List of heads of state and government deposed by foreign power in the 20th and 21st century

This is a list of heads of state and governments deposed by a foreign power. ^[1] The list is chronological.

List

Head of State or Government	Country	Title	Deposed by	Date	Operation	Notes	Ref
Emilio Aguinaldo	Philippines	President of Philippines	United States	23 March 1901	Philippine–American War		[2]
Paul Kruger	South African Republic	State President	United Kingdom	31 May 1902	Second Boer War	The Orange Free State and the South African Republic were forced to surrender their sovereignty in the Treaty of Vereeniging to become colonies of the British Empire, but were promised an autonomous civilian government, and the colonies later merged with Cape Colony and Natal to form the Union of South Africa in 1910. Kruger had lived in exile from 7 May 1900 onward.	[3] [4]
Schalk Willem Burger		Acting State President
Christiaan de Wet	Orange Free State	State President
Gojong of Korea	Korea	Emperor	Japan	19 July 1907	Occupation of Korea		[5] [6] [7]
Sunjong of Korea				29 August 1910
Ferdinand I of Bulgaria	Bulgaria	Tsar	Serbia	30 September 1918	Vardar Offensive	Bulgaria reached the verge of revolution from the Agrarian Union due to the breakdown of the Bulgarian Army, and became the first state in the Central Powers of World War I to surrender to the Allied Powers. After the Armistice of Salonica, Tsar Ferdinand I abdicated in favor his son Boris III and the Agrarian Union's leader Aleksandar Stamboliyski became Prime Minister.	[8] [9]
			France
			United Kingdom
			Greece
			Italy
Talaat Pasha	Ottoman Empire	Grand Vizier	British Empire	2 November 1918	Middle Eastern theatre of World War I	Pasha was a member of the Committee of Union and Progress controlling the politics of the late Ottoman Empire, and fled the country due to its loss of World War I and after the Armistice of Mudros. Backlash against the unpopular terms of the Treaty of Sèvres later lead to the fall of Sultan Mehmed VI and the Empire's replacement by the Republic of Turkey.	[10] [11] [12]
			Armenia
			France
			Italy
			Hejaz
Charles I of Austria	Austria-Hungary	Emperor/ King	Italy	11 November 1918	Battle of Vittorio Veneto	The battle resulted in a rout of the Austro-Hungarian Army, which agreed to the Armistice of Villa Giusti., Despite Charles's attempts to alleviate famine and grant a federalist constitution, he was unable to stop the declaration of the Republic of German-Austria and abdicated. Charles IV of Hungary's attempts to retake the throne in Hungary would later be blocked by the Allied Powers and Miklos Horthy.	[13] [14]
			United Kingdom
			France
			United States
Kaiser Wilhelm II	Germany	Emperor	United Kingdom	28 November 1918	Hundred Days Offensive	Wilhelm II abdicated due to pressures from the war and the German Revolution. He lived in the Netherlands, which refused the Allies' extradition request for a war crimes trial under the Treaty of Versailles, until the end of his life.	[15]
			France
			Belgium
			Canada
			Italy
			United States
Mammad Hasan Hajinski	Azerbaijan	Prime Minister	Russian Soviet Republic	28 May 1920	Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan	Later formed into the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic	[16]
Simon Vratsian	Armenia	Prime Minister		2 December 1920	Red Army invasion of Armenia		[17]
Noe Zhordania	Georgia	Prime Minister		18 March 1921	Red Army invasion of Georgia		[18] [19]
Haile Selassie I	Ethiopia	Emperor	Fascist Italy	2 May 1936	Occupation of Ethiopia	Selassie would be restored to power in the East African Campaign of World War II after a period of exile in Bath, United Kingdom.	[20] [21]
Kurt Schuschnigg	Austria	Chancellor	Nazi Germany	11 March 1938	Anschluss		[22]
Edvard Beneš	Czechoslovakia	President	Nazi Germany	5 October 1938	German occupation of Czechoslovakia		[23]
Jan Syrový		Prime Minister		1 December 1938			[24]
Zog I of Albania	Albania	King	Fascist Italy	7 April 1939	Occupation of Albania		[25] [26]
Avgustyn Voloshyn	Carpatho-Ukraine	President	Hungary	18 March 1939	Annexation of Czechoslovakia		[27]
Władysław Sikorski	Poland	Prime Minister	Nazi Germany	28 September 1939	Invasion of Poland	Sikorski and Raczkiewicz would later lead the Polish government-in-exile headquartered at various times in Paris, Angers, and London. They would be prevented from returning after World War II due to the Allies' recognition of the Provisional Government of National Unity.	[28]
Władysław Raczkiewicz		President
			Soviet Union				[29]
			Slovakia
Kārlis Ulmanis	Latvia	President	Soviet Union	July 21, 1940	Occupation of the Baltic states		[30]
Antanas Smetona	Lithuania	President					[31]
Konstantin Päts	Estonia	Prime Minister					[32]
Jüri Uluots		President					[33]
Johan Nygaardsvold	Norway	Prime Minister	Nazi Germany	9 April 1940	Operation Weserübung	Prime Minister Nygaardsvold and King Haakon VII would continue to lead the Norwegian government-in-exile, and would be restored to power after the Liberation of Finnmark and Operation Doomsday.	[34] [35]
Haakon VII		King
Charlotte	Luxembourg	Grand Duchess	Nazi Germany	10 May 1940	Occupation of Luxembourg	Grand Duchess Charlotte and Prime Minister Dupong continued to lead the Luxembourg government in exile in 27 Wilton Crescent in London, and would be restored at the end of the war.	[36]
Pierre Dupong		Prime Minister
Dirk Jan de Geer	Netherlands	Prime Minister	Nazi Germany	15 May 1940	Occupation of the Netherlands	Prime Minister Jan de Geer and Queen Wilhelmina lead the Dutch government in exile in London and would be restored at the end of the war.	[37] [38]
Wilhelmina		Queen
Hubert Pierlot	Belgium	Prime Minister	Nazi Germany	24 May 1940	Invasion of Belgium	Prime Minister Pierlot continued to lead the Belgian government in exile in Eaton Square, London, and would be restored by the liberation of Belgium.	[39]
Albert Lebrun	French Third Republic	President	Nazi Germany	22 June 1940	Battle of France		[40] [41]
Paul Reynaud		Prime Minister	Fascist Italy
Emmanouil Tsouderos	Greece	Prime Minister	Nazi Germany	24 May 1941	Occupation of Greece	King George II continued to be recognized by the Greek government-in-exile, and was restored to power after the withdrawal of the Germans, the Greek Civil War, and the 1946 referendum restoring the monarchy.	[42] [43]
George II		King	Fascist Italy
Rashid Ali al-Gaylani	Iraq	Prime Minister	United Kingdom   Mandatory Palestine   British India	2 May 1941	Anglo-Iraqi War		[44] [45]
Peter II	Yugoslavia	King	Nazi Germany	13 April 1941	Occupation of Yugoslavia	King Peter II would continue to lead the Yugoslav government-in-exile headquartered at Claridge's Hotel, London, but would be prevented from returning due to the Allies' recognition of Democratic Federal Yugoslavia.	[46] [47]
Dušan Simović		Prime Minister	Fascist Italy
Reza Shah Pahlavi	Iran	Shah	Soviet Union	16 September 1941	Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran	Reza Shah's son Mohammad Reza Pahlavi would come to power after the 1953 Iranian coup d'état.	[48] [49]
			United Kingdom
			Australia
Philippe Pétain	Vichy France	Chief of State	United States	June–July 1944	Operation Overlord	Petain fled to Sigmaringen and formed a government-in-exile before being captured by Provisional Government of the French Republic forces and being convicted for collaboration with the Axis Powers. On the account of his service to the country during World War I, de Gaulle commuted the sentence to life in prison. Laval was taken in custody by German forces in August 1944 after refusing to continue to serve the remnants of Vichy France and later fled to Spain, where he asked Franco for asylum. Franco suggested he should move on to a different neutral country, but Laval preferred to stay in Spain, from where he was handed over to the Allies in 1945. Back in France, he was tried and executed.	[50] [51] [52] [53]
			United Kingdom
			Canada
			Poland
			Australia
Pierre Laval		Prime Minister	New Zealand
			Greece
			Luxembourg
			Netherlands
			Norway
Konstantin Muraviev	Bulgaria	Prime Minister	Soviet Union	9 September 1944	1944 Bulgarian coup d'état	Muraviev was only in charge of the country for a week, from the 2 to 9 September and despite trying to cu ties with the Axis, he stopped short of declaring war on Germany until after the 5th, when the USSR used this as a reason to declare war on Bulgaria and install their own government.	[54] [55]
Miklós Horthy	Hungary	Regent	Nazi Germany	15 October 1944	Operation Panzerfaust	After receiving word that Hungary's Regent, Admiral Miklós Horthy, was secretly negotiating his country's surrender to the advancing Red Army, he sent commando leader Otto Skorzeny of the Waffen-SS to capture Horthy and topple his government	[56] [57]
Benito Mussolini	Italian Social Republic	Duce	United States	1 May 1945	Italian Campaign	Benito Mussolini had previously been voted out of office by the Grand Council of Fascism in the Kingdom of Italy and dismissed and arrested on the orders of King Victor Emmanuel III and Pietro Badoglio.	[58] [59]
			United Kingdom
			France
			Canada
Ferenc Szálasi	Hungary	Leader of the Nation	Soviet Union	7 May 1945	Nagykanizsa–Körmend Offensive		[60] [61]
			Bulgaria
			Yugoslavia
Ante Pavelić	Croatia	Poglavnik	Soviet Union	7 May 1945	Nagykanizsa–Körmend Offensive	After the capitulation of Germany, Pavelić fled first to Italy and then to South America, where he lived until 1957, when he was shot several times by a Serbian patriot. He moved to Spain, where he lived a couple of years later due to the wounds from the assassination attempt	[62] [63]
Karl Dönitz	Nazi Germany	President	United States	8 May 1945	Western Allied invasion of Germany	Dönitz's predecessor Adolf Hitler had committed suicide eight days earlier to avoid surrender. After the war, he was sentenced to ten years' imprisonment and was for nearly seven decades the only head of state to be convicted by an international tribunal	[64] [65] [66] [67]
			United Kingdom
			France
			Canada
			Australia
			New Zealand
			Belgium
			Netherlands
			Luxembourg
			Norway
			Denmark
			Soviet Union		Eastern Front
			Poland
			Czechoslovakia
			Romania
			Bulgaria
			Yugoslavia
			Finland		Lapland War
Vidkun Quisling	Norway	Minister President	Soviet Union	9 May 1945	Petsamo–Kirkenes Offensive	Quisling had served as a puppet head of state under the Reichskommissariat Norwegen. As the Allies were advancing through Norway, Quisling surrendered himself in to the police and was later tried and executed. The word "quisling" became a byword for "collaborator" or "traitor" in several languages since his death	[68] [69]
			Finland
			United Kingdom		Operation Doomsday
Aisin-Gioro Puyi	Manchukuo	Emperor	Soviet Union	15 August 1945	Soviet invasion of Manchuria	The Japanese puppet-state of Manchukuo capitulated five days after the Japanese surrender, with Pu Yi imprisoned first by the Soviet and then handed over to China, where he was released in 1959 following a general amnesty. Zhang Jinghui was similarly handed over to China in 1950, dying in prison in 1959, while Demchugdongrub fled to Mongolia before being handed to the Chinese and released 13 years later	[70] [71] [72]
Zhang Jinghui		Prime Minister
Demchugdongrub	Mengjiang	Chairman of the Military Government
Michael I of Romania	Romania	King	Soviet Union	30 December 1947	Soviet occupation of Romania	Michael was forced to abdicate by Soviet occupation forces and the Romanian Communist Party and left the country. He settled in Switzerland before being allowed back in Romania in 1997	[73] [74]
Edvard Beneš	Third Czechoslovak Republic	President	Soviet Union	12 February 1948	1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état	Already ill, Beneš died a few months after the coup	[75] [76]
Osman Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VII	Hyderabad State	Nizam	India	17 September 1948	Operation Polo	Occurred when Hyderabad, a former princely state in British India, attempted to remain independent during the political integration of India.	[77] [78] [79]
Mohammad Mosaddegh	Iran	Prime Minister	United Kingdom	19 August 1953	1953 Iranian coup d'état	Mosaddegh was removed from power during a coup meant to strengthen the monarchical rule of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, orchestrated by the United Kingdom and the United States	[80] [81]
			United States
Imre Nagy	Hungary	Chairman of the Council of Ministers	Soviet Union	4 November 1956	Hungarian Revolution	The outbreak of the Hungarian Revolution saw Nagy elevated to the position of Prime Minister on 24 October 1956, being removed by the invading Red Army just ten days later. In June of the same year he was tried and executed for treason	[82] [83]
Tenzin Gyatso	Tibet	Dalai Lama	China	30 March 1959	Tibetan uprising	Following the unsuccessful uprising of 1959, the Dalai Lama was forced to flee to India, where set up a government-in-exile	[84] [85]
Francisco Caamaño	Dominican Republic	President	United States	3 September 1965	U.S. invasion of the Dominican Republic	Caamaño was one of the leaders in the movement to restore the democratically elected president Juan Bosch, who had been overthrown in a military coup d'état in September, 1963. He briefly became President before being removed by an invasion launched by the United States, who were fearing another Communist state in the Caribbean	[86] [87]
Alexander Dubček	Czechoslovakia	Chairman of the Federal Assembly	Soviet Union	21 August 1968	Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia	Dubček attempted to reform the communist government during the Prague Spring but was forced to resign following the Warsaw Pact invasion in August 1968. He later returned to the same position after the Velvet Revolution of 1989	[88] [89]
			Poland
			Hungary
			Bulgaria
			East Germany
Philip Effiong	Biafra	President	Nigeria	12 January 1970	Nigerian Civil War	Effiong was only head of state for four days before surrendering to Nigeria. Biafra never received diplomatic recognition from the international community.	[90] [91]
Makarios III	Cyprus	President	Greece	15 July 1974	Cypriot coup d'état	The coup was arranged by the Greek Army in Cyprus, the Cypriot National Guard and the Greek military junta of 1967–1974. The plotters ousted President Makarios III and replaced him with pro-Enosis (Greek irridentist) nationalist Nikos Sampson as dictator. The Sampson regime was described as a puppet state, whose ultimate aim was the annexation of the island by Greece	[92] [93]
Dương Văn Minh	South Vietnam	President	North Vietnam	30 April 1975	Fall of Saigon	The capture of Saigon, the capital of South Vietnam, by the People's Army of Vietnam marked the end of the Vietnam War and the start of a transition period to the formal reunification of Vietnam into the Socialist Republic of Vietnam	[94] [95] [96]
Vũ Văn Mẫu		Prime Minister
Francisco Xavier do Amaral	East Timor	President	Indonesia	7 December 1975	Indonesian invasion of East Timor	Occurred several days after East Timor gained independence from the Portuguese colonial empire.	[97] [98] [99]
Pol Pot	Kampuchea	Prime Minister	Vietnam	7 January 1979	Cambodian–Vietnamese War	Pol Pot was removed from office by the Vietnamese invasion, but he remained leader of the Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea until 1981 and General Secretary of the Khmer Rouge until 1985.	[100] [101] [102]
Khieu Samphan		President of the State Presidium
Idi Amin	Uganda	President	Tanzania	11 April 1979	Fall of Kampala	Amin's reign came to an end when he was ousted by an invading force consisting on Tanzanian troops and the Ugandan National Libation Front recruited from among Ugandan exiles	[103] [104]
Jean-Bédel Bokassa	Central African Empire	Emperor	France	20 September 1979	Operation Barracuda	Emperor Bokassa I was removed during bloodless coup orchestrated by David Dacko and supported by France while Bokassa was abroad in Libya	[105] [106]
Hafizullah Amin	Afghanistan	Chairman of the Presidium of the Revolutionary Council	Soviet Union	27 December 1979	Operation Storm-333	After just three months in office, Amin was removed by a Russian-backed coup and was soon after killed by Soviet troops	[107] [108]
Rex Hunt	Falkland Islands	Governor	Argentina	2 April 1982	Occupation of the Falkland Islands	Hunt surrendered after the islands were overrun and was restored after Argentina was defeated by Britain in the Falklands War.	[109] [110]
Hudson Austin	Grenada	Chairman of the Revolutionary Military Council	United States	25 October 1983	Operation Urgent Fury	General Austin was in charge of the coup that ousted and executed prime minister Maurice Bishop. Just six days later the United States army invaded and swiftly removed Austin from power	[111] [112]
Manuel Noriega	Panama	Maximum Leader of National Liberation		20 December 1989	Operation Just Cause	In 1988, Noriega was indicted by federal grand juries in Miami and Tampa on charges of racketeering, drug smuggling, and money laundering. Following the 1989 United States invasion of Panama, he was captured and flown to the United States, where he was tried on the Miami indictment.	[113] [114]
Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah	Kuwait	Emir	Iraq	2 August 1990	Invasion of Kuwait	Emir Jaber and Prime Minister Saad continued to lead the Kuwaiti Government in exile in Ta'if, Saudi Arabia, and were restored by after a U.S.-lead coalition defeated Iraq in the Gulf War.	[115] [116]
Saad Al-Salim Al-Sabah		Prime Minister
Raoul Cédras	Haiti	Leader of the Military Junta	United States	10 October 1994	Operation Uphold Democracy	Cédras surrendered before the planned invasion actually commenced.	[117] [118]
			Argentina
			Poland
Mullah Omar	Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan	Leader	United States	13 November 2001	United States invasion of Afghanistan	Omar had not been widely recognized as the leader of the country due to international recognition of the Northern Alliance but had controlled the majority of the country. He continued as the leader of the Taliban and its insurgency during the War in Afghanistan until his death in 2013.	[119] [120]
			United Kingdom
			Canada
			Australia
Saddam Hussein	Iraq	President	United States	29 April 2003	Invasion of Iraq	Baathist Iraq had been required to disclose its weapons of mass destruction programs after the Persian Gulf War, but had repeatedly evaded disarmament inspectors during the 1990s. The U.N. Security Council unanimously passed Resolution 1441 in 2002 requiring Iraq to comply with UNMOVIC inspectors under the leadership of Hans Blix. The United States, the United Kingdom, and Spain advocated a resolution declaring Iraq in non-compliance with the inspections but were opposed by France, Germany, and Russia. The United States instead decided to act outside of the United Nations framework to assemble a "coalition of the willing" and delivered a 48-hour ultimatum to Saddam to step down by March 19, 2003. The subsequent invasion took control of Iraq by May 1, 2003, and Saddam Hussein was captured in Operation Red Dawn on December 13, 2003, although no weapons of mass destruction were recovered. He was tried and convicted for crimes against humanity by the Iraqi Special Tribunal and executed by hanging in 2006.	[121] [122] [123]
			United Kingdom
			Australia
			Poland
Muammar Gaddafi	Libya	Leader	NATO   Belgium   Bulgaria   Canada   Denmark   France   Greece   Italy   Netherlands   Norway   Romania   Spain   Sweden   Turkey   United Kingdom   United States	20 October 2011	Operation Unified Protector	Protests against Gaddafi in Libya began during the Arab Spring and were coordinated by the National Transitional Council, which escalated into civil war following violent repression from the government. Libya received sanctions from the United States and the European Union, while the International Criminal Court issued an arrest warrant against Gaddafi. The U.N. Security Council authorized a no-fly zone over Libya after the Battle of Ajdabiya, and the NATO-led coalition launched air strikes against the Libyan Air Force. After Gaddafi loyalists gained the upper hand the air strikes intensified in what some interpreted as a move towards decapitation strikes while France, Italy, and the United Kingdom sent military advisors to the National Transitional Council. Eventually the TNC gained the upper hand in the conflict, captured the capital city of Tripoli, and achieved diplomatic recognition from the United Nations. Gaddafi was forced to flee and was killed by rebels in Sirte.	[124] [125] [126]
			Jordan		2011 military intervention in Libya
			Qatar
			Sweden
			United Arab Emirates
Yahya Jammeh	Gambia	President	Senegal	21 January 2017	ECOWAS military intervention in the Gambia	Adama Barrow had won the 2016 Gambian presidential election, but Jammeh had refused to step down.	[127]
			Nigeria
			Ghana
			Mali
			Togo

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