher.
Verne Citadel is a 19th-century citadel on the Isle of Portland, Dorset, England. Located on the highest point of Portland, Verne Hill, it sits in a commanding position overlooking Portland Harbour, which it was built to defend. It later became HM Prison The Verne in 1949.
The Willesden United Synagogue Cemetery, usually known as Willesden Jewish Cemetery, is a Jewish cemetery at Beaconsfield Road, Willesden, in the London Borough of Brent, England. It opened in 1873 on a 20-acre (0.08 km2) site. It has been described as the "Rolls-Royce" of London's Jewish cemeteries and is designated Grade II on Historic England's Register of Historic Parks and Gardens. The cemetery, which has 29,800 graves, has many significant memorials and monuments. Four of them are listed at Grade II. They include the tomb of Rosalind Franklin, who was a co-discoverer of the structure of DNA.
Berthold Romanovich Lubetkin was a Georgian-British architect who pioneered modernist design in Britain in the 1930s. His work includes the Highpoint housing complex, the Penguin Pool at London Zoo, Finsbury Health Centre and Spa Green Estate.
Sir Ove Nyquist Arup, CBE, MICE, MIStructE, FCIOB was an English engineer who founded Arup Group Limited, a multinational corporation that offers engineering, design, planning, project management, and consulting services for building systems. Ove Arup is considered to be among the foremost architectural structural engineers of his time.
Kingsgate Bridge is a reinforced concrete construction footbridge across the River Wear, in Durham, England. It is a Grade I listed building. It was personally designed in 1963 by Ove Arup, the last structure he ever designed. Kingsgate Bridge connects Bow Lane on the peninsula in the centre of Durham to Dunelm House on New Elvet, which building Arup's studio also contributed, and opened in 1966. Kingsgate Bridge is thought to have been one of Arup's favourite designs of all: he had spent many hours working on every detail of the plans.
Hampton Hill is a district in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames to the south of Twickenham. It is bounded by Fulwell and Twickenham Golf Courses to the northwest; a railway line road bridge at the junction of Wellington Road and Clonmel Road; a line southward just east of Wellington Road; Bushy Park to the southeast; and the artificial Longford River to the south and west. Hampton Hill is served by Fulwell railway station and Hampton railway station on the Shepperton to Waterloo line. It is part of what is collectively known as The Hamptons. Much of Hampton Hill High Street, and some neighbouring residential areas are designated as a conservation area.
Dunelm House is a Grade II listed building in Durham, England, built in 1966 in the brutalist style. It belongs to Durham University and houses Durham Students' Union. Its listing entry cites, among other factors, that it is "a significant Brutalist building that reflects the latest in architectural thinking for its date" and that it is "the foremost students’ union building of the post-war era in England".
Bredgar is a village and civil parish in the Borough of Swale, Kent, England.
There are 11 Grade I listed buildings in Ipswich, a non-metropolitan district and the county town of Suffolk, England.
There are 12 Grade I listed buildings in Forest Heath, a non-metropolitan district of Suffolk, England.
The Grove is a small village located at Tophill on the Isle of Portland in Dorset. The village is found close to the larger village Easton, and is most notable for containing the HM Prison Portland, including its museum Grove Prison Museum. As with the rest of Portland's villages and settlements, The Grove has been designated as a conservation area, as it is a place of special architectural and historic interest. The village was designated in 1981.
The Bromley War Memorial in Bromley, Greater London, England commemorates the fallen of World War I and World War II. It was designed by British sculptor Sydney March, of the March family of artists.
There are many Grade II listed buildings in the city of Manchester, Greater Manchester, England. The majority of Manchester's listed buildings date from the Victorian (1837–1901) and Edwardian (1901–1911) eras, most as a consequence of the Industrial Revolution. In England and Wales, the authority for listing is granted by the Planning Act 1990 and is administered by English Heritage, an agency of the Department for Culture, Media and Sport. There are three categories of listing – Grade I, Grade II* and Grade II.
There are over 9,000 Grade I listed buildings in England. This page is a list of these buildings in the Craven District of North Yorkshire.
The Penguin Pool at London Zoo, Regent's Park is a penguin enclosure designed in the International Modernist style by Berthold Lubetkin and the Tecton Group. Constructed in 1934, Historic England describe it as "a key symbol of British Modern Movement architecture". The pool housed the zoo's collection of penguins for 70 years. Changing attitudes to keeping animals in captivity, and concerns regarding the suitability of the structure for penguin well-being, saw the pool's closure in 2004 and its subsequent replacement by Penguin Beach. After a period of non-use, during which Lubetkin's daughter called for the structure to be "blown to smithereens", the pool was converted into a water feature. It is a Grade I listed building.
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