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Pontiac fever is an acute, nonfatal respiratory disease caused by various species of Gram-negative bacteria in the genus Legionella. It causes a mild upper respiratory infection that resembles acute influenza. Pontiac fever resolves spontaneously and often goes undiagnosed. Both Pontiac fever and the more severe Legionnaire's disease are caused by the same bacteria, but Pontiac fever does not include pneumonia.
Legionella is a genus of pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria that includes the species L. pneumophila, causing legionellosis including a pneumonia-type illness called Legionnaires' disease and a mild flu-like illness called Pontiac fever.
Legionella pneumophila is a thin, aerobic, pleomorphic, flagellated, non-spore-forming, Gram-negative bacterium of the genus Legionella. L. pneumophila is the primary human pathogenic bacterium in this group and is the causative agent of Legionnaires' disease, also known as legionellosis.
The Legionellales are an order of Proteobacteria. Like all Proteobacteria, they are Gram-negative. They comprise two families, typified by Legionella and Coxiella, both of which include notable pathogens. For example, Q fever is caused by Coxiella burnetii and Legionella pneumophila causes Legionnaires' disease and Pontiac fever.
Aeromonas is a genus of gram-negative, facultative anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that morphologically resemble members of the family Enterobacteriaceae. Most of the 14 described species have been associated with human diseases. The most important pathogens are A. hydrophila, A. caviae, and A. veronii biovar sobria. The organisms are ubiquitous in fresh and brackish water.
Nocardia farcinica is a species of bacteria and a member of the genus Nocardia. This species is very similar in phenotype to Nocardia asteroides, to the degree that some isolates of N. asteroides were later found to be Nocardia farcinica.
Legionella bozemanae is a Gram-negative bacterium in the family Legionellaceae. Its type strain is WIGA. It is associated with human pneumonia.
Legionella beliardensis is a Gram-negative, catalase-positive, non-spore-forming, aerobic bacterium from the genus Legionella with a single polar flagellum, which was isolated from water from heating apparatus in Montbéliard in France.
Legionella cherrii is an aerobic, flagellated, Gram-negative bacterium from the genus Legionella. It was isolated from a heated water sample in Minnesota. L. cherrii is similar to another Legionella species, L. pneumophila, and is believed to cause major respiratory problems.
Legionella gormanii is a Gram-negative bacterium from the genus Legionella which was isolated from soil samples from a creek bank in Atlanta and from the bronchial brush specimen of a patient who suffered from pneumonia. L. gormanii can cause atypical pneumonia together with L. pneumophila.
Legionella gresilensis is a Gram-negative, aerobic, catalase-positive, non-spore-forming bacterium with a polar flagellum from the genus Legionella which was isolated from a shower from thermal spa water in the city Gréoux-les-Bains.
Legionella jordanis is a Gram-negative bacterium from the genus Legionella which was isolated from the Jordan River in Bloomington, Indiana and from the sewage in DeKalb County, Georgia. L. jordanis is a rare human pathogen and can cause respiratory tract infections.
Legionella lansingensis is a Gram-negative, catalase- and oxidase-positive bacterium from the genus Legionella with a single polar flagellum which was isolated from a patient with pneumonia through bronchoscopy.
Legionella maceachernii is a Gram-negative bacterium from the genus Legionella which was isolated from a potable water cistern. L. maceachernii can cause pneumonia.
Legionella nagasakiensis is a Gram-negative bacterium from the genus Legionella which was isolated from a sample of hot spring water in Aomori in Japan and from human lung tissue. It is catalase-positive and rod-shaped, with a single polar flagellum.
Legionella rubrilucens is a Gram-negative bacterium from the genus Legionella which was isolated from tap water in Los Angeles, hot spring water in Niigata in Japan, and a patient who suffered from pneumonia.
Legionella waltersii is a Gram-negative catalase- and oxidase-positive bacterium from the genus Legionella with a single polar flagellum which was isolated from a drinking water distribution system in Adelaide in Australia. L. waltersii is named after Reginald P. Walters. Legionella waltersii may can cause pneumonia.
Legionnaires' disease is a form of atypical pneumonia caused by any species of Legionella bacteria, quite often Legionella pneumophila. Signs and symptoms include cough, shortness of breath, high fever, muscle pains, and headaches. Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea may also occur. This often begins 2–10 days after exposure.
Mycoplasma salivarium is a species of bacteria in the genus Mycoplasma. This genus of bacteria lacks a cell wall around their cell membrane. Without a cell wall, they are unaffected by many common antibiotics such as penicillin or other beta-lactam antibiotics that target cell wall synthesis. Mycoplasma are the smallest bacterial cells yet discovered, can survive without oxygen and are typically about 0. 1 μm in diameter. Mycoplasma salivarium is found in the mouths of 97% of the healthy population, and is generally considered to be a commensal organism and part of the normal oral flora.
Legionella norrlandica is a bacterium from the genus Legionella which has been isolated from a biopurification system.
References
- ↑ LPSN lpsn.dsmz.de
- ↑ Strainfo of Legionella dumoffii
- ↑ UniProt
- ↑ Palusińska-Szysz, M; Zdybicka-Barabas, A; Pawlikowska-Pawlęga, B; Mak, P; Cytryńska, M (2012). "Anti-Legionella dumoffii activity of Galleria mellonella defensin and apolipophorin III". Int J Mol Sci. 13 (12): 17048–64. doi:10.3390/ijms131217048. PMC 3546738 . PMID 23235329.
- ↑ Journal of Clinical Microbiology
- ↑ Maruta, K; Miyamoto, H; Hamada, T; Ogawa, M; Taniguchi, H; Yoshida, S (1998). "Entry and intracellular growth of Legionella dumoffii in alveolar epithelial cells". Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 157 (6): 1967–74. doi:10.1164/ajrccm.157.6.9710108. PMID 9620934.
- ↑ eol
- ↑ Journal of Clinical Microbiology
- ↑ Journal of Bacteriology
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