Grand Council of Fascism

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Grand Council of Fascism
Gran Consiglio del Fascismo
AbbreviationGCF
Formation
  • First meeting
    15 December 1922 (1922-12-15)
  • State body
    9 December 1928 (1928-12-09)
Dissolved25 July 1943 (1943-07-25)
Legal statusParty governing body (1922–1928)
Constitutional body (from 1928)
Headquarters Palazzo Venezia, Rome
Location
Official language
Italian
Victor Emmanuel III
Benito Mussolini
Secretary of the Council
Party Secretary
Main organ
National Fascist Party

The Grand Council of Fascism (Italian : Gran Consiglio del Fascismo, also translated "Fascist Grand Council") was the main body of Mussolini's Fascist regime in Italy, which held and applied great power to control the institutions of government. It was created as a body of the National Fascist Party in 1922, and became a state body on 9 December 1928. The council usually met at the Palazzo Venezia, Rome, which was also the seat of the head of the Italian government. [1] The Council became extinct following a series of events in 1943, in which Benito Mussolini was voted out as the Prime Minister of Italy.

Contents

Powers of the Council

The session of the Grand Council of 9 May 1936, where the Empire was proclaimed. Gran Consiglio Fascismo.jpg
The session of the Grand Council of 9 May 1936, where the Empire was proclaimed.

Essentially, the council held these powers:

The Grand Council meetings were convened by the Prime Minister himself, and all decrees and laws could only be legalized after receiving his approval. In contrast to the Führerprinzip government model in Nazi Germany, the Grand Council retained the power to recommend that the King of Italy remove the Prime Minister from office. As all the former governing institutions had been subordinated to the Fascist Party, the Council was the only check on Mussolini's power.

Overthrow of Mussolini

The Allies invaded Sicily in July 1943. Grand Council member Dino Grandi proposed a vote of no confidence in Mussolini as leader of the Council and the party. A vote was held on the night of 24–25 July 1943 and passed with 19 votes for, 8 against and one abstention. Among the 19 votes of no confidence were those of Mussolini's son-in-law Galeazzo Ciano, who had been former minister of foreign affairs, and the influential marshal Emilio De Bono.

The following day King Victor Emmanuel met Mussolini and informed him that General Pietro Badoglio would lead Italy, as Prime Minister. Mussolini was arrested immediately after the meeting. [2]

In September 1943 Mussolini was freed from imprisonment by German commandos and helped to regain power in northern Italy. He had those who voted against him tried for treason at the Verona trial. All of them were found guilty, with all but one of them being sentenced to death. However, only five men, including Ciano, De Bono, and Tullio Cianetti, the defendant whose life was spared, were present for the trial. With the exception of Cianetti, those present were all executed by firing squad on the morning of 11 January 1944. [3] [4]

Members of the Council

The composition of the Council was revised and defined by a law of 14 December 1929 and became a state body from 9 December 1928. Its members, selected among the party's gerarchi, are below. Their vote on the 25 July 1943 motion to depose Mussolini is also given next to their name.

President of the Council

Head of Government and Duce of Fascism
PortraitName
(born–died)
Term of office25 July 1943 Motion
Took officeLeft officeTime in office
Benito Mussolini portrait as dictator (retouched).jpg Benito Mussolini
(1883–1945)
31 October 192225 July 194320 years, 267 days Deposed

Quadrumvirs

The Quadrumvirs
PortraitName
(born–died)
Term of office25 July 1943 Motion
Took officeLeft officeTime in office
Italio Balbo (cropped).jpg Italo Balbo
(1896–1940)
27 October 1922 28 June 194017 years, 245 daysDied in office
Michele Bianchi Portrait.jpg Michele Bianchi
(1883–1930)
3 February 19307 years, 99 daysDied in office
E. De Bono 04.jpg Emilio De Bono
(1866–1944)
25 July 194320 years, 271 daysYes
Cesare Maria De Vecchi1.jpg Cesare Maria De Vecchi
(1884–1959)
25 July 194320 years, 271 daysYes

Parliament

President of the Senate
PortraitName
(born–died)
Term of office25 July 1943 Motion
Took officeLeft officeTime in office
Tommaso Tittoni 1920.jpg Tommaso Tittoni
(1855–1931)
1 December 191921 January 19299 years, 51 days
Luigi Federzoni 1930s.jpg Luigi Federzoni
(1878–1967)
29 April 19292 March 19399 years, 307 days
Giacomo Suardo 2.jpg Giacomo Suardo
(1883–1947)
15 March 193925 July 19434 years, 132 daysAbstention
President of the Chamber of Fasces and Corporations [lower-alpha 1]
PortraitName
(born–died)
Term of office25 July 1943 Motion
Took officeLeft officeTime in office
Alfredo Rocco.gif Alfredo Rocco
(1875–1935)
24 May 19245 January 1925226 days
Giuseppe Casertano.jpg Antonio Casertano
(1863–1938)
13 January 192525 January 19294 years, 12 days
GiovanniGiurati.jpg Giovanni Giuriati
(1876–1970)
20 April 192919 January 19344 years, 274 days
Costanzo Ciano.jpg Costanzo Ciano
(1876–1939)
28 April 193426 June 19395 years, 59 daysDied in office
Dino Grandi.jpg Dino Grandi
(1895–1988)
30 November 193925 July 19433 years, 237 daysYes

Positions in the Cabinet

Minister of Agriculture and Forests
PortraitName
(born–died)
Term of office25 July 1943 Motion
Took officeLeft officeTime in office
Giacomo Acerbo.jpg Giacomo Acerbo
(1888–1969)
12 September 192924 January 19355 years, 134 days
Edmondo rossoni1.jpg Edmondo Rossoni
(1884–1965)
24 January 193531 October 19394 years, 280 days
Giuseppe Tassinari2.jpg Giuseppe Tassinari
(1891–1944)
31 October 193926 December 19412 years, 56 days
Carlo Pareschi (cropped).gif Carlo Pareschi
(1898–1944)
26 December 194125 July 19431 year, 211 daysYes
Minister of Corporations
PortraitName
(born–died)
Term of office25 July 1943 Motion
Took officeLeft officeTime in office
Flag of Mussolini as Capo del governo of Fascist Italy.svg Duce 2 July 192612 September 19293 years, 72 days
Giacomo Suardo 2.jpg Undersecretary
Giacomo Suardo
(1883–1947)
2 July 19266 November 1926127 days
Bottai 37.jpg Undersecretary
Giuseppe Bottai
(1895–1959)
6 November 192612 September 19292 years, 310 days
Bottai 37.jpg Giuseppe Bottai
(1895–1959)
12 September 192920 July 19322 years, 312 days
Flag of Mussolini as Capo del governo of Fascist Italy.svg Duce 20 July 193211 June 19363 years, 327 days
No image.svg Undersecretary
Alberto Asquini  [ it ]
(1889–1972)
20 July 193224 January 19352 years, 188 days
No image.svg Undersecretary
Bruno Biagi  [ it ]
(1889–1947)
20 July 193224 January 19352 years, 188 days
Ferruccio Lantini.jpg Undersecretary
Ferruccio Lantini
(1886–1959)
24 January 193511 June 19361 year, 139 days
Ferruccio Lantini.jpg Ferruccio Lantini
(1886–1959)
11 June 193631 October 19393 years, 142 days
Presidium of the European Youth Union Renato Ricci (cropped).jpg Renato Ricci
(1896–1956)
31 October 19396 February 19433 years, 98 days
Carlo Tiengo (cropped).jpg Carlo Tiengo
(1882–1945)
6 February 194319 April 194372 days
Tullio Cianetti (cropped).jpg Tullio Cianetti
(1899–1976)
19 April 194325 July 194397 daysYes
Minister of Finance
PortraitName
(born–died)
Term of office25 July 1943 Motion
Took officeLeft officeTime in office
Alberto de-stefani.jpg Alberto de' Stefani
(1879–1969)
31 October 192210 July 19252 years, 252 days
Giuseppe Volpi 1925.jpg Giuseppe Volpi
(1877–1947)
10 July 19259 July 19282 years, 365 days
Antonio Mosconi.gif Antonio Mosconi
(1866–1955)
9 July 192820 July 19324 years, 11 days
Guido Jung (cropped).jpg Guido Jung
(1876–1949)
20 July 193217 January 19352 years, 181 days
Paolo Ignazio Thaon.gif Paolo Thaon di Revel
(1888–1973)
17 January 19356 February 19438 years, 20 days
Giacomo Acerbo.jpg Giacomo Acerbo
(1888–1969)
6 February 194325 July 1943169 daysYes
Minister of Foreign Affairs
PortraitName
(born–died)
Term of office25 July 1943 Motion
Took officeLeft officeTime in office
Flag of Mussolini as Capo del governo of Fascist Italy.svg Duce 31 October 192212 September 19296 years, 316 days
No image.svg Undersecretary
Ernesto Vassallo  [ it ]
(1875–1940)
31 October 192227 April 1923178 days
Dino Grandi.jpg Undersecretary
Dino Grandi
(1895–1988)
12 September 192920 July 19324 years, 121 days
Dino Grandi.jpg Dino Grandi
(1895–1988)
12 September 192920 July 19322 years, 312 days
Flag of Mussolini as Capo del governo of Fascist Italy.svg Duce 20 July 19329 June 19363 years, 325 days
No image.svg Undersecretary
Fulvio Suvich  [ it ]
(1887–1980)
20 July 19329 June 19363 years, 325 days
Galeazzo Ciano (cropped).jpg Galeazzo Ciano
(1903–1944)
9 June 19366 February 19436 years, 242 days
Flag of Mussolini as Capo del governo of Fascist Italy.svg Duce 6 February 194325 July 1943169 days
Giuseppe Bastianini in uniforme.jpg Undersecretary
Giuseppe Bastianini
(1889–1961)
6 February 194325 July 1943169 daysYes
Minister of the Interior
PortraitName
(Born–Died)
Term of office25 July 1943 Motion
Took officeLeft officeTime in office
Flag of Mussolini as Capo del governo of Fascist Italy.svg Duce 31 October 192217 June 19241 year, 230 days
Undersecretary
Aldo Finzi
(1891–1944)
31 October 192217 June 19241 year, 230 days
Luigi Federzoni 1930s.jpg Luigi Federzoni
(1878–1967)
17 June 19246 November 19262 years, 142 days
Flag of Mussolini as Capo del governo of Fascist Italy.svg Duce 6 November 192625 July 194316 years, 261 days
Giacomo Suardo 2.jpg Undersecretary
Giacomo Suardo
(1883–1947)
6 November 192613 March 19281 year, 128 days
Michele Bianchi Portrait.jpg Undersecretary
Michele Bianchi
(1882–1930)
13 March 192812 September 19291 year, 183 days
No image.svg Undersecretary
Leandro Arpinati
(1892–1945)
12 September 19298 May 19333 years, 238 days
Guido Buffarini Guidi foto giovanile.jpg Undersecretary
Guido Buffarini Guidi
(1895–1945)
8 May 19336 February 19439 years, 274 days
Umberto Albini.jpg Undersecretary
Umberto Albini
(1895–1973)
6 February 194325 July 1943169 daysYes
Minister of Grace and Justice [lower-alpha 2]
PortraitName
(born–died)
Term of office25 July 1943 Motion
Took officeLeft officeTime in office
Aldo Oviglio (cropped).gif Aldo Oviglio
(1873–1942)
31 October 19225 January 19252 years, 66 days
Alfredo Rocco.gif Alfredo Rocco
(1875–1935)
5 January 192520 July 19327 years, 197 days
Pietro De Francisci crop.gif Pietro De Francisci
(1883–1971)
20 July 193224 January 19352 years, 188 days
Arrigo Solmi.gif Arrigo Solmi
(1873–1944)
24 January 193512 July 19394 years, 169 days
Dino Grandi.jpg Dino Grandi
(1895–1988)
12 July 19395 February 19433 years, 208 days
AlfredoDeMarsico.jpg Alfredo De Marsico
(1888–1985)
5 February 194325 July 1943170 daysYes
Minister of Popular Culture [lower-alpha 3]
PortraitName
(Born–Died)
Term of office25 July 1943 Motion
Took officeLeft officeTime in office
Galeazzo Ciano (cropped).jpg Galeazzo Ciano
(1903–1944)
23 June 193511 June 1936354 days
Dino Alfieri.jpg Dino Alfieri
(1886–1966)
11 June 193631 October 19393 years, 142 days
Alessandro Pavolini (cropped).jpg Alessandro Pavolini
(1903–1945)
31 October 19396 February 19433 years, 98 days
Gaetano Polverelli 2.jpg Gaetano Polverelli
(1886–1960)
6 February 194325 July 1943169 daysNo
Minister of National Education
PortraitName
(born–died)
Term of office25 July 1943 Motion
Took officeLeft officeTime in office
Balbino Giuliano.gif Balbino Giuliano
(1879–1958)
12 September 192920 July 19322 years, 312 days
Francesco Ercole.jpg Francesco Ercole
(1884–1945)
20 July 193224 January 19352 years, 188 days
Cesare Maria De Vecchi1.jpg Cesare Maria De Vecchi
(1884–1959)
24 January 193515 November 19361 year, 296 days
Bottai 37.jpg Giuseppe Bottai
(1895–1959)
15 November 19365 February 19436 years, 82 days
Biggini.jpg Carlo Alberto Biggini
(1902–1945)
5 February 194325 July 1943170 daysNo

Royal Academy of Italy

President of the Royal Academy
PortraitName
(born–died)
Term of office25 July 1943 Motion
Took officeLeft officeTime in office
Tommaso Tittoni 01.jpg Tommaso Tittoni
(1855–1931)
14 December 192916 September 1930276 days
Guglielmo Marconi.jpg Guglielmo Marconi
(1874–1937)
19 September 193020 July 19376 years, 304 daysDied in office
Gabriele D'Annunzio (2).png Gabriele D'Annunzio
(1863–1938)
12 November 19371 March 1938109 daysDied in office
Luigi Federzoni 1930s.jpg Luigi Federzoni
(1878–1967)
21 April 193825 July 19435 years, 95 daysYes

Special Court for the Defence of the State

President of the Special Court for the Defence of the State
PortraitName
(born–died)
Term of office25 July 1943 Motion
Took officeLeft officeTime in office
No image.svg Guido Cristini  [ it ]
(1895–1979)
27 July 192828 November 19324 years, 124 days
No image.svg Antonino Tringali Casanuova
(1888–1943)
28 November 193225 July 194310 years, 239 daysNo

Secretary of the Party

Secretary of the Party
PortraitName
(born–died)
Term of office25 July 1943 Motion
Took officeLeft officeTime in office
Michele Bianchi Portrait.jpg Michele Bianchi
(1883–1930)
10 November 192113 October 19231 year, 337 days
Francesco Giunta 35.jpg Francesco Giunta
(1887–1971)
13 October 192323 April 1924193 days
Fascist symbol.svg Quadrumvirate [lower-alpha 4] 23 April 192415 February 1925298 days
Roberto Farinacci 1930.jpg Roberto Farinacci
(1892–1945)
15 February 192530 March 19261 year, 43 daysNo
Augusto Turati.jpg Augusto Turati
(1888–1955)
30 March 19267 October 19304 years, 191 days
GiovanniGiurati.jpg Giovanni Giuriati
(1876–1970)
7 October 193012 December 19311 year, 66 days
Achille Starace.jpg Achille Starace
(1889–1945)
12 December 193131 October 19397 years, 323 days
Ettore Muti divisa.jpg Ettore Muti
(1902–1943)
31 October 193930 October 1940365 days
Adelchi Serena PNF.jpg Adelchi Serena
(1895–1970)
30 October 194026 December 19411 year, 57 days
Presidium of the European Youth Union Aldo Vidussoni (cropped).jpg Aldo Vidussoni
(1914–1982)
26 December 194119 April 19431 year, 114 days
Carlo Scorza PNF.jpg Carlo Scorza
(1897–1988)
19 April 194327 July 194399 daysNo

Chief of Staff of the MVSN

Chief of Staff of the MVSN
PortraitName
(born–died)
Term of office25 July 1943 Motion
Took officeLeft officeTime in office
Francesco sacco.gif Francesco Sacco  [ it ]
(1877–1958)
1 February 19231 December 19241 year, 304 days
Fascist symbol.svg Enrico Bazan  [ it ]
(1864–1947)
1 December 192423 December 19284 years, 22 days
Attilio teruzzi.jpg Attilio Teruzzi
(1882–1950)
2 January 19293 October 19356 years, 274 days
Luigi russo.jpg Luigi Russo
(1882–1964)
3 October 19353 November 19394 years, 31 days
Achille Starace.jpg Achille Starace
(1889–1945)
3 November 193916 May 19411 year, 194 days
Enzo Galbiati.jpg Enzo Galbiati
(1897–1982)
25 May 194126 July 19432 years, 62 daysNo

Officeholders who held appointments of a three-year duration

President of the Chamber of Fasces and Corporations
PortraitName
(born–died)
Term of office25 July 1943 Motion
Took officeLeft officeTime in office
GiovanniGiurati.jpg Giovanni Giuriati
(1876–1970)
20 April 192919 January 19344 years, 274 days
Minister of Agriculture and Forests
PortraitName
(born–died)
Term of office25 July 1943 Motion
Took officeLeft officeTime in office
Edmondo rossoni1.jpg Edmondo Rossoni
(1884–1965)
24 January 193531 October 19394 years, 280 daysYes
Minister of Corporations
PortraitName
(born–died)
Term of office25 July 1943 Motion
Took officeLeft officeTime in office
Ferruccio Lantini.jpg Ferruccio Lantini
(1886–1959)
11 June 193631 October 19393 years, 142 days
Presidium of the European Youth Union Renato Ricci (cropped).jpg Renato Ricci
(1896–1956)
31 October 19396 February 19433 years, 98 days
Minister of Finance
PortraitName
(born–died)
Term of office25 July 1943 Motion
Took officeLeft officeTime in office
Paolo Ignazio Thaon.gif Paolo Thaon di Revel
(1888–1973)
17 January 19356 February 19438 years, 20 days
Minister of Foreign Affairs
PortraitName
(born–died)
Term of office25 July 1943 Motion
Took officeLeft officeTime in office
No image.svg Undersecretary
Fulvio Suvich  [ it ]
(1887–1980)
20 July 19329 June 19363 years, 325 days
Galeazzo Ciano (cropped).jpg Galeazzo Ciano
(1903–1944)
9 June 19366 February 19436 years, 242 daysYes
Minister of the Interior
PortraitName
(born–died)
Term of office25 July 1943 Motion
Took officeLeft officeTime in office
No image.svg Undersecretary
Leandro Arpinati
(1892–1945)
12 September 19298 May 19333 years, 238 days
Guido Buffarini Guidi foto giovanile.jpg Undersecretary
Guido Buffarini Guidi
(1895–1945)
8 May 19336 February 19439 years, 274 daysNo
Minister of Grace and Justice
PortraitName
(born–died)
Term of office25 July 1943 Motion
Took officeLeft officeTime in office
Arrigo Solmi.gif Arrigo Solmi
(1873–1944)
24 January 193512 July 19394 years, 169 days
Minister of Popular Culture
PortraitName
(born–died)
Term of office25 July 1943 Motion
Took officeLeft officeTime in office
Dino Alfieri.jpg Dino Alfieri
(1886–1966)
11 June 193631 October 19393 years, 142 daysYes
Alessandro Pavolini (cropped).jpg Alessandro Pavolini
(1903–1945)
31 October 19396 February 19433 years, 98 days
Minister of National Education
PortraitName
(born–died)
Term of office25 July 1943 Motion
Took officeLeft officeTime in office
Bottai 37.jpg Giuseppe Bottai
(1895–1959)
15 November 19365 February 19436 years, 82 daysYes
President of the Special Court for the Defence of the State
PortraitName
(born–died)
Term of office25 July 1943 Motion
Took officeLeft officeTime in office
No image.svg Guido Cristini
(1895–1979)
27 July 192828 November 19324 years, 124 days
Secretary of the Party
PortraitName
(born–died)
Term of office25 July 1943 Motion
Took officeLeft officeTime in office
Augusto Turati.jpg Augusto Turati
(1888–1955)
30 March 19267 October 19304 years, 191 days
Achille Starace.jpg Achille Starace
(1889–1945)
12 December 193131 October 19397 years, 323 days
Chief of Staff of the MVSN
PortraitName
(born–died)
Term of office25 July 1943 Motion
Took officeLeft officeTime in office
Fascist symbol.svg Enrico Bazan  [ it ]
(1864–1947)
1 December 192423 December 19284 years, 22 days
Attilio teruzzi.jpg Attilio Teruzzi
(1882–1950)
2 January 19293 October 19356 years, 274 days
Luigi russo.jpg Luigi Russo
(1882–1964)
3 October 19353 November 19394 years, 31 days

See also

Notes

  1. "Gran consiglio del fascismo". Enciclopedia on line (in Italian). Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana fondata da Giovanni Treccani S.p.A. Retrieved 23 August 2017.
  2. Shirer, William L. (1959). The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich (2011 ed.). New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 997. ISBN   9781451642599 . Retrieved 23 August 2017.
  3. Bosworth, Richard J. B. (2010). Mussolini (New ed.). London: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 16. ISBN   9780340981733 . Retrieved 23 August 2017.
  4. De Grand, Alexander J. (2000). Italian Fascism: Its Origins & Development (Third ed.). Lincoln, NV: University of Nebraska Press. p. 136. ISBN   0803266227 . Retrieved 23 August 2017.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Verona trial</span> 1944 show trial in Italian Social Republic

The Verona Trial was a show trial held in January 1944 in the Italian Social Republic (RSI) to punish the 19 members of the Grand Council of Fascism who had voted for Benito Mussolini's removal from power in the Kingdom of Italy. Six of them had been captured by Mussolini's forces and were present for the trial. Five of them were sentenced to death, whereas the sixth one received a 30-year sentence. The remaining members who were not captured were all sentenced to death in absentia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy</span> 1943 deposition of Italian dictator Benito Mussolini

The Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy, also known in Italy as 25 Luglio, came as a result of parallel plots led respectively by Count Dino Grandi and King Victor Emmanuel III during the spring and summer of 1943, culminating with a successful vote of no confidence against the Prime Minister Benito Mussolini at the meeting of the Grand Council of Fascism on 24–25 July 1943. As a result, a new government was established, putting an end to the 21 years of Fascist rule in the Kingdom of Italy, and Mussolini was placed under arrest.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Carlo Pareschi</span> Italian politician (1898–1944)

Carlo Pareschi was an Italian Fascist politician, member of the Grand Council of Fascism and minister of agriculture of the Kingdom of Italy from 1941 to 1943.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vincenzo Cersosimo</span>

Vincenzo Cersosimo was an Italian judge during the Fascist regime. A member of the Special Tribunal for the Defense of the State both in the Kingdom of Italy and the Italian Social Republic, he is best known for his role as examining magistrate in the Verona Trial and the Admirals' Trial of 1944.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Zenone Benini</span> Italian Fascist politician (1902–1976)

Zenone Benini was an Italian industrialist and Fascist politician who served as the last minister of public works of the Mussolini Cabinet.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Umberto Albini</span> Italian Fascist politician (1895–1973)

Umberto Albini was an Italian Fascist politician and civil servant, who served as State Undersecretary for the Interior of the Kingdom of Italy from February to July 1943 and as prefect in several Italian cities, including Genoa, Naples and Palermo.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Luciano Gottardi</span> Italian politician (1899–1944)

Luciano Gottardi was an Italian Fascist politician and trade unionist.

References

  1. President of the Chamber of Deputies until 1939.
  2. Minister of Justice and Worship Affairs before 1932.
  3. Minister of Press and Propaganda before 1937.
  4. Consisted of Roberto Forges Davanzati, Cesare Rossi, Giovanni Marinelli and Alessandro Melchiori  [ it ].

Further reading