List of progestogen esters

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Norethisterone acetate, a widely used progestogen ester and prodrug of norethisterone. Norethisterone acetate.svg
Norethisterone acetate, a widely used progestogen ester and prodrug of norethisterone.
Medroxyprogesterone acetate, a progestogen ester that does not act as a prodrug. Medroxyprogesterone acetate.svg
Medroxyprogesterone acetate, a progestogen ester that does not act as a prodrug.

This is a list of progestogen esters , or esters of progestogens. [1] [2] [3] [4]

Contents

Unlike the case of testosterone and estradiol, progesterone cannot be esterified as it lacks hydroxyl groups, so all progestogen esters, with the exception of esters of 17α-hydroxyprogesterone like hydroxyprogesterone caproate, are esters of progestins (synthetic progestogens) and are non-bioidentical. In addition, whereas all androgen and estrogen esters are prodrugs of the parent compound, only some and not all progestogen esters act as prodrugs. Esters of 17α-hydroxyprogesterone and 19-norprogesterone derivatives like hydroxyprogesterone caproate, medroxyprogesterone acetate, and nomegestrol acetate are active themselves and are not prodrugs, whereas esters of 19-nortestosterone derivatives like norethisterone acetate and norethisterone enanthate are not active themselves and are prodrugs.

Esters of progesterone derivatives

Esters of 17α-hydroxyprogesterone derivatives

Marketed

The following major progestogen esters have been marketed:

And the following minor progestogen esters have been marketed:

The following veterinary-only progestogen esters have also been marketed:

The corticosteroid ester mometasone furoate (Asmanex, Elocom, Elocon, Elosalic, Nasonex), which is a 17α-hydroxyprogesterone derivative, also has very potent progestogenic activity, though it is not used as a progestogen and is instead used exclusively as a corticosteroid. [5]

Never marketed

Esters of 19-norprogesterone derivatives

Marketed

The following progestogen esters have been marketed:

And the following veterinary-only progestogen esters have also been marketed:

Never marketed

Esters of testosterone derivatives

Esters of 19-nortestosterone derivatives

Marketed

The following progestogen esters have been marketed:

Many 19-nortestosterone androgen esters, such as nandrolone esters like nandrolone decanoate (Deca-Durabolin) and nandrolone phenpropionate (Durabolin), also have potent progestogenic activity.

Never marketed

Other conjugates of progesterone derivatives

Ethers of progesterone derivatives

Marketed

Although not esters, the following progestogen ethers have been marketed:

  • Pentagestrone acetate (17α-acetoxyprogesterone 3-cyclopentyl enol ether; Gestovis, Gestovister)
  • Quingestrone (progesterone 3-cyclopentyl enol ether; PCPE; Enol-Luteovis; W-3399)

Never marketed

Cyclic ketals of progesterone derivatives

Marketed

Although not esters, the following progestogen cyclic ketals (cyclic acetals) have been marketed:

  • Algestone acetonide (dihydroxyprogesterone acetonide; 16α,17α-isopropylidenedioxyprogesterone; W-3395)
  • Algestone acetophenide (dihydroxyprogesterone acetophenide; DHPA; Neolutin, Droxone, Deladroxone, Decadroxone, Dexadroxate, Bovitrol)
  • Proligestone (14α,17α-propylidenedioxyprogesterone; 14α,17α-dihydroxyprogesterone cyclic acetal with propionaldehyde; Corvinan, Delvosteron)

Oximes of progesterone derivatives

Never marketed

Although not esters, the following progestogen oximes have not been marketed:

Other conjugates of testosterone derivatives

Oximes of 19-nortestosterone derivatives

Marketed

Although not esters, the following progestogen oximes have been marketed:

  • Norelgestromin (17α-ethynyl-18-methyl-19-nortestosterone 3-oxime)
  • Norgestimate (17α-ethynyl-18-methyl-19-nortestosterone 3-oxime 17β-acetate)

Never marketed

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Progestogen (medication)</span> Medication producing effects similar to progesterone

A progestogen, also referred to as a progestagen, gestagen, or gestogen, is a type of medication which produces effects similar to those of the natural female sex hormone progesterone in the body. A progestin is a synthetic progestogen. Progestogens are used most commonly in hormonal birth control and menopausal hormone therapy. They can also be used in the treatment of gynecological conditions, to support fertility and pregnancy, to lower sex hormone levels for various purposes, and for other indications. Progestogens are used alone or in combination with estrogens. They are available in a wide variety of formulations and for use by many different routes of administration. Examples of progestogens include natural or bioidentical progesterone as well as progestins such as medroxyprogesterone acetate and norethisterone.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Norethisterone acetate</span> Chemical compound

Norethisterone acetate (NETA), also known as norethindrone acetate and sold under the brand name Primolut-Nor among others, is a progestin medication which is used in birth control pills, menopausal hormone therapy, and for the treatment of gynecological disorders. The medication available in low-dose and high-dose formulations and is used alone or in combination with an estrogen. It is ingested orally.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Norethisterone</span> Progestin medication

Norethisterone, also known as norethindrone and sold under many brand names, is a progestin medication used in birth control pills, menopausal hormone therapy, and for the treatment of gynecological disorders. The medication is available in both low-dose and high-dose formulations and both alone and in combination with an estrogen. It is used by mouth or, as norethisterone enanthate, by injection into muscle.

Combined injectable contraceptives (CICs) are a form of hormonal birth control for women. They consist of monthly injections of combined formulations containing an estrogen and a progestin to prevent pregnancy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Norethisterone enanthate</span> Chemical compound

Norethisterone enanthate (NETE), also known as norethindrone enanthate, is a form of hormonal birth control which is used to prevent pregnancy in women. It is used both as a form of progestogen-only injectable birth control and in combined injectable birth control formulations. It may be used following childbirth, miscarriage, or abortion. The failure rate per year in preventing pregnancy for the progestogen-only formulation is 2 per 100 women. Each dose of this form lasts two months with only up to two doses typically recommended.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Quingestanol</span> Chemical compound

Quingestanol, also known as norethisterone 3-cyclopentyl enol ether, is a progestin of the 19-nortestosterone group which was never marketed. It is a prodrug of norethisterone. An acylated derivative, quingestanol acetate, is used as a pharmaceutical drug.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Quingestanol acetate</span> Chemical compound

Quingestanol acetate, sold under the brand names Demovis and Pilomin among others, is a progestin medication which was used in birth control pills but is no longer marketed. It is taken by mouth.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hydroxyprogesterone acetate</span> Chemical compound

Hydroxyprogesterone acetate (OHPA), sold under the brand name Prodox, is an orally active progestin related to hydroxyprogesterone caproate (OHPC) which has been used in clinical and veterinary medicine. It has reportedly also been used in birth control pills.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Anagestone acetate</span> Chemical compound

Anagestone acetate, sold under the brand names Anatropin and Neo-Novum, is a progestin medication which was withdrawn from medical use due to carcinogenicity observed in animal studies.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Progestogen ester</span> Drug class

A progestogen ester is an ester of a progestogen or progestin. The prototypical progestogen is progesterone, an endogenous sex hormone. Esterification is frequently employed to improve the pharmacokinetics of steroids, including oral bioavailability, lipophilicity, and elimination half-life. In addition, with intramuscular injection, steroid esters are often absorbed more slowly into the body, allowing for less frequent administration. Many steroid esters function as prodrugs.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Quingestrone</span> Progestin medication

Quingestrone, also known as progesterone 3-cyclopentyl enol ether (PCPE) and sold under the brand name Enol-Luteovis, is a progestin medication which was previously used in birth control pills in Italy but is now no longer marketed. It is taken by mouth.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Acetomepregenol</span> Chemical compound

Acetomepregenol (ACM), also known as mepregenol diacetate and sold under the brand name Diamol, is a progestin medication which is used in Russia for the treatment of gynecological conditions and as a method of birth control in combination with an estrogen. It has also been studied in the treatment of threatened abortion. It has been used in veterinary medicine as well. It has been marketed since at least 1981.

Progestogen-only injectable contraceptives (POICs) are a form of hormonal contraception and progestogen-only contraception that are administered by injection and providing long-lasting birth control. As opposed to combined injectable contraceptives, they contain only a progestogen without an estrogen, and include two progestin preparations:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cymegesolate</span> Chemical compound

Cymegesolate, also known as cypionyl megestrol acetate or as megestrol acetate 3β-cypionate, is a progestin medication which was never marketed. It was developed in China in the late 1970s and early to mid 1980s for use as a hormonal contraceptive. The medication was formulated at a dose of 50–100 mg in combination with a "trace" dose of 0.25–0.5 mg quinestrol as a long-lasting, once-a-month combined oral contraceptive pill. This combination has been studied in 1,213 women across a total of 9,651 menstrual cycles, with contraceptive effectiveness of over 99.13% and "very few side effects." At the high dose, it showed an anovulation rate of only about 60%, and instead mediated its contraceptive effects via a marked anti-implantation effect.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Megestrol caproate</span> Chemical compound

Megestrol caproate, abbreviated as MGC, is a progestin medication which was never marketed. It was developed in Russia in 2002. In animals, MGC shows 10-fold higher progestogenic activity compared to progesterone when both are administered via subcutaneous injection. In addition, MGC has no androgenic, anabolic, or estrogenic activity. The medication was suggested as a potential contraceptive and therapeutic agent.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Progesterone 3-acetyl enol ether</span> Chemical compound

Progesterone 3-acetyl enol ether, also known as progesterone acetate, as well as 3-acetoxypregna-3,5-dien-20-one, is a progestin which was never marketed. It was reported to possess similar potency to progesterone and hydroxyprogesterone caproate in the rabbit endometrial carbonic anhydrase test, a bioassay of progestogenic activity. In addition, it was able to maintain pregnancy in animals. Progesterone 3-acetyl enol ether is closely related to quingestrone, which is also known as progesterone 3-cyclopentyl enol ether and was formerly marketed as an oral contraceptive.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Medroxyprogesterone caproate</span> Chemical compound

Medroxyprogesterone caproate (MPC) is a progestin and a progestogen ester which was synthesized in 1958 but was never marketed. It has been confused with hydroxyprogesterone caproate (OHPC) and medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) in a number of publications. In addition to MPA and OHPC, analogues of MPC include chlormadinone caproate, gestonorone caproate, megestrol caproate, and methenmadinone caproate.

References

  1. ↑ J. Elks (14 November 2014). The Dictionary of Drugs: Chemical Data: Chemical Data, Structures and Bibliographies. Springer. ISBN   978-1-4757-2085-3.
  2. ↑ Index Nominum 2000: International Drug Directory. Taylor & Francis. January 2000. ISBN   978-3-88763-075-1.
  3. ↑ "List of Progestins".
  4. ↑ Sweetman, Sean C., ed. (2009). "Sex hormones and their modulators". Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference (36th ed.). London: Pharmaceutical Press. ISBN   978-0-85369-840-1.
  5. ↑ Austin RJ, Maschera B, Walker A, Fairbairn L, Meldrum E, Farrow SN, Uings IJ (2002). "Mometasone furoate is a less specific glucocorticoid than fluticasone propionate". European Respiratory Journal. 20 (6): 1386–92. doi: 10.1183/09031936.02.02472001 . PMID   12503693.
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