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A pigment is a powder used to add color or change visual appearance. Pigments are completely or nearly insoluble and chemically unreactive in water or another medium; in contrast, dyes are colored substances which are soluble or go into solution at some stage in their use. Dyes are often organic compounds whereas pigments are often inorganic. Pigments of prehistoric and historic value include ochre, charcoal, and lapis lazuli.
The Natural Colour System (NCS) is a proprietary perceptual color model. It is based on the color opponency hypothesis of color vision, first proposed by German physiologist Ewald Hering. The current version of the NCS was developed by the Swedish Colour Centre Foundation, from 1964 onwards. The research team consisted of Anders Hård, Lars Sivik and Gunnar Tonnquist, who in 1997 received the AIC Judd award for their work. The system is based entirely on the phenomenology of human perception and not on color mixing. It is illustrated by a color atlas, marketed by NCS Colour AB in Stockholm.
In colorimetry, the Munsell color system is a color space that specifies colors based on three properties of color: hue, value (lightness), and chroma. It was created by Albert H. Munsell in the first decade of the 20th century and adopted by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) as the official color system for soil research in the 1930s.
HSL and HSV are the two most common cylindrical-coordinate representations of points in an RGB color model. The two representations rearrange the geometry of RGB in an attempt to be more intuitive and perceptually relevant than the cartesian (cube) representation. Developed in the 1970s for computer graphics applications, HSL and HSV are used today in color pickers, in image editing software, and less commonly in image analysis and computer vision.
In computing, on the X Window System, X11 color names are represented in a simple text file, which maps certain strings to RGB color values. It was traditionally shipped with every X11 installation, hence the name, and is usually located in <X11root>/lib/X11/rgb.txt. The web colors list is descended from it but differs for certain color names.
RAL is a colour management system used in Europe that is created and administered by the German RAL gGmbH, which is a subsidiary of the German RAL Institute. In colloquial speech, RAL refers to the RAL Classic system, mainly used for varnish and powder coating, but now plastics as well. Approved RAL products are provided with a hologram to make unauthorised versions difficult to produce. Imitations may show different hue and colour when observed under various light sources.
This is an index of color topic-related articles.
Azure is the color between cyan and blue on the spectrum of visible light. It is often described as the color of the sky on a clear day.
In color science, a color model is an abstract mathematical model describing the way colors can be represented as tuples of numbers, typically as three or four values or color components. When this model is associated with a precise description of how the components are to be interpreted, taking account of visual perception, the resulting set of colors is called "color space."
In photography, painting, and other visual arts, middle gray or middle grey is a tone that is perceptually about halfway between black and white on a lightness scale; in photography and printing, it is typically defined as 18% reflectance in visible light.
Magnolia is a color named after the flowering plant of the genus Magnolia. As magnolias have flowers of more than one color, mainly cream or pale purple, magnolia may refer to different colors in different countries.
Lightness is a visual perception of the luminance of an object. It is often judged relative to a similarly lit object. In colorimetry and color appearance models, lightness is a prediction of how an illuminated color will appear to a standard observer. While luminance is a linear measurement of light, lightness is a linear prediction of the human perception of that light.
Varieties of the color green may differ in hue, chroma or lightness, or in two or three of these qualities. Variations in value are also called tints and shades, a tint being a green or other hue mixed with white, a shade being mixed with black. A large selection of these various colors is shown below.
In color science, a color gradient specifies a range of position-dependent colors, usually used to fill a region.
Varieties of the color yellow may differ in hue, chroma or lightness, or in two or three of these qualities. Variations in value are also called tints and shades, a tint being a yellow or other hue mixed with white, a shade being mixed with black. A large selection of these various colors is shown below.
Varieties of the color blue may differ in hue, chroma, or lightness, or in two or three of these qualities. Variations in value are also called tints and shades, a tint being a blue or other hue mixed with white, a shade being mixed with black. A large selection of these colors is shown below.
Variations of gray or grey include achromatic grayscale shades, which lie exactly between white and black, and nearby colors with low colorfulness. A selection of a number of these various colors is shown below.
This article provides introductory information about the RGB, HSV, and HSL color models from a computer graphics perspective. An introduction to colors is also provided to support the main discussion.
Shades of black, or off-black colors, are colors that differ only slightly from pure black. These colors have a low lightness. From a photometric point of view, a color which differs slightly from black always has low relative luminance. Colors often considered "shades of black" include onyx, black olive, charcoal, and jet.
References
- 1 2 "RAL CLASSIC Colours". ral-farben.de. RAL gemeinnützige GmbH. Retrieved October 30, 2017.
- ↑ Hall, Sarah (6 Mar 2002). "Ambulances turn yellow for Europe". The Guardian. Archived from the original on Dec 23, 2015. Retrieved 1 March 2015.
- ↑ Regione Lombardia. "Sistema coordinato di informazione ai viaggiatori del trasporto pubblico regionale". Manuale Trasporto Pubblico. Regione Lombardia. Retrieved 25 September 2024.
- ↑ "RAL Orange". RAL Colours UK. Retrieved 2020-12-16.
- 1 2 "RAL Colours at imm cologne 2020 – The International Furnishing Fair". ral-farben.de. 10 January 2020. Archived from the original on 29 February 2020. Retrieved 29 February 2020.
- ↑ London Cycling Design Standards, chapter 7, page 11 https://tfl.gov.uk/corporate/publications-and-reports/streets-toolkit
- ↑ Denecke, Johannes; Kiroff, Jürgen; Skulski, Przemyslaw; Starmer, Mike; Zaloga, Steven (2020). Real Colors of WWII. AK Interactive. p. 23.
- ↑ "RAL-F9 – Tarnfarben der Bundeswehr" (in German). Archived from the original on 2010-11-22. Retrieved 2013-05-19.
- ↑ "Genuine Surplus". armysurplus.com. Archived from the original on Aug 6, 2022.
- ↑ "Colour RAL 9012 / Clean room white (White and black shades) | RAL colour chart UK" . Retrieved 2020-12-16.
- ↑ "A Standard Default Color Space for the Internet - SRGB".
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