Outline of forestry

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The following outline is provided as an overview of and guide to forestry:

Contents

Forestry is the science and craft of creating, managing, planting, using, conserving and repairing forests and woodlands for associated resources for human and environmental benefits. Forestry is practiced in plantations and natural stands . The science of forestry has elements that belong to the biological, physical, social, political and managerial sciences. Forest management plays an essential role in the creation and modification of habitats and affects ecosystem services provisioning.

Below is a structured list of topics in forestry.

Focus of forestry

  • Forest defined as either a geographic area or delineated by the general composition of individuals;
  • Biome ecologically defined by its forest structure, leaf types, tree spacing, and climate
General Forested Biomes
Boreal
Boreal forest in Finland clipped.jpg
Taiga
Temperate
Pinus echinata USFWS retouched.jpg Fall foliage on the Black River clipped.jpg Korkeichenwald bei Evora02 clipped.jpg
Coniferous Broadleaf and mixed Mediterranean
Tropical/Subtropical
Tropical conifers El Salvador.jpg Gabon tropical rainforest.jpg Nilgiri Hills trees.jpg
Coniferous Moist broadleaf Dry broadleaf
Wetlands
Cartagena de Indias, manglar clipped.jpg Picea mariana taiga clipped.jpg Cypress Swamp modified.jpg
Mangroves Bogs Swamps
Other
Avenida brasil clipped.jpg Cloquet riparian forest clipped.jpg
Urban Riparian

Branches of forestry

Forest management

Forest management comprises the overall administrative, economic, legal, and social aspects of forest regulation

  • Tree breeding method of genetically modifying/selecting forest stock for improved growth or vigor characteristics

Types of trees and forests

Geography of forests

Map of biomes


This map shows the locations of forest biomes (taiga, etc.) in relation to the other biomes of the world.
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ice sheet and polar desert
tundra
taiga
temperate broadleaf forest
Temperate steppe
subtropical moist forest
Mediterranean vegetation
monsoon forest
arid desert
xeric shrubland
dry steppe
Semiarid desert
grass savanna
tree savanna
subtropical dry forest
tropical rainforest
alpine tundra
mountain forest Vegetation-no-legend.PNG
This map shows the locations of forest biomes (taiga, etc.) in relation to the other biomes of the world.
   tundra
   taiga

Occupations in forestry

  • Log bucking delimbing and partitioning of trees into logs
  • Log driving transportation of logs on a river or lake downstream to the mill
  • Log scaling measurement of felled trees to determine the volume of wood going to the manufacturer

Silvicultural methods

A controlled burn at the Okefenokee National Wildlife Refuge in southern Georgia. Okefenokee burn1.jpg
A controlled burn at the Okefenokee National Wildlife Refuge in southern Georgia.
Natural regeneration of Acer platanoides in northern France, surrounded by woody and herbaceous competition. Regeneration naturelle semis.jpg
Natural regeneration of Acer platanoides in northern France, surrounded by woody and herbaceous competition.
Clearcuts in the foreground and background at Rattlesnake Mountain, Montana. Rattlesnake-Mt-logged-4000.jpg
Clearcuts in the foreground and background at Rattlesnake Mountain, Montana.

Silviculture practice of controlling the establishment, growth, composition, health, and quality of forests to meet diverse needs and values. Silviculture also focuses on making sure that the treatment(s) of forest stands are used to preserve and to better their productivity.

Site preparation

Planting

Intermediate treatments

Harvest rotations

  • Clearcutting harvesting of all stems in a given area regardless of species and size
  • Coppicing cutting vigorous juvenile trees near the ground, regeneration comes from new shoots coming up from the stump
  • Seed-tree cutting of all trees save widely spaced residual trees, which will provide natural seedstock for the following generation and are later cut
  • Selection harvesting of selected trees in a stand, removing either merchantable timber or to favor the growth of desirable individuals (a thinning)
  • Shelterwood removal of merchantable trees in succession, establishing a multiaged stand
  • Variable retention removal of trees of varying density across a landscape, in order to retain structural diversity
  • Salvage logging harvesting of trees killed by natural disturbances in order to maximize economic returns that would otherwise be lost
  • Sanitation harvest removal of individual trees affected by a pathogen in order to diminish the possibility the entire stand being affected
  • Biomass harvest harvesting of small wood for energy purposes, either following a commercial harvest or for its own sake, such as in energy forestry
  • Underwater logging harvesting of trees from underwater forests flooded during construction of artificial dams or reservoirs

Environmental issues pertaining to forests

Forest resource assessment

Forest inventory systematic collection of data and forest information for assessment or analysis. An estimate of the value and possible uses of timber is an important part of the broader information required to sustain ecosystems.

Timber metrics

Figure demonstrating the ocular trigonometric principles behind the Biltmore stick. Height measuring with a stick.png
Figure demonstrating the ocular trigonometric principles behind the Biltmore stick.
  • Diameter at breast height (DBH) measurement of a tree's diameter standardized at 1.3 meters (about 4.5 feet) above the ground
  • Basal area defines the area of a given section of land that is occupied by the cross-section of tree trunks and stems at their base
  • Tree taper the degree to which a tree's stem or bole decreases in diameter as a function of height above ground
  • Girard form class an expression of tree taper calculated as the ratio of diameter inside the bark at 16 feet above ground to that outside the bark at DBH, primary expression of tree form used in the United States
  • Quadratic mean diameter diameter of the tree that coordinates to the stand's basal area
  • Leaf Area Index the ratio of total upper leaf surface of the forest canopy divided by the surface area of the land on which the vegetation grows
  • Tools
  • Biltmore stick utilizes ocular trigonometry to quickly measure diameter and height
  • Diameter tape cloth or metal tape that is wrapped around the bole, scaled to diameter
  • Caliper two prongs connected to a measuring tape are placed around the most average part of the bole to determine diameter
  • Relascope multiple-use tool that is able to find tree height, basal area, and tree diameter anywhere along the bole
  • Clinometer common tool used to measure changes in elevation and tree height
  • Cruising rod similar to a caliper, calculates the number of pieces of lumber yielded by a given piece of timber by measuring its diameter
  • Hemispherical photography estimates solar radiation and characterize plant canopy structure/density using photographs taken looking upward through an extreme wide-angle lens

Surveying techniques

  • Traversing method of surveying used to establish sampling plots along a line or path of travel
    A wedge prism showing a borderline tree. WedgePrism(BorderlineTree).jpg
    A wedge prism showing a borderline tree.
  • Chain equivalent to 66 feet, widely used distance in surveying practices in the United States and other countries influenced by imperial Great Britain
  • Line plot survey plots taken at a regular predetermined distance along the traverse path
  • Tools
  • Pacing quick method used to survey in the field, requiring calibration of one's "paces" (pair of footsteps) to a known distance (often a chain)
  • Hand compass a compact magnetic compass with a sighting device used to determine the location of plots for a given bearing
  • Wedge prism optical instrument typically made of glass ground at slight angles to refract light passing through it from the smaller width side of the prism to the thicker width side of the prism, calibrated to a desired plot size (basal area factor)
  • Angle gauge similar in principle to a wedge prism, although it must be held a fixed distance from the eye
  • GPS global satellite navigation systems used to determine the position of oneself and plots
  • GIS an information system capable of integrating, storing, analyzing, and displaying forest geographic information collected in the field

Timber volume determination

An increment borer with common drinking straws, a cost-effective manner often used to hold derived cores. IncrementBorer.jpg
An increment borer with common drinking straws, a cost-effective manner often used to hold derived cores.
  • Site index a species specific measure of site productivity and management options, reported as the height of dominant and co-dominant trees (site trees)in a stand at a base age such as 25, 50 and 100 years
  • Stocking a quantitative measure of the area occupied by trees relative to an optimum or desired level of density which varies according to management purpose even on the same site
  • Stand Density Index a measure of the stocking of a stand of trees based on the number of trees per unit area and DBH of the tree of average basal area
  • Volume table a chart based on volume equations that uses correlations between certain aspects of a tree to estimate the standing volume
  • Stand density management diagram model that uses current stand density to project future stand composition
  • Units of measurement
  • Cord very common measure, equivalent to 128 cubic feet (3.62 m3), corresponding to a pile of wood, bark, and air 4 feet wide by 4 feet high and 8 feet long
  • Stère invented in France, equivalent to a cubic meter of cut wood with space for air
  • Board foot specialized unit of measure for lumber in North America, equivalent to the volume of a one foot length of a board one foot wide and one inch thick

Stand growth assessment

  • Increment borer specialized tool used to extract a section of wood tissue from a living tree with relatively minor injury to the tree, used often for tree growth analysis
  • Mean annual increment (MAI) refers to the average growth per year a tree or stand of trees has exhibited at a specific age
  • Periodic annual increment (PAI) describes the average annual change in tree diameter between the beginning and ending of a growth period, used more often than MAI for percental growth
  • Ecological yield -the amount of wood volume in any given year whose harvesting would be considered sustainable
  • Growth and yield modelling entails the creation of models of prospective tree growth and harvest yield for management purposes
  • Stumpage the price charged by a land owner to loggers for the right to harvest standing timber on that land
  • Optimal rotation age the age at which the harvesting of stumpage will generate the maximum revenue or economic yield

Harvesting

A cable logging setup in Germany (1988). Bundesarchiv Bild 183-1988-0307-007, Gotha, Seilzug zum Holzrucken.jpg
A cable logging setup in Germany (1988).

Logging cutting, skidding, on-site processing, and loading of trees or logs onto trucks or skeleton cars. The term is sometimes used in a narrow sense to mean moving wood from the stump to somewhere outside the forest, usually a sawmill or a lumber yard. However, in common usage, the term may be used to indicate a range of forestry or silviculture activities...

Harvesting methods

The boom of a cut-to-length harvester with attached chainsaw cutting Pinus sylvestris in Finland. Harvester cutter.JPG
The boom of a cut-to-length harvester with attached chainsaw cutting Pinus sylvestris in Finland.
  • High lead logging a cable is anchored to a tree at the top of the hill:
  • Skyline logging a carriage is used alongside the main cable to provide leverage

Harvesting tools

Timber felling tools

A loader lifting logs off a semi at Port Chalmers, within the city of Dunedin, New Zealand. Logging Port Chalmers.jpg
A loader lifting logs off a semi at Port Chalmers, within the city of Dunedin, New Zealand.
Timber rafts being floated into the city of Shlisselburg, in northwestern Russia (1909). Gorskii 04417u.jpg
Timber rafts being floated into the city of Shlisselburg, in northwestern Russia (1909).
  • Hand
  • Axe primitive tool used felling and splitting
  • Chainsaw portable mechanized all-purpose saw, the most common tool used in hand-felling
  • Crosscut saw saws that have teeth that are designed to cut wood at a right angle to the direction of the wood grain, used for felling and bucking
  • Bucksaw a type of crosscut saw used by one or two people to buck felled trees into sawlogs
  • Mechanized
  • Feller buncher vehicle with an attachment that can rapidly cut and gather several smaller trees before felling them
  • Harvester first half of the CTL system, vehicle that cuts, delimbs, and bucks the logs "to length"

Log transportation tools

  • Ground
  • Peavey a traditional tool consisting of a wooden lever handle with a movable metal hook with a sharp tip, used to spear the log for handling and moving
  • Cant Hook tool with the same premise as the peavey but with blunt teeth-bearing tip
  • Yarder in cable logging, a piece of equipment utilizing a pulley system of cables to pull or fly logs from the stump to the landing
  • Forwarder second half of the CTL system, the vehicle that carries logs clear off the ground from the felling site to the roadside landing
  • Skidder vehicle that drags logs along the ground from the felling site to the roadside landing
  • Michigan logging wheels historical skidder, consisting of a specially designed large set of wooden wagon wheels and could be used in unfrozen soil conditions
  • Skid cone a steel or plastic cone placed on the end of a log while being skidded, in order to ease its transportation or protect residual trees
  • Water
  • Splash dam a dam built to temporarily raise the water level of a river to float timber downstream
  • Flume chutes specifically constructed to transport lumber and logs down mountainous terrain to a sawmill by using flowing water.
  • Timber slide chutes constructed parallel to a river in order to avoid damage to timber rafts caused by rapids or waterfalls
  • Boom barriers placed in a river, designed to collect and or contain floating logs felled from nearby forests

Forest products

A harvest landing with slash/biomass on the left, followed by pulpwood and sawlogs in Espoo, Finland. The lumberjack was here.jpg
A harvest landing with slash/biomass on the left, followed by pulpwood and sawlogs in Espoo, Finland.

Forest product any material derived from a forest for direct consumption or commercial use, such as lumber, paper, or forage for livestock. Wood is by far the dominant forest product, used for fuel (as firewood or charcoal), structural materials in the construction of buildings, or as a raw material, such as wood pulp used in the production of paper. All non-wood products derived from forest resources are called non-timber forest products.

Primary forest products

Production of oriented strand board. OSB production.jpg
Production of oriented strand board.
A stack of Betula pubescens firewood in Central Ostrobothnia, Finland. European White Birch Firewood.JPG
A stack of Betula pubescens firewood in Central Ostrobothnia, Finland.

Secondary forest products

The distinctive bark of Quercus suber, from which natural cork is derived. Quercus suber aka cork oak modified.jpg
The distinctive bark of Quercus suber , from which natural cork is derived.

Forestry by region

Forestry in Africa

Forestry in the Americas

Forestry in Asia

Forestry in Europe

Forestry in Oceania

History of forestry

History of forestry, by period

Ancient forestry

"Winter forest," painting by Kwok Hei (Guo Xi ), Song Dynasty, China Winter forest.png
"Winter forest," painting by Kwok Hei (郭熙), Song Dynasty, China

Early modern forestry

Former Academy of Mining and Forestry, Banska Stiavnica, Slovakia Academy of Mining and Forestry.JPG
Former Academy of Mining and Forestry, Banská Štiavnica, Slovakia
Elephant logging in Burma, 1945 Indian forestry company use elephants.jpg
Elephant logging in Burma, 1945

Modern forestry

Heli-logging near Wellington, NZ, 2005 Logging the Town Belt, Wellington 18 April 2005 02.jpg
Heli-logging near Wellington, NZ, 2005

Contemporary forestry

Urban forestry, Durham, North Carolina, 2008 2008-04-21 Tree trimming on Gregson St 1.jpg
Urban forestry, Durham, North Carolina, 2008

History of forestry institutions

History of forestry law

United States
Hong Kong
India
International

History of forestry agencies

Corpo Forestale dello Stato, Italy Corpo Forestale dello Stato.jpg
Corpo Forestale dello Stato , Italy

History of forestry organizations

European Forest Institute, Central European Regional Office, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany FVA Hauptgebaeude Wonnhalde Freiburg.jpg
European Forest Institute, Central European Regional Office, Baden-Württemberg, Germany

History of forestry organizations

Students from the Biltmore Forest School (USA), inspecting a forest rail line in Germany, c. 1912 Students from Biltmore Forest School inspecting forest rail line Germany circa 1912.jpg
Students from the Biltmore Forest School (USA), inspecting a forest rail line in Germany, c. 1912
Historic schools of forestry

History of forestry as a profession

Forest Research Institute of Malaysia, canopy walk FRIM Canopy Walk.JPG
Forest Research Institute of Malaysia, canopy walk

History of forestry research

History of forestry conferences

History of forestry science and technology

Forestry education

Forestry organizations

Governmental forestry agencies

International forestry organizations

Forestry publications

Notable people

Allied fields

Increment borer cores of Pinus sylvestris, whose varying rates of annual tree growth are in response to external environmental conditions. PinusSylvestrisWoodsamle.jpg
Increment borer cores of Pinus sylvestris , whose varying rates of annual tree growth are in response to external environmental conditions.

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">National forest (United States)</span> Classification of federal lands in the United States

In the United States, national forest is a classification of protected and managed federal lands that are largely forest and woodland areas. They are owned collectively by the American people through the federal government and managed by the United States Forest Service, a division of the United States Department of Agriculture. The U.S. Forest Service is also a forestry research organization which provides financial assistance to state and local forestry industry. There are 154 national forests in the United States.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Logging</span> Process of cutting, processing, and moving trees

Logging is the process of cutting, processing, and moving trees to a location for transport. It may include skidding, on-site processing, and loading of trees or logs onto trucks or skeleton cars. In forestry, the term logging is sometimes used narrowly to describe the logistics of moving wood from the stump to somewhere outside the forest, usually a sawmill or a lumber yard. In common usage, however, the term may cover a range of forestry or silviculture activities.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Forester</span> Person who practices forest management

A forester is a person who practises forest management and forestry, the science, art, and profession of managing forests. Foresters engage in a broad range of activities including ecological restoration and management of protected areas. Foresters manage forests to provide a variety of objectives including direct extraction of raw material, outdoor recreation, conservation, hunting and aesthetics. Emerging management practices include managing forestlands for biodiversity, carbon sequestration and air quality.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Illegal logging</span> Harvest, transportation, purchase, or sale of timber in violation of laws

Illegal logging is the harvest, transportation, purchase, or sale of timber in violation of laws. The harvesting procedure itself may be illegal, including using corrupt means to gain access to forests; extraction without permission, or from a protected area; the cutting down of protected species; or the extraction of timber in excess of agreed limits. Illegal logging is a driving force for a number of environmental issues such as deforestation, soil erosion and biodiversity loss which can drive larger-scale environmental crises such as climate change and other forms of environmental degradation.

Silviculture is the practice of controlling the growth, composition/structure, as well as quality of forests to meet values and needs, specifically timber production.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Old-growth forest</span> Forest that has developed over a long period of time without disturbance

An old-growth forest is a forest that has developed over a long period of time without disturbance. Due to this, old-growth forests exhibit unique ecological features. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations defines primary forests as naturally regenerated forests of native tree species where there are no clearly visible indications of human activity and the ecological processes are not significantly disturbed. One-third of the world's forests are primary forests. Old-growth features include diverse tree-related structures that provide diverse wildlife habitats that increases the biodiversity of the forested ecosystem. Virgin or first-growth forests are old-growth forests that have never been logged. The concept of diverse tree structure includes multi-layered canopies and canopy gaps, greatly varying tree heights and diameters, and diverse tree species and classes and sizes of woody debris.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Clearcutting</span> Forestry/logging practice in which most or all trees in an area are uniformly cut down

Clearcutting, clearfelling or clearcut logging is a forestry/logging practice in which most or all trees in an area are uniformly cut down. Along with shelterwood and seed tree harvests, it is used by foresters to create certain types of forest ecosystems and to promote select species that require an abundance of sunlight or grow in large, even-age stands. Logging companies and forest-worker unions in some countries support the practice for scientific, safety and economic reasons, while detractors consider it a form of deforestation that destroys natural habitats and contributes to climate change. Environmentalists, traditional owners, local residents and others have regularly campaigned against clearcutting, including through the use of blockades and nonviolent direct action.

Articles on forestry topics include:.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Forestry law</span> Field of law

Forestry laws govern activities in designated forest lands, most commonly with respect to forest management and timber harvesting. Forestry laws generally adopt management policies for public forest resources, such as multiple use and sustained yield. Forest management is split between private and public management, with public forests being sovereign property of the State. Forestry laws are now considered an international affair.

Ecoforestry has been defined as selection forestry or restoration forestry. The main idea of ecoforestry is to maintain or restore the forest to standards where the forest may still be harvested for products on a sustainable basis. Ecoforestry is forestry that emphasizes holistic practices which strive to protect and restore ecosystems rather than maximize economic productivity. Sustainability of the forest also comes with uncertainties. There are other factors that may affect the forest furthermore than that of the harvesting. There are internal conditions such as effects of soil compaction, tree damage, disease, fire, and blow down that also directly affect the ecosystem. These factors have to be taken into account when determining the sustainability of a forest. If these factors are added to the harvesting and production that comes out of the forest, then the forest will become less likely to survive, and will then become less sustainable.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Selection cutting</span> Forestry practice

Selection cutting, also known as selection system, is the silvicultural practice of harvesting trees in a way that moves a forest stand towards an uneven-aged or all-aged condition, or 'structure'. Using stocking models derived from the study of old growth forests, selection cutting, also known as 'selection system', or 'selection silviculture', manages the establishment, continued growth and final harvest of multiple age classes of trees within a stand. A closely related approach to forest management is Continuous Cover Forestry (CCF), which makes use of selection systems to achieve a permanently irregular stand structure.

Forest management is a branch of forestry concerned with overall administrative, legal, economic, and social aspects, as well as scientific and technical aspects, such as silviculture, forest protection, and forest regulation. This includes management for timber, aesthetics, recreation, urban values, water, wildlife, inland and nearshore fisheries, wood products, plant genetic resources, and other forest resource values. Management objectives can be for conservation, utilisation, or a mixture of the two. Techniques include timber extraction, planting and replanting of different species, building and maintenance of roads and pathways through forests, and preventing fire.

Variable retention is a relatively new silvicultural system that retains forest structural elements for at least one rotation in order to preserve environmental values associated with structurally complex forests.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Forestry in Ghana</span>

Forests cover about one-third of Ghana's total area, with commercial forestry concentrated in the southern parts of Ghana.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Deforestation in Sri Lanka</span>

Deforestation is one of the most serious environmental issues in Sri Lanka. Sri Lanka's current forest cover as of 2017 was 29.7%. In the 1920s, the island had a 49 percent forest cover but by 2005 this had fallen by approximately 26 percent. Between 1990 and 2000, Sri Lanka lost an average of 26,800 ha of forests per year. This amounts to an average annual deforestation rate of 1.14%. Between 2000 and 2005 the rate accelerated to 1.43% per annum. However, with a long history of policy and laws towards environmental protection, deforestation rates of primary cover have decreased 35% since the end of the 1990s thanks to a strong history of conservation measures. The problem of deforestation in Sri Lanka is not as significant in the southern mountainous regions as it is in northern and lowland southern Sri Lanka, largely due to the nature of environmental protection.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Even-aged timber management</span>

Even-aged timber management is a group of forest management practices employed to achieve a nearly coeval cohort group of forest trees. The practice of even-aged management is often pursued to minimize costs to loggers. In some cases, the practices of even aged timber management are frequently implicated in biodiversity loss and other ecological damage. Even-aged timber management can also be beneficial to restoring natural native species succession.

Forest informatics is the combined science of forestry and informatics, with a special emphasis on collection, management, and processing of data, information and knowledge, and the incorporation of informatic concepts and theories specific to enrich forest management and forest science; it has a similar relationship to library science and information science.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Forest conservation in the United States</span>

Forest conservation is the practice of planning and maintaining forested areas for the benefit and sustainability of future generations. Forest conservation involves the upkeep of the natural resources within a forest that are beneficial for both humans and the ecosystem. Forests provide wildlife with a suitable habitat for living which allows the ecosystem to be biodiverse and benefit other natural processes. Forests also filter groundwater and prevent runoff keeping water safe for human consumption. There are many types of forests to consider and various techniques to preserve them. Of the types of forests in the United States, they each face specific threats. But, there are various techniques to implement that will protect and preserve them.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Deforestation in British Columbia</span> Loss of tree cover in British Columbia, Canada

Deforestation in British Columbia has resulted in a net loss of 1.06 million hectares of tree cover between the years 2000 and 2020. More traditional losses have been exacerbated by increased threats from climate change driven fires, increased human activity, and invasive species. The introduction of sustainable forestry efforts such as the Zero Net Deforestation Act seeks to reduce the rate of forest cover loss. In British Columbia, forests cover over 55 million hectares, which is 57.9% of British Columbia's 95 million hectares of land. The forests are mainly composed of coniferous trees, such as pines, spruces and firs.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tree plantation</span>

A tree plantation, forest plantation, plantation forest, timber plantation or tree farm is a forest planted for high volume production of wood, usually by planting one type of tree as a monoculture forest. The term tree farm also is used to refer to tree nurseries and Christmas tree farms.

References

  1. Albion, Robert Greenhalgh (1926). Forests and Sea Power: the Timber Problem of the Royal Navy, 1652-1862. US Naval Institute Press. ISBN   9781557500212.
  2. Fernow, B.E. (1 February 1918). "Forestry and the War". Journal of Forestry. 16 (2). Society of American Foresters: 149–154. Archived from the original on 21 October 2012.
  3. Whitford, N.H. (1 May 1918). "Tropical Forests and the War". Journal of Forestry. 16 (5). Society of American Foresters: 507–522. Archived from the original on 21 October 2012.
  4. Teplyakov, V.K. 1998. A History of Russian Forestry and Its Leaders. Diane Publishing, p.59
  5. Leslie, Alf. 1989. "Obituary: Jack C. Westoby, C.M.G., 1913-1988," New Zealand Forestry, August, p.28. Archived 2014-09-29 at the Wayback Machine Accessed: May 7, 2012.