Nudivirus

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Nudiviridae
Nudivirus virion.jpg
Schematic drawing
Virus classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
(unranked): Virus
Class: Naldaviricetes
Order: Lefavirales
Family:Nudiviridae
Genera

Nudiviruses are animal viruses that constitute the family Nudiviridae. [1] Insects and marine crustaceans serve as natural hosts. There are 11 species in this family, assigned to 4 genera. [2] Diseases associated with this family include: death in larvae, chronic disease in adults. [2] [3] [4]

Structure and life cycle

Nuduviridae replication cycle E01333-20-F4.large.jpg
Nuduviridae replication cycle

Nudiviruses are characterized by rod-shaped and enveloped nucleocapsids and they replicate in the nucleus of infected host cells. In some parasitoid wasp species, a nudivirus genome, in proviral form, is integrated into the wasp genome and produces virus like particles called polydnaviruses that are injected into lepidopteran larvae and are thought to facilitate parasitization of the larvae. Nudiviruses infect only insects and marine crustaceans. [3]

Transmission of nudiviruses occurs generally by feeding or mating. Infections can be lethal for the larvae and can possibly reduce the fitness of the host by reducing offspring production and survival among adults. [5]

Taxonomy

The family Nudiviridae contains the following genera: [4]

Phylogeny

Genome map of Oryctes rhinoceros nudivirus (click on image to enlarge it) OrNV genome ICTV.jpg
Genome map of Oryctes rhinoceros nudivirus (click on image to enlarge it)

Gene content comparison and phylogenetic analyses show that nudiviruses share 20 core genes with baculoviruses and form a monophyletic sister group with them. Fossil calibration estimate this association arose 100 million years ago(Mya), while the last common ancestor of BVs, nudiviruses, and baculoviruses existed approximately 312 Mya. Baculoviruses and nudiviruses differ in gene content, genome organization, cytopathology, infection of adults and most likely in host range. [6] The 20 core genes common in both baculoviruses and nudiviruses are involved in RNA transcription, DNA replication, virion structural components and many other functions. [7] Gene content and sequence similarity suggest that the nudiviruses GbNV, HzNV-1, and OrNV form a monophyletic group of nonoccluded double-stranded DNA viruses, which separated from the baculovirus lineage before this radiated into dipteran-, hymenopteran-, and lepidopteran-specific clades of occluded nucleopolyhedroviruses and granuloviruses. [6]

Host-virus relations

Defense mechanisms

In many organisms, apoptosis can be regarded as an early defense mechanism against viral infection. Some viral genes allow the cell to survive for longer while producing more virions; Heliothis zea Nudivirus 1 (HzNV-1 or Hz-1 virus), a nudivirus with a broad host range, has been shown to block an induced-apoptosis gene (hhi1). A functional anti-apoptosis gene, (Hz-iap2), has been found to suppress the hhi1 gene which can cause the cell to die. A second inhibitor gene (Ac-iap2) to the hhi1 gene has been also discovered, but its function is still uncertain. [12]

Nudivirus encoded microRNAs

Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNA molecules that play important roles in the regulation of genes in eukaryotic organisms. Virus encoded miRNAs are commonly reported in DNA viruses [13] and several nudiviruses have been reported to encode miRNAs. The first reported nudivirus encoded miRNA was from Heliothis zea nudivirus-1 which was shown to regulate virus latency. [14] Two other viruses Drosophila innubila nudivirus and Oryctes rhinoceros nudivirus have also been reported to encode miRNA molecules from transcriptomic studies, [15] [16] however the role of these miRNAs and their role in virus-host interactions is yet to be experimentally determined.

History

In 2007, the genus Nudivirus was proposed to include viruses similar to the Oryctes rhinoceros virus. [17] Nudiviruses were classified as the family Nudiviridae in 2013. [18]

Etymology

The word "nudivirus" comes from the Latin nudus, which means naked and virus, poison. Naked refers to the fact that most do not have the dense protein bodies which surround baculoviruses. [10] However occluded nudiviruses, with such protein bodies, such as those of Tipula oleracea and Penaeus monodon have been characterized. [19]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">RNA virus</span> Subclass of viruses

An RNA virus is a virus—other than a retrovirus—that has ribonucleic acid (RNA) as its genetic material. The nucleic acid is usually single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) but it may be double-stranded (dsRNA). Notable human diseases caused by RNA viruses include the common cold, influenza, SARS, MERS, COVID-19, Dengue virus, hepatitis C, hepatitis E, West Nile fever, Ebola virus disease, rabies, polio, mumps, and measles.

<i>Rhabdoviridae</i> Family of viruses in the order Mononegavirales

Rhabdoviridae is a family of negative-strand RNA viruses in the order Mononegavirales. Vertebrates, invertebrates, plants, fungi and protozoans serve as natural hosts. Diseases associated with member viruses include rabies encephalitis caused by the rabies virus, and flu-like symptoms in humans caused by vesiculoviruses. The name is derived from Ancient Greek rhabdos, meaning rod, referring to the shape of the viral particles. The family has 40 genera, most assigned to three subfamilies.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dicer</span> Enzyme that cleaves double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) into short dsRNA fragments

Dicer, also known as endoribonuclease Dicer or helicase with RNase motif, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the DICER1 gene. Being part of the RNase III family, Dicer cleaves double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) and pre-microRNA (pre-miRNA) into short double-stranded RNA fragments called small interfering RNA and microRNA, respectively. These fragments are approximately 20–25 base pairs long with a two-base overhang on the 3′-end. Dicer facilitates the activation of the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), which is essential for RNA interference. RISC has a catalytic component Argonaute, which is an endonuclease capable of degrading messenger RNA (mRNA).

<i>Geminiviridae</i> Family of viruses

Geminiviridae is a family of plant viruses that encode their genetic information on a circular genome of single-stranded (ss) DNA. There are 520 species in this family, assigned to 14 genera. Diseases associated with this family include: bright yellow mosaic, yellow mosaic, yellow mottle, leaf curling, stunting, streaks, reduced yields. They have single-stranded circular DNA genomes encoding genes that diverge in both directions from a virion strand origin of replication. According to the Baltimore classification they are considered class II viruses. It is the largest known family of single stranded DNA viruses.

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<i>Polydnaviriformidae</i> Family of viruses

Polydnaviriformidae ( PDV) is a family of insect viriforms; members are known as polydnaviruses. There are two genera in the family: Bracoform and Ichnoviriform. Polydnaviruses form a symbiotic relationship with parasitoid wasps. Ichnoviriforms (IV) occur in Ichneumonid wasps and Bracoviriforms (BV) in Braconid wasps. The larvae of wasps in both of those groups are themselves parasitic on Lepidoptera, and the polydnaviruses are important in circumventing the immune response of their parasitized hosts. Little or no sequence homology exists between BV and IV, suggesting that the two genera have been evolving independently for a long time.

<i>Baculoviridae</i> Family of viruses

Baculoviridae is a family of viruses. Arthropods, among the most studied being Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera and Diptera, serve as natural hosts. Currently, 85 species are placed in this family, assigned to four genera.

<i>Ascoviridae</i> Family of viruses

Ascoviridae is a family of double strand DNA viruses that infect primarily invertebrates, mainly noctuids and spodoptera species; it contains two genera, Ascovirus, which contains three species, and Toursvirus with a single species Diadromus pulchellus toursvirus.

Hytrosaviridae is a family of double-stranded DNA viruses that infect insects. The name is derived from Hytrosa, sigla from the Greek Hypertrophia for 'hypertrophy' and 'sialoadenitis' for 'salivary gland inflammation.'

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Androctonus australis hector insect toxin</span>

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Positive-strand RNA virus</span> Class of viruses in the Baltimore classification

Positive-strand RNA viruses are a group of related viruses that have positive-sense, single-stranded genomes made of ribonucleic acid. The positive-sense genome can act as messenger RNA (mRNA) and can be directly translated into viral proteins by the host cell's ribosomes. Positive-strand RNA viruses encode an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) which is used during replication of the genome to synthesize a negative-sense antigenome that is then used as a template to create a new positive-sense viral genome.

<i>Phenuiviridae</i> Family of viruses

Phenuiviridae is a family of negative-strand RNA viruses in the order Bunyavirales. Ruminants, camels, humans, and mosquitoes serve as natural hosts. Member genus Phlebovirus is the only genus of the family that has viruses that cause disease in humans except Dabie bandavirus.

Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) is a nucleopolyhedrovirus belonging to the family Baculoviridae. It has a double-stranded DNA genome that is 133,894 base pairs in length with 155 ORFs. The virus forms occluded bodies called polyhedra each containing multiple virions. AcMNPV has been shown to infect more than thirty lepidopteran hosts from 10 families.

Metavirus is a genus of viruses in the family Metaviridae. They are retrotransposons that invade a eukaryotic host genome and may only replicate once the virus has infected the host. These genetic elements exist to infect and replicate in their host genome and are derived from ancestral elements unrelated from their host. Metavirus may use several different hosts for transmission, and has been found to be transmissible through ovule and pollen of some plants.

<i>Drosophila quinaria</i> species group Species group of the subgenus Drosophila

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Johannes A. Jehle is a German scientist for insect virology, and plant protection. The focus of his research is the use of microorganisms and viruses for biological control of insect pests and the development of sustainable methods for plant protection. He heads the Institute for Biological Plant Control of the Julius Kühn-Institut in Darmstadt and is an adjunct Professor at the Technical University Darmstadt. He was President of the Society of Invertebrate Pathology in 2016/2018.

Nucleocytoviricota is a phylum of viruses. Members of the phylum are also known as the nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses (NCLDV), which serves as the basis of the name of the phylum with the suffix -viricota for virus phylum. These viruses are referred to as nucleocytoplasmic because they are often able to replicate in both the host's cell nucleus and cytoplasm.

Helicoverpa zea nudivirus 2 is an enveloped, rod-shaped, nonoccluded, double stranded DNA (dsDNA) sexually transmitted virus whose natural host is the corn earworm moth. At about 440 by 90 nm, it is the causative agent of the only sexually transmitted viral disease of any insect. It was originally identified in a colony of corn earworm moths established and maintained in Stoneville, Mississippi, U.S. and was found to be responsible for the sterility of those infected.

Naldaviricetes is a class of viruses, which infect arthropods. Members of Naldaviricetes are characterized by large enveloped rod-shaped virions, circular double-stranded DNA genomes, and replication in the nucleus of the host cell. All of them share a set of unique genes not found in other viruses, which include the presence of multiple interspersed direct repeats, various subunits of DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase, four late expression factor genes, and infectivity factor genes suggesting a common host entry mechanism.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Oryctes rhinoceros nudivirus</span> Virus and biocontrol agent of Oryctes rhinoceros

The Oryctes rhinoceros nudivirus (OrNV) is a member of the species Alphanudivirus oryrhinocerotis in the family Nudiviridae. It causes lethal infections in larvae and adults of the coconut rhinoceros beetle, a serious pest of coconut and oil palms in tropical Asia and the Pacific. The virus was discovered by Alois Huger in 1963 while searching for diseases of O. rhinoceros in Malaysia. It has been demonstrated to be an effective biological control agent against this beetle pest.

References

  1. ↑ Harrison, RL; Herniou, EA; Bézier, A; Jehle, JA; Burand, JP; Theilmann, DA; Krell, PJ; van Oers, MM; Nakai, M; ICTV Report Consortium (January 2020). "ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Nudiviridae". The Journal of General Virology. 101 (1): 3–4. doi: 10.1099/jgv.0.001381 . PMC   7414434 . PMID   31935180.
  2. 1 2 "ICTV Report Nudiviridae" . Retrieved 3 February 2021.
  3. 1 2 "Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 13 August 2015.
  4. 1 2 "Virus Taxonomy: 2020 Release". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). March 2021. Retrieved 12 May 2021.
  5. ↑ Unckless RL. (2011) A DNA Virus of Drosophila. Published online 2011 October 28
  6. 1 2 Mayo, M.A. (1995). Murphy, F.A.; Fauquet, C.M.; Bishop, D.H.L.; et al. (eds.). Unassigned Viruses. In: Virus Taxonomy: The Sixth Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Springer-Verlag, Wien. pp. 504–507.
  7. ↑ Wang, Yongjie & Jehle, Johannes A. (2009). "Nudiviruses and other large, double-stranded circular DNA viruses of invertebrates: New insights on an old topic". Journal of Invertebrate Pathology. 101 (3): 187–193. doi:10.1016/j.jip.2009.03.013. PMID   19460388.
  8. ↑ "Oryctes rhinoceros nudivirus". Invasive Species Compendium (ISC). CABI (Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International). 24 November 2019. Retrieved 7 May 2021.
  9. ↑ Marshall, Sean D.G.; Moore, Aubrey; Vaqalo, Maclean; Noble, Alasdair; Jackson, Trevor A. (1 October 2017). "A new haplotype of the coconut rhinoceros beetle, Oryctes rhinoceros, has escaped biological control by Oryctes rhinoceros nudivirus and is invading Pacific Islands". Journal of Invertebrate Pathology . 149. Academic Press (Elsevier): 127–134. doi: 10.1016/j.jip.2017.07.006 . ISSN   0022-2011. PMID   28743668.
  10. 1 2 Moscardi, Flávio (1999). "Assessment of the Application of Baculoviruses for Control of Lepidoptera". Annual Review of Entomology . 44 (1). Annual Reviews: 257–289. doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.44.1.257. ISSN   0066-4170. PMID   15012374. p. 260, "This strategy has been successful with the non-occluded virus of the rhinoceros beetle, Oryctes rhinoceros, in coconut palms (183)."
  11. ↑ Allain, Thomas W.; Stentiford, Grant D.; Bass, David; Behringer, Donald C.; Bojko, Jamie (9 September 2020). "A novel nudivirus infecting the invasive demon shrimp Dikerogammarus haemobaphes (Amphipoda)". Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 14816. Bibcode:2020NatSR..1014816A. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-71776-3 . ISSN   2045-2322. PMC   7481228 . PMID   32908207.
  12. ↑ Wu, Yueh-Lung; Wu, Carol P.; Liu, Catherine Y. Y.; Lee, Song-Tay; Lee, Hsiao-Ping; Chao, Yu-Chan (2011). "Heliothis zea Nudivirus 1 Gene hhi1 Induces Apoptosis Which Is Blocked by the Hz-iap2 Gene and a Noncoding Gene, pag1". Journal of Virology . 85 (14): 6856–6866. doi:10.1128/JVI.01843-10. PMC   3126586 . PMID   21543471.
  13. ↑ Kincaid RP, Sullivan CS (2012). "Virus-encoded microRNAs: an overview and a look to the future". PLOS Pathog. 8 (12): e1003018. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003018 . PMC   3534370 . PMID   23308061.
  14. ↑ Wu YL, Wu CP, Liu CY, Hsu PW, Wu EC, Chao YC (2011). "A non-coding RNA of insect HzNV-1 virus establishes latent viral infection through microRNA". Sci Rep. 1: 60. Bibcode:2011NatSR...1E..60W. doi:10.1038/srep00060. PMC   3216547 . PMID   22355579.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  15. ↑ Webster CL, Waldron FM, Robertson S, Crowson D, Ferrari G, Quintana JF; et al. (2015). "The Discovery, Distribution, and Evolution of Viruses Associated with Drosophila melanogaster". PLOS Biol. 13 (7): e1002210. doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002210 . PMC   4501690 . PMID   26172158.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  16. ↑ Etebari K, Parry R, Beltran MJB, Furlong MJ (2020). "Transcription Profile and Genomic Variations of Oryctes Rhinoceros Nudivirus in Coconut Rhinoceros Beetles". J Virol. 94 (22). doi:10.1128/JVI.01097-20. PMC   7592217 . PMID   32878889.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  17. ↑ Wang, Y.; van Oers, M.M.; Crawford, A.M.; Vlak, J.M. & Jehle, J.A. (2007). "Genomic analysis of Oryctes rhinoceros virus reveals genetic relatedness to Heliothis zea virus 1". Archives of Virology. 152 (3): 519–531. doi:10.1007/s00705-006-0872-2. PMID   17106621. S2CID   10264332.
  18. ↑ ICTV proposals 2013.003a-KI et al., J. E. Jehle et al. Retrieved 21 November 2015.
  19. ↑ Bézier A, Thézé J, Gavory F, Gaillard J, Poulain J, Drezen JM, Herniou EA (March 2015). "The genome of the nucleopolyhedrosis-causing virus from Tipula oleracea sheds new light on the Nudiviridae family". J. Virol. 89 (6): 3008–25. doi:10.1128/JVI.02884-14. PMC   4337555 . PMID   25540386.
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